空间认知对等导航电子地图的简化探讨

基于地图功能的改变和移动服务独特的用图环境,提出采用“空间认知对等地图”以满足导航用户的认知需求;介绍“空间认知对等地图”的概念和地图中应表现的认知信息、地图的简化过程和简化过程中的拓扑关系维护,给出地图的简化效果。这种地图不仅能满足空间认知需要,而且能缓解目前在LBS应用中存在的地图数据与屏幕大小的矛盾,适应移动环境下用户的多行为状态和终端硬件特点。     

Application of Tracking Technologies to the Study of Pedestrian Spatial Behavior*

Research into human spatial behavior has tended to rely solely on evidence provided by the research subjects themselves. Subjects' accounts of where they were and for how long were logged and integrated into time‐space diaries. In the past few years, a number of studies have exploited advanced tracking technologies instead of the traditional diary technique, however these were mostly transport studies focusing on vehicular movement. This article explores the implementation of tracking technologies as a tool for gathering data on pedestrian spatial behavior. The article considers two of the principal tracking technologies available today: satellite navigation systems and land‐based navigation systems. The makeup and properties of each technology are detailed, and their potential as data‐gathering tools on pedestrian spatial behavior is evaluated.     

A Review of: “Accuracy of Spatial Databases”. Edited by M. Goodchild and S. Gopal. (London: Taylor & Francis, 1989.) [Pp. 290.] Price £35.00.

The integration of multisource heterogeneous spatial data is one of the major challenges for many spatial data users. To facilitate multisource spatial data integration, many initiatives including federated databases, feature manipulation engines (FMEs), ontology-driven data integration and spatial mediators have been proposed. The major aim of these initiatives is to harmonize data sets and establish interoperability between different data sources.

On the contrary, spatial data integration and interoperability is not a pure technical exercise, and there are other nontechnical issues including institutional, policy, legal and social issues involved. Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) framework aims to better address the technical and nontechnical issues and facilitate data integration. The SDIs aim to provide a holistic platform for users to interact with spatial data through technical and nontechnical tools.

This article aims to discuss the complexity of the challenges associated with data integration and propose a tool that facilitates data harmonization through the assessment of multisource spatial data sets against many measures. The measures represent harmonization criteria and are defined based on the requirement of the respective jurisdiction. Information on technical and nontechnical characteristics of spatial data sets is extracted to form metadata and actual data. Then the tool evaluates the characteristics against measures and identifies the items of inconsistency. The tool also proposes available manipulation tools or guidelines to overcome inconsistencies among data sets. The tool can assist practitioners and organizations to avoid the time-consuming and costly process of validating data sets for effective data integration.     

国际旅游岛建设以来海南省产业空间分异格局及其驱动机制

采用产业区位基尼系数、地理集中率、产业梯度系数和回归分析等方法,从产业整体、三次产业和字母行业3个层面分析国际旅游岛建设以来海南省产业空间分异格局及其驱动机制。结果表明,目前海南省产业整体和多数产业特别是第三产业与多数资本和技术密集型服务业、生产性服务业空间分异程度高,主要分布于少数沿海非民族市县,呈明显的沿海-内陆、非民族-民族地区与北-南向类似U型的分异格局;产业整体、三次产业与10个字母行业从业人员数空间分异趋于加剧,空间分布趋于向少数市县集中,而产业整体和三次产业增加值与6个字母行业从业人员数空间分异趋于减缓,空间分布基本趋于向北部沿海地区以南分散,意味着海南国际旅游岛建设带来了旅游相关产业规划所确定的重点产业的空间拓展;海南省产业空间分异格局是要素禀赋作用效应、循环累积因果效应、分工经济效应、制度诱导效应、空间近邻效应和外部经济效应叠加的结果。结果基本验证了中国产业空间分异的一些研究结论,也表明海南省需要扶持内陆和民族地区发展公共服务业和优势产业,适度引导产业向部分内陆和民族市县集中和分散,以增强产业空间布局的均衡性。     

Changing Perceptions of Space and Place as Measures of Hmong Acculturation

Immigrant and refugee acculturation has both behavioral and spatial manifestations. The purpose of this study is to examine the spatial acculturation process of Hmong refugees in California's San Joaquin Valley in order to understand changing perceptions of the concepts and uses of space and place. Through in-depth interviews and participant observation among 120 Hmong university students and their families, the process of change in settlement and use of space is traced from traditional cultural practices in Laos through the refugee camp experience to the first and 1.5 generation enclaves. Each generation has recreated and adapted the immediately preceding socialization experience such that settlement patterns and the use of space by the 1.5 generation only minimally resemble traditional culture, yet maintain its underlying cultural values.     

Changing Perceptions of Space and Place as Measures of Hmong Acculturation

Immigrant and refugee acculturation has both behavioral and spatial manifestations. The purpose of this study is to examine the spatial acculturation process of Hmong refugees in California's San Joaquin Valley in order to understand changing perceptions of the concepts and uses of space and place. Through in-depth interviews and participant observation among 120 Hmong university students and their families, the process of change in settlement and use of space is traced from traditional cultural practices in Laos through the refugee camp experience to the first and 1.5 generation enclaves. Each generation has recreated and adapted the immediately preceding socialization experience such that settlement patterns and the use of space by the 1.5 generation only minimally resemble traditional culture, yet maintain its underlying cultural values.     

Enhancing integrated indoor/outdoor mobility in a smart campus

A Smart City relies on six key factors: Smart Governance, Smart People, Smart Economy, Smart Environment, Smart Living and Smart Mobility. This paper focuses on Smart Mobility by improving one of its key components: positioning. We developed and deployed a novel indoor positioning system (IPS) that is combined with an outdoor positioning system to support seamless indoor and outdoor navigation and wayfinding. The positioning system is implemented as a service in our broader cartography-based smart university platform, called SmartUJI, which centralizes access to a diverse collection of campus information and provides basic and complex services for the Universitat Jaume I (Spain), which serves as surrogate of a small city. Using our IPS and based on the SmartUJI services, we developed, deployed and evaluated two end-user mobile applications: the SmartUJI APP that allows users to obtain map-based information about the different facilities of the campus, and the SmartUJI AR that allows users to interact with the campus through an augmented reality interface. Students, university staff and visitors who tested the applications reported their usefulness in locating university facilities and generally improving spatial orientation.     

城市空间认知-偏好-行为的耦合与互馈研究

基于行为地理学“空间认知-空间偏好-空间行为”的经典研究范式,以中国科学院大学研究生为调查对象,采用手绘意象地图和问卷调查相结合的方式,在一年时间内分三轮开展跟踪调查,通过观察被访者在北京逗留期间的城市空间认知、偏好和行为过程与特征,分析空间认知-偏好-行为三者间的相互作用关系与影响机制。研究发现：城市空间认知、空间偏好与空间行为存在一定耦合性,亦表现出明显的差异性,三者间不是单向因果而是相互影响的互馈关系;除认知主体的社会、文化等群体属性、经验和情感等个体差异以外,与客体的接触时间、空间距离和接触频率等时空制约因素均能影响主体的城市空间认知水平与发展过程。最后,根据空间认知、偏好、行为的相互作用关系和影响制约因素,凝练出一般化的城市空间认知-偏好-行为互馈关联模型。     

纵向岭谷区地表格局的生态效应及其区域分异

中国西南纵向高耸山岭与深切河谷并列排布的特殊地表格局对该区自然环境与生态地理区域分异的效应明显。利用纵向岭谷区1:5 万DEM数据、建站以来至2010 的气象观测数据、水文观测资料、MOD13 与MOD17 的NDVI与NPP产品以及1:100 万植被类型数据等,选取地表大气水汽含量、降水量、干湿指数、地表径流等水分指标,平均气温、年积温等温度指标以及太阳总辐射等热量指标,基于ANUSPLIN样条函数、GIS空间分析、小波分析、景观格局分析等方法,分析该区水热格局、生态系统结构与功能的地域分异特征及其主控因子,揭示地表格局对生态地理要素区域分异的效应。结果表明：受地表格局的影响,纵向岭谷区的水分、温度与热量都表现出明显的沿纬线方向间断式差异和经线方向连续式延伸的分布特征,纵向山系与河谷对地表主要自然物质和能量输送具有南北向通道作用和扩散效应以及东西向阻隔作用和屏障效应;特殊地表格局对植被景观多样性、生态系统结构与功能的空间格局产生重要影响,是植被景观多样性与生态系统空间分布的主要控制因子;小波方差分析反映了环境因子以及NDVI、NPP的空间各向异性,而小波一致性分析揭示了NDVI与NPP空间分布的控制因子,及其控制程度的定量关系。纵向岭谷特殊地表格局是该区生态地理区域分异的主要影响因素,在地带性规律与以“通道—阻隔”作用为主要特征的非地带性规律共同作用下,形成了纵向岭谷区生态地理区域系统的特殊空间特征。     

NDVI spatial pattern and its differentiation on the Mongolian Plateau

GIMMS NDVI database and geo-statistics were used to depict the spatial distribution and temporal stability of NDVI on the Mongolian Plateau.The results demonstrated that:(1) Regions of interest with high NDVI indices were distributed primarily in forested mountainous regions of the east and the north,areas with low NDVI indices were primarily distributed in the Gobi desert regions of the west and the southwest,and areas with moderate NDVI values were mainly distributed in a middle steppe strap from northwest to southeast.(2) The maximum NDVI values maintained for the past 22 years showed little variation.The average NDVI variance coefficient for the 22-year period was 15.2%.(3) NDVI distribution and vegetation cover showed spatial autocorrelations on a global scale.NDVI patterns from the vegetation cover also demonstrated anisotropy;a higher positive spatial correlation was indicated in a NW-SE direction,which suggested that vegetation cover in a NW-SE direction maintained increased integrity,and vegetation assemblage was mainly distributed in the same specific direction.(4) The NDVI spatial distribution was mainly controlled by structural factors,88.7% of the total spatial variation was influenced by structural and 11.3% by random factors.And the global autocorrelation distance was 1178 km,and the average vegetation patch length(NW-SE) to width(NE-SW) ratio was approximately 2.4:1.0.     

元阳县土地利用空间格局及其变化的图谱方法研究

信息图谱为区域土地利用空间格局及变化提供了一种谱系化、定量化与定位化相结合的研究方法.以云南省元阳县为例,在遥感、GIS空间分析和统计分析模型的支持下,从土地利用时空演变模式、空间扩展过程、斑块的空间分布特征三方面建立土地利用空间格局及变化信息图谱,并对其图谱特征进行分析.结果表明:土地利用时空演变征兆图谱更直观形象地揭示了区域土地利用变化的基本模式,提供了时空复合的表达方式;土地利用斑块形态与空间扩展图谱的建立应用空间格局研究中的相关概念和方法,将微观、宏观层次的图形信息与变化过程相结合;利用等步长变距离缓冲区分析法建立的VCM曲线可直观地描述不同土地利用类型斑块的空间分布特征及不同研究时段内其空间分布特征的变化情况.     

基于定位视频的车辆导航原型系统设计与关键技术研究

基于电子地图的导航系统相对抽象且缺乏沉浸感,不方便用户判别。为使导航效果更加直观和生动,该文提出基于定位视频的车辆导航思路,对车辆导航原型系统进行总体设计与实现,并探讨其关键技术。核心思想是建立道路定位视频(Geo-video)数据库,利用移动终端和固定目标的位置信息对定位视频数据库进行空间检索,将相应位置的视频图像传输给移动终端并实现路线和目标指引。试验证明该方法在技术上具有可行性。     

西安入境游客目的地空间意象认知序列研究

选取西安入境游客为研究对象,依托324 份调查问卷中所提取和统计的认知地图相关数据,分析了西安城市目的地空间意象特征,并重点探讨了认知地图类型及构成要素在游客停留天数上的动态变化过程,据此提出了入境游客目的地城市空间意象认知过程。结果显示：① 西安入境游客的认知地图共分为四大类型,其中以空间型为主,单体型、序列型和混合型次之。② 从空间意象认知要素上看,标志物出现频率最高,其次为区域、边界、节点和道路。以钟楼为中心结合城墙以及东西南北4 条大街,构成了入境游客西安城市目的地空间意象的基本框架。③ 西安入境游客目的地空间认知过程,在认知地图主导类型上,呈现“空间型+单体型→空间型→序列型（混合型）→单体型”的演变序列,在空间认知主导要素上,则为“标志物→标志物+道路→标志物”的发展序列。这一空间认知过程反映了游客对目的地空间意象的关注重点由个性到结构,再到意义的转换。     

空间分析技术与地理信息系统的结合*

空间分析和地理信息系统是两种有效的空间信息分析和处理技术,二者的结合一方面可以大大拓展GIS的空间分析功能,另一方面也可使得迅速发展的空间分析得到GIS的有力支持,文中对此进行了探讨,并分析了二者结合的途径。     

Geo-portals as part of spatial data infrastructures: Russian Academy-supported resources and geoservices

Designing and implementation of the retrieval tools for shared spatial data as part of National Spatial Data Infrastructures (SDI) is among the top priorities of the preparatory stage of the long-term program envisaging the creation of the Russian SDI according to the concept of its creation and further development. This analytical overview of international experience defines the place and role of information resources accumulated in the Russian Academy of Sciences’ institutions during the last 15-year period of active development of geoinformation technologies in the context of spatial data acquisition and processing for geoscience applications. Based on some specific examples, it is shown that it is the Academy's science, even with its dramatic progression during this period, is the most prepared for the embodiment of the idea of integrating information and data using the SDI tools, and of ensuring broad, equitable and free access to them.     

中国石油资源流动源—汇系统空间格局特征

以中国石油(特指原油) 资源流动为研究对象,把中国省级行政单元抽象为石油资源流动节点,从1985-2009 年中选取5 个特征时点,根据各流动节点石油自给能力及流动比率,将各特征时点的石油流动省份划分为源地、汇地和交流地3 大流动职能类型,并将主要石油进口港(含陆上口岸) 作为进口石油源地;分别利用重心和标准差椭圆分析源地系统和汇地系统空间分布格局的集中与离散趋势,得出中国石油资源流动源—汇系统空间格局的位移和形变特征.结果表明：① 源地系统重心位于中国东偏北部,在经历了1985-1995 年的西北向移动后,1995-2009 年大幅向西南偏移,南北方向的移动速度快于东西方向;汇地系统重心偏于中国中东部,移动幅度相对较小,1985-1999 年呈南北向移动、1999-2003 年呈东西向移动,最终快速向西南方向偏移.② 从标准差椭圆分析来看,源地系统的空间分布先趋于分散后又趋于集中,由东北—西南的分布格局逐渐趋向于西北—东南的分布格局;汇地系统空间分布格局相对较为稳定,小幅极化后略趋分散,呈较为稳定的东北—西南分布.③ 中国石油资源流动的平均方向由东北—西南向偏转为南北向,平均运距呈下降趋势,主导流向由东北—西南向逐步转变为西北—东南向和东西向输流并存.     

Spatial video and GIS

GIS elemental unit representations of spatial data are often defined in terms of points, lines and areas. However, another type of spatial data that is becoming frequently captured, but as yet is largely ignored in GIS, is that of video. While digital video recording is a commonly encountered medium in modern society and encompasses many forms, from simple personal camcorders through to sophisticated survey and surveillance systems, its geographical representation in a GIS has not been fully examined or realised. In the majority of cases the video footage is usually captured while the device and/or the objects being viewed are in motion. What is of particular interest is when video streams can be, or have been, associated with spatial data such as location and orientation to create geographically referenced videographic data, which, for simplicity, will be defined as spatial video. Fundamentally, the nature of video is to record space, so when spatial properties can be accurately acquired and associated with this footage, an important geographical element can be considered for integration and analysis within a GIS.

Existing spatial video systems, both commercial and research, are predominantly used in survey or LBS roles and are usually bespoke and application specific. These systems do not model spatial video to any recognised standards that is generalised to be both data and platform independent. They do not support GIS integration and/or analysis from a purely spatial content perspective. A video-image/remote-sensing centric approach prevails where usage options range from simple visualisation interfaces to interactive computer vision systems. What has been largely overlooked is a spatial approach where the inherent geographical extent recorded in each video frame can be modelled and used in a geo-spatial analysis context. While this modelling approach has not been fully realised, it does exist in a GIS form based on Open Geospatial Consortium standards, where the spatial context of video is defined in a structure called a ViewCone. However, a ViewCone only defines a 2D model of the geographical extent of each frame and is restricted to a three-or-five sided polygon representation.

Thus, this article examines the potential of modelling spatial video through the use of elemental data types within GIS; gives some examples of using this approach; describes some problems in using spatial video within GIS; and then demonstrates how these problems are being solved. This is done in three stages: Firstly, a detailed overview of spatial video in its current GIS role is provided – this is achieved through a complete introduction to the distinct elements of spatial video followed by a review of its use in both commercial and academic application areas. Secondly, a brief theoretical overview of an alternative GIS-constrained ViewCone data structure is given that defines a more flexible spatial video model for both 2D and 3D GIS analysis and visualisation. Thirdly, a selective sample of results is presented based on an implementation of this approach being applied to a constrained spatial video data source in a specific study area.     

都市旅游视角下上海市共享住宿空间分布特征及其影响机制

随着共享经济蓬勃发展,依托互联网平台的共享住宿业态也逐渐成熟,对社会经济发展产生了深刻影响.在都市和乡村共享住宿市场分异背景下,已有研究集中探讨了乡村民宿空间分布特征及影响因素,但对都市地区共享住宿分布特征的探讨有所忽视.都市地区共享住宿与以观光、购物、文化体验等为特征的都市旅游活动关联密切.论文基于途家网的上海共享住...     

Spatial Measures of Segregation and Gis1

Traditional segregation measures have limitations in discerning different patterns of population distributions. Spatial measures of segregation have been introduced, but have not been widely adopted partly because of the difficulties in using them. A recent effort is to implement several spatial segregation measures as additional GIS tools in a popular desktop GIS package so that researchers and practitioners not savvy in GIS can use these tools to compute spatial segregation indices. This paper provides a concise review of these measures and elaborates the new tools developed.     

乡村生活空间研究进展及展望

乡村生活空间是一定地域乡村居民居住、就业、消费和休闲等日常活动迭置而成的空间聚合体,也是一定乡村地域空间形式、空间内涵和空间意义内在关联的有机统一体。近期西方学术界对乡村生活空间的关注主要集中于两个方面：一是后生产主义乡村的生活主体多元化和生活空间异质化,二是被城市社会生活他者化和空间边缘化的不同弱势群体的乡村生活体验及空间建构。国内乡村生活空间研究具有两个鲜明特点：从研究内容看,注重乡村居民居住及就业空间变化研究,但乡村消费空间和休闲空间研究成果很少见;从研究方法看,空间形式的实证分析始终占据主导地位,空间内涵的结构分析和空间意义的人本分析有待深化。乡村生活空间研究能够丰富乡村地理学的研究视角,并可能为乡村发展政策制定提供理论指导。西方乡村生活空间研究难以提供标准模版,中国乡村生活空间研究资源得天独厚,“形式-内涵-意义”相统一的空间观能够帮助构造有效分析框架,基于空间行为分析的多种方法集成能够提供有力分析工具。