Re-Freshing Cartography

Abstract

This paper presents the cartographic elements of a system for classifying and visualizing high-dimensional geographic datasets. The system has been developed as part of the Land Ocean Interactions in the Coastal Zone (LOICZ) project. The goal of the system is to develop regional and global typologies of coastal zones using large multi-variable datasets. Our implementation bring together statistical clustering algorithms with visualization capabilities to allow easy analysis and comprehension of the result. The two main tasks of the visualization are to allow for discrimination of multiple classes and to show relationships between those classes. These are accomplished in two different visual presentations. In both cases, the system selects colors appropriate to the purpose. In the latter case — showing relationships — the system uses a novel iterative refinement algorithm to select the colors. The result show that the system is successful at both generation the classes and visualizing the relationships between them.     

Towards Ubiquitous Cartography

Computer-generated maps have become commonplace over the past decade. Most internet search engines, for example, have the ability to generate maps in response to spatial queries and routes between specified origins and destinations. Advances in mobile computing technologies provide access to these mapping capabilities from virtually any location on the Earth's surface. Maps and map-making have become ubiquitous, and this phenomenon requires cartographers to rethink basic concepts about map design and map use. In this special issue we present five research projects that are focused on the emerging field of ubiquitous cartography. These projects were selected, in part, because they are representative of key research challenges that face the cartographic research community. In this introductory paper, key terms are defined and research challenges outlined. By way of this collected set of papers, ubiquitous cartography is presented as a new and important arena for cartographic research.     

图事新闻

由中国地图出版社出版的《中华人民共和国国家自然地图集》荣获第五届国家图书奖提名奖。此前 中国地图出版社出版的《中华人民共和国国家农业地图集》、《中国历史地图集》（8卷）、《中国岩石圈动力学地图集》曾获国家图书奖。     

Code as Cartography

Abstract

Provincial Atlas of People's Republic of China (Chung hua ien min kung wo kuo fên shêng di t'u chi). 190 x 265 mm. pp. 251 (84 pages of maps). Peking: Map Publishing Society (di t'u ch'u p'an shê), China, Oct., 1974. 6.30 Yuan     

Cartography in Advertising

Abstract

This short paper attempts to pursue an analytical account of the cartography in present day advertising. Particular reference is made to the printed advertisements in newspapers, brochures and periodicals available in Britain.     

MAPGIS在地图制图中的应用

本文简单介绍了基于MAPGIS这一地理信息系统平台软件,进行地图制图的概念、步骤和一般方法,为不同平台数据的集成、地理信息系统如何能更好地服务实际工作提供了一定的参考价值。     

创新思维改变地图学

随着社会发展和技术进步,地图学经历了并正在继续经历着巨大的变化,这应当是人类创新思维的推动.从8个方面论述了改变地图学的创新思维,正是这些创新思维使地图学这门具有悠久历史的传统学科生机勃勃、充满活力,如今传统地图学(地图制图学)已发展成为地图制图学与地理信息工程(地理信息系统)学科,传统地图学已经被数字化地图学所取代,...     

Applications of Analytical Cartography

Several applications of analytical cartography are presented. They include terrain visibility (including visibility indices, viewsheds, and inter-visibility), map overlay (including solving round-off errors with C++ class libraries and computing polygon areas from incomplete information), mobility, and interpolation and approximation of curves and of terrain (including curves and surfaces in CAD/CAM, smoothing terrains with over-determined systems of equations, and drainage patterns). General themes become apparent, such as simplicity, robustness, and the tradeoff between different data types. Finally several future applications are discussed, such as the lossy compression of correlated layers, and just good enough computation when high precision is not justified.     

Production Control of Cartography

Abstract

The particular problems of production control in a large commercial organisation are objectively analysed by the Vice-President, Cartographic Division, Rand McNally & Company, Chicago, U.S.A.     

地图科学的几点前瞻性思考

回顾了中国 2 0世纪地图学的理论研究与技术进步 ,包括古地图的发现、国家地图集的编辑、地图科学原理与方法的研究、地图科学利用等领域的开拓、遥感与地理信息系统的兴起等等。建议组织系统性总结。地图科学即将进入互联网络时代 ,面对经济全球化的机遇、信息产业的兴起、远程教育的社会需求 ,呼吁地图科学工作者积极拓进地图产业的信息化与结构调整 ,创新设计科学深加工的地图精品 ,开拓电子地图新局面。提出开展地学信息图谱的探索研究 ,并作为地图创新的切入点之一 ,这样地图学家就具备了有利的优势和潜能。     

地图学和地图何去何从

慕尼黑工业大学制图系拥有一支国际化的教学和研究团队,其成员的知识结构涵盖测绘工程、地理学、电子工程和通讯技术、环境工程、交通工程以及计算机科学等多元化的学科。回顾这个团队最近十年的教学和研究活动,作者概述了一系列博士论文在空间数据集成、时空数据建模和事件识别、多制式导航服务、三维城市模型可视化以及以用户为中心的地图设计等研究方向的阶段性成果。这些基层研究工作受到多媒体技术、急剧增长的地理数据量以及不断变化的地图用户行为的驱动,充分体现出地图学是一门集科学、技术和艺术为一体的综合性学科。通过分析地图学面临的研究瓶颈和原因,作者指出大数据和众包现象是未来十年地图学研究的两个新的驱动力。地图生产和更新将由"面向覆盖"转向"面向要素"。越来越多的地图服务将从不完整、不确定和动态变化着的数据流中实时派生而来。而开放式制图平台的广大网络用户则可以作为受试者提供大量的用图行为信息,以期弥补地图可用性研究的不足。     

关于智能地图制图的几点思考

以人工智能背景下的智能地图制图为切入点,分析了时空大数据给地图学带来的冲击,指出地图可能的三个演化方向,剖析了智能制图内涵及其具有的众源数据、用户参与、模型耦合和可视化分析等特征,深入讨论智能制图显性和隐性知识表征,提出建立地图知识图谱的构想,总结了基于低代码技术的平台开发范式。     

Cartography in the GIS age

Abstract

At the end of the 1980s, the computer experts who had been in the vanguard of cartographic development lost their position due to the fact that computers became democratised. This may be ascribed to the 'Macintosh' effect. This in turn led cartographic companies back to the core of their professional know-how: it is cartographers themselves who now develop the scope of their profession, utilising all the resources provided by the new computer technology. But, if cartographers want to keep playing a major role in the geographic information arena, they have to determine and develop the specific elements of their discipline: if technology mobilizes all forces to the detriment of theory, then the discipline progressively weakens and ends in being swallowed by another discipline.

It is the cartographers' task to transform the spatial information from its verbal, social and numerical form into visual form for visual thinking; this visualisation provides for cognitive functions, communication functions, decision support functions and social functions. In order for maps to perform these functions cartographers should continue, now with digital tools, to safeguard data quality by monitoring the compilation stage during which they have to see to it that the heterogeneous datasets in databases will be made comparable, both from a geometrical, semantical, updatedness and completeness point of view. This main aspect of the cartographer's job can be called its engineering part. The other main aspect will remain the map design part, that leads to proper communication of the spatial information. Both aspects will remain the cartographer's domain if he/she succeeds in providing a theoretical basis for his/her work.