Temporal and spatial characteristics of extreme precipitation events in the Midwest of Jilin Province based on multifractal detrended fluctuation analysis method and copula functions

Theoretical and Applied Climatology - Environmental changes have brought about significant changes and challenges to water resources and management in the world; these include increasing climate...     

ECMWF降水极端天气指数在安徽省的应用评估

使用2012年10月—2014年9月欧洲中期天气预报中心(ECMWF)全球集合预报系统逐日降水、5 d和10 d累计降水极端天气指数(EFI)预报资料,分析了降水EFI和强降水、降水气候距平的统计关系。结果表明:整体而言,降水EFI大值区和强降水具有较好对应关系,EFI越大,发生强降水的可能性越大,但随着预报时效增加,EFI的指示作用逐渐下降;对逐日降水EFI大值区和降水落区TS评分表明,在最优TS评分条件下,EFI阈值随着降水量级增加而增大,随着预报时效增加而降低;冬半年(10—3月)5 d和10 d累计降水EFI对过程降水的指示意义优于夏半年(4—9月),但当EFI超过0.4时,随其增加,不同季节对应降水气候距平均迅速增加;另外,5 d累计降水EFI对过程降水的指示作用优于10 d累计降水EFI。     

西南地区极端降水变化趋势

利用西南地区90个气象台站1970-2010年逐日降水量资料,依据世界气象组织(WMO)定义的连续5d最大降水量、总降水量、强降水比等6种极端降水指数,采用F检验、11a滑动平均等统计方法,研究了西南地区极端强降水变化趋势的时空变化特征。在时间上,西南地区近41年来冬、春、夏季连续5d最大降水量缓慢波动上升,秋季连续5d最大降水量呈下降趋势;强降水、降水强度及强降水比呈上升趋势,但总降水量和最长持续无降水日数呈减少趋势;另外,各极端降水指数还存在明显的年际、年代际变化。在空间上,西南地区极端降水变化趋势具有显著的地域差异,呈东西或西北东南向梯度变化特征。其中冬季连续5d最大降水量、降水强度、强降水比及最长持续无降水日数,在西南大部分地区呈增加趋势。秋季连续5d最大降水量与总降水量在西南大部分地区呈减少趋势。而春、夏季连续5d最大降水量和强降水的增减区域大致相当。     

Iran's precipitation analysis using synoptic modeling of major teleconnection forces (MTF)

In this relatively unprecedented study, the effects of thirty-four leading teleconnection Patterns (indices) of atmospheric circulation- on regional-scale for the Middle East- along with precipitation over Iran have been investigated. Different types of data including teleconnection Indices from NOAA (NCEP/NCAR, BOM) and monthly precipitation data from thirty-six synoptic stations of Iran were applied. The data have been investigated with various types of statistical and synoptical methods. The results indicate that El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is the most effective factor and it could possibly influence the spatiotemporal variation of precipitation on all types of climate regimes in Iran. ENSO (nino3.4), The Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) and The Arctic oscillation (AO) are known as the first three important indices, determined by Principal component analysis (PCA) method. The research has clarified that a combination of warm phase of ENSO and a predominant Southeastern (SE) wind over the Indian Ocean can result in a significant moisture transport from the Indian Ocean to the Middle East and to Iran; a combination of cold phase of ENSO and a predominant Northwestern (NW) wind over the Indian Ocean can be followed by a widespread drought over the Middle East and Iran. The results also indicate that a combination of the first three important above-mentioned indices and the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) can provide a much better explanation for spatial and temporal variation of precipitation of Iran. Finally, the results of this study will enable us to present a new approach and new graphical-conceptual modeling, called "Teleconnection-Synoptic Method (TSM)"to clarify the underlying mechanism that can explain the spatial and temporal variations of global atmospheric circulation and precipitation of Iran. According to the correlation of different patterns with precipitation, the strongest relationships are related to the Scandinavia Index (SCN), Pressure Change in East Pacific (dPEPac) and Trade Wind Index at the 850 hPa (TrdWnd850), respectively.     

Extreme climate events in China: IPCC-AR4 model evaluation and projection

Observations from 550 surface stations in China during 1961–2000 are used to evaluate the skill of seven global coupled climate models in simulating extreme temperature and precipitation indices. It is found that the models have certain abilities to simulate both the spatial distributions of extreme climate indices and their trends in the observed period. The models’ abilities are higher overall for extreme temperature indices than for extreme precipitation indices. The well-simulated temperature indices are frost days (Fd), heat wave duration index (HWDI) and annual extreme temperature range (ETR). The well-simulated precipitation indices are the fraction of annual precipitation total due to events exceeding the 95th percentile (R95T) and simple daily intensity index (SDII). In a general manner, the multi-model ensemble has the best skill. For the projections of the extreme temperature indices, trends over the twenty-first century and changes at the end of the twenty-first century go into the same direction. Both frost days and annual extreme temperature range show decreasing trends, while growing season length, heat wave duration and warm nights show increasing trends. The increases are especially manifested in the Tibetan Plateau and in Southwest China. For extreme precipitation indices, the end of the twenty-first century is expected to have more frequent and more intense extreme precipitation. This is particularly visible in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, in the Southeast coastal region, in the west part of Northwest China, and in the Tibetan Plateau. In the meanwhile, accompanying the decrease in the maximum number of consecutive dry days in Northeast and Northwest, drought situation will reduce in these regions.     

ENSO事件与袁河流域汛期降水分析

应用1959～1998年袁河流域5站汛期(4～7月)平均降水总量,讨论了袁河流域汛期降水量年际变化与ENSO事件的联系.结果表明当ENsO事件发生后,次年袁河流域汛期降水量偏多;拉尼娜事件发生后,次年袁河流域汛期降水量一般都偏少.统计显著性水平在95%以上.     

Study of El Ni(n)o events of different types and their potential impact on the following summer precipitation in China

利用1951-2009年线性最优插值全球海温资料,NCEP/NCAR再分析大气资料,以及中国160个站的降水资料等,重点分析了不同分布型厄尔尼诺事件的海温演变特征及对应的热带大气的响应情况,并进一步探讨了不同分布型厄尔尼诺事件对次年夏季中国降水的可能影响.根据厄尔尼诺事件发展达到盛期时海温距平的分布特点,将1950年以来的厄尔尼诺事件分为东部型、中部型和混合型.不同分布型厄尔尼诺事件的海温演变及后期的发展都表现出较为明显的差异,对应的热带太平洋上空向外长波辐射距平分布及热带印度洋-太平洋上空的沃克环流异常也表现出明显的不同.在厄尔尼诺的次年夏季,通过影响850hPa风场、水汽输送及500hPa西太平洋副热带高压系统,东部型、中部型及混合型厄尔尼诺事件可能分别导致中国雨带呈现南方型(Ⅲ类)、中间型(Ⅱ类)和北方型(Ⅰ类)的分布特点.     

华北夏季旱涝的特征分析

根据华北地区18个代表站1951-2006年月平均降水量资料,对华北地区夏季降水进行了统计分析.采用单站旱涝Z指数变换和区域旱涝指数对华北区域56 a的旱涝进行了分析,利用经验正交函数展开、小波分析、M-K突变检验等方法,对华北地区夏季降水时空分布特征进行了研究,并分析了华北夏季降水异常的大气环流特征.结果表明:降水偏多或偏少时段明显,华北夏季降水最主要的空间分布型是全区一致, 华北夏季降水量具有准18 a、准10 a和准2~4 a的周期,由多雨阶段转为少雨阶段的突变点为1976年;华北地区夏季旱、涝年份,其对应的高空环流存在显著性差异.     

华北地区小时极端降水的非稳态研究

本文以华北五省为研究区,基于1960—2014年小时降水数据建立1、2、3、6、12和24 h极端降水序列,对比分析稳态和非稳态假设下极端降水重现期估计的差异。研究表明：1960―2014年华北不同时间极端降水的变化趋势略有不同,时间越短呈上升趋势的站点越多,1~3 h的极端降水呈上升趋势的站点较多,稳态和非稳态假设下的20~100 a一遇重现期平均差异较大,其中,1 h极端降水的显著上升站点中,二者的平均相对误差达30%~43%;而6~24 h极端降水中,呈下降趋势的站点增多,其中,24 h极端降水显著下降站点中,二者的平均相对误差达-43%~-32%;无显著趋势站点,二者的平均相对误差大部分介于-10%~10%。随着重现期增大,二者差异的不确定性区间增大,不同变化趋势站点表现一致。研究发现,华北地区短历时极端降水强度增加,稳态假设下极端降水的重现期会严重低估。因此,选用非稳态假设估计极端降水的重现期,将降低极端降水的灾害风险。     

1961-2010 年东北地区降水事件时空均匀性研究

利用1961-2010年东北三省和内蒙古四盟90个气象站逐日降水资料,分析了中国东北地区降水事件的气候特征及时空分布均匀性变化。结果表明：近50 a来,东北地区年降水量略有减少,但冬、春季降水量显著增加;考虑降水日数,冬、春季降水量增加主要是由于降水强度的增加,夏、秋季降水量减少主要是由于降水频次的减少。气候变暖的大背景下,虽然年降水量线性变化趋势并不明显,但是降水量年际间分布不均匀性增加,降水有向极端化发展的趋势,夏、秋季表现更为明显,各等级降水事件尤其是降雪在近20 a时间分布明显不均匀。降水量空间均匀性在1993年发生转折突变,突变后空间不均匀性增加,降水日数空间均匀性在1986年发生变率突变,突变后振荡加剧。降水事件时空不均匀性的增加一定程度上造成了东北地区旱涝事件发生可能性增加,不同地域旱涝事件同发现象加剧。     

Recent changes of precipitation in Gansu,Northwest China: An index-based analysis

Theoretical and Applied Climatology - Monitoring variations in precipitation is important in detecting regional climate change and studying the hydrological cycle. An understanding of its dynamic...     

Influence of North Pacific SST on heavy precipitation events in autumn over North China

本文主要研究了华北秋季(9月)强降水频次发生年代际变化的可能原因。分析指出,华北秋季强降水频次在2000/01年发生了年代际增强,而它的变化与北太平洋海温变化密切相关。2000/01年之前,影响华北强降水的海温关键区主要位于中国东部海域;2000/01年海温关键区向东偏移,正是这种偏移使得西北太平洋副热带高压增强,向华北地区的水汽输送增加,从而使得华北地区发生强降水的概率增加。进一步研究指出,北太平洋海温年际变率的变化可能是造成海温与华北秋季强降水频次显著相关区发生东移的原因,更多的原因还需要深入研究。     

Prediction of spring precipitation in China using a downscaling approach

The aim of this paper is to use a statistical downscaling model to predict spring precipitation over China based on a large-scale circulation simulation using Development of a European Multi-model Ensemble System for Seasonal to Interannual Prediction (DEMETER) General Circulation Models (GCMs) from 1960 to 2001. A singular value decomposition regression analysis was performed to establish the link between the spring precipitation and the large-scale variables, particularly for the geopotential height at 500?hPa and the sea-level pressure. The DEMETER GCM predictors were determined on the basis of their agreement with the reanalysis data for specific domains. This downscaling scheme significantly improved the predictability compared with the raw DEMETER GCM output for both the independent hindcast test and the cross-validation test. For the independent hindcast test, multi-year average spatial correlation coefficients (CCs) increased by at least ~30?% compared with the DEMETER GCMs’ precipitation output. In addition, the root mean-square errors (RMSEs) decreased more than 35?% compared with the raw DEMETER GCM output. For the cross-validation test, the spatial CCs increased to greater than 0.9 for most of the individual years, and the temporal CCs increased to greater than 0.3 (95?% confidence level) for most regions in China from 1960 to 2001. The RMSEs decreased significantly compared with the raw output. Furthermore, the preceding predictor, the Arctic Oscillation, increased the predicted skill of the downscaling scheme during the spring of 1963.     

我国冰粒降水天气的观测特征统计分析

研究冰粒降水天气的特征对于更好地认识冰冻天气,提高冰冻天气的预警预报能力有重要意义,但我国相关研究较少。利用2011—2013年中国民航机场的例行观测、特殊观测资料,分析了冰粒降水天气的时空分布、持续时间和地面气象要素等特征。选取2001—2013年50个探空站资料分析了冰粒的垂直环境特征。结果表明:冰粒降水天气集中分布在中纬度的黄河下游、长江中下游地区。冰粒降水发生的次数与其持续时间相关性不强,在少发区,其持续时间也可能较长;冰粒降水天气在1—2月比较常见,单次冰粒降水天气过程的持续时间比较短,一般不超过1 h;我国冰粒天气发生时,同时常会有轻雾或无其他天气情况,一般很少伴随有雪。冰粒的融化参数一般小于冻雨的融化参数,但冰粒冻结参数一般大于冻雨的冻结参数。在冰粒天气发生之前一般温度逐渐降低、气压逐渐升高。冰粒天气发生前后湿度都比较大,发生期间风速变化比较小。     

相似天气背景下深圳两次前汛期降水过程对比分析

在高空槽和低层切变线配合的相似环流背景下,2019 年 4 月 11 日深圳出现短时暴雨（ 简称“2019 年过程”）,2020 年 4 月 11 日以稳定性弱降水为主（ 简称“2020 年过程”）,利用 ERAS 再分析数据等对深圳这两次前汛期降水过程进行了对比分析。 结果表明,2019 年过程,温湿层结等对流条件和高空辐散条件较好,低空辐合动力条件相对较弱,在边界层辐合线触发下产生明显的中尺度对流系统（mesoscale convective system, MCS) 活动, 导致深圳出现短时强降水和雷暴大风。2020 年过程,低层辐合等动力条件较好,但对流条件相对较弱,降水以稳定性降水为主。 对比分析说明,温度和湿度层结条件较动力条件对华南前汛期 MCS 生成作用更为明显,强对流发生前 12 h深圳等珠三角地区 Q矢量辐合明显,对 MCS 活动以及强对流发生有较好的指示意义。     

中国区域性极端降水事件及人口经济暴露度研究

This paper tests the idea of substituting the atmospheric observations with atmospheric reanalysis when setting up a coupled data assimilation system.The paper focuses on the quantification of the effects on the oceanic analysis resulted from this substitution and designs four different assimilation schemes for such a substitution.A coupled Lorenz96 system is constructed and an ensemble Kalman filter is adopted.The atmospheric reanalysis and oceanic observations are assimilated into the system and the analysis quality is compared to a benchmark experiment where both atmospheric and oceanic observations are assimilated.Four schemes are designed for assimilating the reanalysis and they differ in the generation of the perturbed observation ensemble and the representation of the error covariance matrix.The results show that when the reanalysis is assimilated directly as independent observations,the root-mean-square error increase of oceanic analysis relative to the benchmark is less than 16%in the perfect model framework;in the biased model case,the increase is less than 22%.This result is robust with sufficient ensemble size and reasonable atmospheric observation quality(e.g.,frequency,noisiness,and density).If the observation is overly noisy,infrequent,sparse,or the ensemble size is insufficiently small,the analysis deterioration caused by the substitution is less severe since the analysis quality of the benchmark also deteriorates significantly due to worse observations and undersampling.The results from different assimilation schemes highlight the importance of two factors:accurate representation of the error covariance of the reanalysis and the temporal coherence along each ensemble member,which are crucial for the analysis quality of the substitution experiment.