Education

The goal of this article is to analyse several aspects of the construction of a unique project in cartography: the three-dimensional model of the city of Cadiz constructed between 1777 and 1779. Cadiz was the most important fortification in Spain at the time. We focus on new investigations of the two documentary sources relating to the construction of this maquette, or relief map, which hitherto have not been studied in conjunction. This approach facilitates an elucidation of the details of the production of the relief map that benefits from improved knowledge regarding materials, tools, construction techniques and the cost of preparing the model. Additionally, new conclusions are drawn regarding the true utility of maquettes at court and the possible causes of the sudden cancellation of this military project.     

Monitoring Urban Landscape Dynamics Over Delhi (India) Using Remote Sensing (1998–2011) Inputs

Urbanization is increasingly becoming a widespread phenomenon at all scales of development around the globe. Be it developing or developed nations, all are witnessing urbanization at very high pace. In order to study its impacts, various methodologies and techniques are being implemented to measure growth of urban extents over spatial and temporal domains. But urbanization being a very dynamic phenomenon has been facing ambiguities regarding methods to study its dynamism. This paper aims at quantifying urban expansion in Delhi, the capital city of India. The process has been studied using urban land cover pattern derived from Landsat TM/ETM satellite data for two decades (1998–2011). These maps show that built-up increased by 417 ha in first time period (1998–2003) and 6,633 ha during next period (2003–2011) of study. For quantification of metrics for urban expansion, the Urban Landscape Analysis Tool (ULAT) was employed. Land cover mapping was done with accuracy of 92.67 %, 93.3 % and 96 % respectively for years 1998, 2003 and 2011. Three major land covers classes mapped are; (i) built-up, (ii) water and (iii) other or non-built-up. The maps were then utilized to extract degree of urbanization based on spatial density of built-up area consisting of seven classes, (i) Urban built-up, (ii) Suburban built-up,(iii) Rural built-up, (iv) Urbanized open land, (v) Captured open land, (vi) Rural open land and (vii) Water. These classes were demarcated based on the urbanness of cells. Similarly urban footprint maps were generated. The two time maps were compared to qualitatively and quantitatively capture the dynamics of urban expansion in the city. Along with urbanized area and urban footprint maps, the new development areas during the study time periods were also identified. The new development areas consisted of three major categories of developments, (i) infill, (ii) extension and (iii) leapfrog.     

Multi-source Classification Using Artificial Neural Network in a Rugged Terrain

Abstract

This study advocates the use of GIS and remote sensing technologies to establish urban evolution maps and assess the impact of urbanization on agricultural areas over the last three decades. The target area is the city of Béni‐Mellal, located in central Morocco. The methodology adopted makes use of panchromatic SPOT images to survey the urban areas during the 1980s and 1990s. Available topographic maps provided the information for the 1970s. Maps and statistics of land use and urban growth for Béni Mellal were established after manually classifying images on a per-polygon basis and digitizing topographic maps using GIS capabilities. The results show an increase in dense urban area by 980.7 ha from the 1970s to the 1990s. This increase occurred at the expense of forests (24.7 ha), plantations (752.3 ha), rangeland (113.4 ha), non‐irrigated land (69.7 ha), and irrigated land (20.6 ha). During this period, scattered urban areas, predominantly suburbs, increased by 755.9 ha to the detriment of forests (14.9 ha), plantations (109.8 ha), rangeland (138.9 ha), non‐irrigated land(400.5 ha), and irrigated land (91.9 ha). These cartographic and statistic results are efficient decision‐making tools for protecting agricultural land and planning urban and suburban areas.     

Empirical modeling and spatio-temporal patterns of urban evapotranspiration for the Phoenix metropolitan area,Arizona

In this study, an empirical model for predicting urban evapotranspiration (ET) is examined for the Phoenix metropolitan area that is in a subtropical desert climate using in situ ET measurements from a local flux tower and remotely sensed moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer land products. Annual ET maps of Phoenix are then created for the period from 2001 to 2015 using the empirical model developed. A time-series trend analysis is finally performed using predicted ET maps to discover the spatio-temporal patterns of ET changes during the study period. Results suggest that blue-sky albedo and land surface temperature are two statistically significant variables explanatory to model urban ET for Phoenix. Areas that have experienced significant increases of ET are highly spatially clustered, and are mainly found on the outskirts of the city, while areas of decreasing ET are generally associated with highly developed areas, such as downtown Phoenix.     

基于GIS和历史地图的清代兰州城市空间格局研究

以清代兰州城为研究对象,分乾隆和光绪两个时期,通过对历史文献、古地图以及现代文献等资料进行分析,运用GIS技术,基本复原了古城兰州的城市格局,绘制了清代两个时期兰州的城市格局复原图,分析和总结了乾隆和光绪两个时期兰州城市空间格局特征和发展特征。结果表明:清代两个时期的兰州城总体格局一致,城池"内小外大,内方外凸",内城街道呈丁字形,郭城街道呈十字形,外出道路在东西南北方向各有一条;经济的发展和近代工业的兴盛,使光绪时期的兰州有了进一步的发展:内城客商会馆林立,郭城的城西北角和东关一带工厂聚集,此外,教育也由县文庙、府文庙等的官学为主转变为中学堂、小学堂、师范学堂、军事学堂、实业学堂等多种类型,呈现出多元化特征。     

永久散射体与短基线雷达干涉测量在城市地表形变中的应用

在介绍永久散射体与短基线集雷达干涉测量方法的基础上,以辽宁省盘锦市为例,运用两种方法研究了其市区地表形变特征。对比升降轨永久散射体方法与短基线方法所得到的形变平均速率和时序分析可知,两种方法所得的研究区域的地表形变趋势较为可靠,且以垂直沉降为主,新城区是最大沉降区域,最大下沉速率达20 mm/a,其他区域较为稳定。     

变比例尺地图投影系统

本文对编制城市游览图提出了变比例尺地图投影系统。通过由普通城市平面图向辅助球面作逆投影A,再由辅助球面向平面作非A投影,构成了变比例尺地图的数学基础。由不同性质的投影的组合,能起到适应不同城市街区结构的特点。使本系统具有相当的灵活性。文中还讨论了辅助球适宜的大小和不同方位投影之间的变换公式。文末试作了北京市的变比例尺地图。     

城市特色电子地图设计——以南京市为例

近年来,电子地图在人们的日常生活及旅游中发挥着越来越大的作用。城市特色电子地图作为一种新型电子地图,是公众获取城市地理空间信息、了解和认识城市的重要媒介,也是宣传、推广城市的有效工具,它能有效凸显城市结构和城市文化。然而,目前关于城市电子地图的研究主要集中在技术开发与功能实现方面,鲜有对其视觉设计及艺术性表现的探索,难以凸显城市特色。本文基于城市空间认知、地图视觉感受、色彩地理学等理论,从可视化表达的角度探讨了城市特色电子地图的设计方法,并在此基础上结合南京城市特色电子地图设计的实践案例,对分级内容选取、符号设计及色彩设计的具体方法与过程进行了阐述,旨在为城市特色电子地图设计提供参考。     

Georelief Transfiguration in Areas Affected by Open‐cast Mining

Open‐cast mining activity causes the largest georelief transfigurations all over the world. Large localities in north‐west Bohemia (the Czech Republic) are affected. In this area, we focus on a very significant case: the royal town Most, which has been turned into a lake. The main aim of this article is the reconstruction of the original georelief in different time periods together with analysis showing the process of landscape devastation. The workflow and analysis is based on precise elevation data obtained from aerial photographs and old maps. The georelief development is reconstructed using the digitized contour lines contained in Derived state‐map 1:5,000 (SMO5) from the years 1953, 1972, and 1980; maps of the 3^rd Military Survey (year 1936); and digital surface models (DSM) extracted, using the pixel correlation method, from aerial images (year 1953 and 2008). The most important results of the analysis are digital terrain models showing the evolution of the landscape which may be used for many purposes in landscape development analysis, historical applications, visualization or landscape reclamation.     

An artificial neural network based approach for urban growth zonation in Dehradun city,India

For regulating urban growth, it is imperative to produce urban growth zonation maps, in which future urbanizable areas along with their urban growth potential are delineated. As, these maps provide a rational and scientific basis for taking future decisions regarding the growth of the city. The conventional approach for generating urban growth zonation maps is subjective in nature. To reduce this subjectivity, an artificial neural network (ANN) approach has been proposed for generating urban growth zonation maps. The database required for ANN-based urban growth zonation has been compiled from remote sensing data and other existing maps. GIS is used for handling of this spatial data. A comparison of the ANN- and conventional approach-derived zonation maps was also done. The study demonstrated the potential of ANN for urban growth zonation of an area, which may provide a valuable input to the urban planning authorities for regulating urban growth     

第七届世界军人运动会测绘地理信息综合保障服务技术实现

本文介绍了为保障第七届世界军人运动会的成功举办所提供的6个方面的测绘地理信息综合保障服务的内容及主要技术路线。这6方面的服务包括：服务城市功能品质提升,服务军运会场馆规划建设,服务军运会开闭幕式组织方案策划评估,服务军运会开闭幕式当日指挥调度,服务军运会竞赛和服务军运会文化宣传及观众出行等。重点介绍了军运会开闭幕式组织策划及指挥调度系统建设等方面的创新工作。同时,对主要成果后续的完善计划进行了展望。最后,结合本次实践经验,对测绘地理信息行业的发展提出了建议。本文将为国内外类似大型活动赛事测绘地理信息保障服务工作提供有益的参考和借鉴。     

丘陵水网稻田地用图难点及其对策

根据低矮丘陵水网稻田地的特点以及地形变化规律,针对专业技术院校现地用图学员实践少,图、地对照经验不足,对学员在用图时所遇到的问题进行了探讨并提出相应的对策。     

浅谈大比例尺数字地形图缩编方法

随着城市建设步伐加快,城市规划需要将现有的大比例尺数字地形图缩编成所需比例尺的数字地形图。本文主要介绍在MappingStar软件中利用1∶10 000数据缩编1∶50 000地形图中各层要素时综合、取舍的处理方法和原则,并对缩编过程中的注意事项进行简要说明。     

数字城市中大地水准面的功能与精化技术

由于数字城市可将城市上每一点的各种属性和信息进行有机组织,所以在信息化时代其重要性不言而喻。而大地水准面作为每一点高程的起算面,是数字城市能够准确提供基于地球空间坐标或城市空间坐标信息的保障,在一些应用领域由于需要知道点的海拔高也需要高精度大地水准面的支持。所以,就大地水准面在数字城市中提供高程基准的功能以及精化技术进行了深入的分析研究。介绍了典型的应用实例,并对构建数字城市的过程中有关大地水准面的精化提出了建议。     

论我国国家基本地形图设计的改进

在调查研究和对我国国家基本地形图及其相应编绘规范和图式的分析研究基础上，参照国外许多地形图的设计，提出改进我国国家基本地形图设计的几个方面：改进国家基本地形图的比例尺系列及分档；地形图的设计文件需进一步标准化、规范化和系列化；国家基本地形图应适应时代发展的需要；改变我国地形图的旧面貌     

SERIES MAP PRODUCTION BY 42 SURVEY ENGINEER GROUP

After a brief explanation of the role of the Directorate of Military Survey, the paper describes the production of part of a new series of 1:100 000 scale maps of Oman by soldiers of 42 Survey Engineer Group. Starting with the design and observation of the field survey control network, continuing with aerial triangulation and plotting, followed by compilation and all stages of production from drawing to printing of the maps, the project exercised the skills of survey technician soldiers to a high degree. The paper elaborates on the unusual problems caused by the barren nature of the terrain and describes the use of advanced technology during the latter part of the project.     

GIS Based Urban Area Spatiotemporal Change Evaluation Using Landsat and Night Time Temporal Satellite Data

This study aims at determining the spatiotemporal change in urban areas by using multi-temporal satellite images with geographic information systems integration. In this study, the city of Erzincan was selected as the sample case. The analyses of change were conducted by using the optical satellite images from LANSAT TM dated 1987 and the LANDSAT ETM+ dated 2006, besides the night images from 1998, 2006 and 2010. Spatial change maps were created for the qualitative analysis, and change matrixes were formed for the quantitative assessment of these changes. The outcomes of these change analyses were then evaluated and interpreted in the light of the demographics of the population living in the area. The results obtained from the Landsat satellite images indicate that the area of the city expanded at the annual average rate of 1.65% in 1987–2006. Night images indicate that the city area grew at an annual average rate of 4.04% in 1998–2006, while this rate was 20.28% in the period of 2006–2010. The results of the study demonstrate that the usability and contribution of satellite images is quite significant in tracking and monitoring temporal and spatial change in the area.     

British military education,mapmaking, and military 'map-mindedness' in the later Enlightenment

Abstract

The Military Institution at Madras (1804–16) illustrates the centrality of surveying and mapping to late Enlightenment concepts of 'military science' and thus their centrality to the education of junior officers beyond the rudiments of military lore and drill. Pragmatically, the institution's field mapping exercises were used to provide basic topographic maps for south-east India (the Carnatic); the institution's students were also intended to serve after graduation on survey duty elsewhere in southern India. Intellectually, mapmaking was held to epitomise the 'scientific spirit' which military reformers desired to inculcate in the young ensigns: it combined mathematical and logical thought (theory) with concrete military results (practice). These last points underlie the conceptual issues of the early nineteenth-century militarisation of government cartography in Europe and the increasing 'map-mindedness' of military thinkers.     

模糊类别制图的空间统计学方法

类别地图是地理信息系统（ＧＩＳ）应用中所利用的重要数据类别。这类数据可以从摄影测量和遥感技术得到。用摄影测量方法（影像判读）制作的类别地图常以点、线和多边形的离散目标形式描述,而遥感图像分类方法输出的类别地图以连通光栅块形式表达。不论哪一种情况,在每一个多边形或者光栅块（即制图单元）中仅允许单一类别,边界内部非均匀性和模糊形已经被“过滤”了。这样的类别地图沿用了古曲脆集合论,因为每个制图单元只允许     

European digital archive on soil maps (EuDASM): preserving important soil data for public free access

Abstract

Historical soil survey paper maps are valuable resources that underpin strategies to support soil protection and promote sustainable land use practices, especially in developing countries where digital soil information is often missing. However, many of the soil maps, in particular those for developing countries, are held in traditional archives that are not easily accessible to potential users. Additionally, many of these documents are over 50 years old and are beginning to deteriorate. Realising the need to conserve this information, the Joint Research Centre (JRC) and the ISRIC-World Soil Information foundation have created the European Digital Archive of Soil Maps (EuDASM), through which all archived paper maps of ISRIC has been made accessible to the public through the Internet. The immediate objective is to transfer paper-based soil maps into a digital format with the maximum possible resolution and to ensure their preservation and easy disclosure. More than 6,000 maps from 135 countries have been captured and are freely available to users through a user-friendly web-based interface. Initial feedback has been very positive, especially from users in Africa, South America and Asia to whom archived soil maps were made available to local users, often for the first time. Link: http://eusoils.jrc.ec.europa.eu/library/maps/country_maps/list_countries.cfm