梨树断陷油气藏分布特征与成藏模式

松辽盆地南部梨树断陷油气资源丰富、类型多样,西北到东南发育的3条SW—NE走向的断裂带控制了油气的展布和聚集,而油气藏类型从西南深坳到东北斜坡可划分为纯气带、油气带和纯油带等3个呈近NW向展布的油气分布带。梨树断陷发育2套主要的烃源层系,分别为沙河子组和营城组,其有机质丰度、类型相对较好。油源对比表明,梨树断陷原油除了对应2类不同成因烃源岩类型的原油外,还有以两者混源、分布较广的原油。地质及地化指标分析均表明油气沿斜坡、断层从深坳向斜坡运移;通过包裹体分析结合埋藏史和热演化史模拟可见,梨树断陷具有3期成藏且不同地区不同层位差异较大。通过上述分析认为,梨树断陷油气藏与烃源岩成熟演化以及油气向斜坡运移有关,分布具备形成差异聚集的地质条件。梨树断陷具有多期成藏中晚期强调整、多期成藏晚期弱调整以及晚期成藏3种主要油气成藏聚集模式。     

松辽盆地十屋断陷深层油气成藏过程与模式

松辽盆地十屋断陷深层油气藏经历了多期成藏与多期演化,根据烃源岩生排烃史模拟结合储层流体包裹体分析,十屋断陷深层油气藏主要经历了3期油气成藏过程,登娄库期末是早期原生油气藏的主要形成期,以形成油藏为主;泉头期末是十屋断陷深层油气藏大规模形成期,形成的油藏和气藏并重,早期油气藏继续接受本区成熟源岩生成的油气而不断扩大,同时早期原油在此阶段逐渐裂解成气;嫩江期末十屋断陷深层油气藏强烈改造,以形成次生油气藏和大量天然气藏为主。十屋断陷发育2类油气成藏模式:一类是中央隆起带"多期成藏中晚期强调整型"油气成藏模式,这是十屋断陷的主要成藏模式;另一类是位于深凹带和斜坡带"早期成藏晚期弱调整型"油气成藏模式。     

东营凹陷南斜坡深层成藏特征及主控因素分析

东营凹陷南斜坡王家岗地区处于丁家屋子鼻状构造带背景之上，紧邻牛庄生油洼陷，油源丰富，断层—骨架砂体—不整合面相互配置为油气运聚提供了良好的成藏条件。油源对比分析表明，该区存在三种成因类型的原油:北部Ek2~41深部油藏和王古1井奥陶系油藏为孔二段烃源岩提供的原油；而Ek1~21浅部油藏为孔二段和沙四上亚段烃源岩生成的混合型原油；浅层沙河街组油藏主要为沙四上亚段烃源岩生成的原油。对该区深层典型油藏成藏要素分析，认为丁家屋子构造带继承性鼻状构造背景、沙四上亚段—孔二段两套烃源岩和输导体系—圈闭的有效空间配置是油气成藏的主控因素。     

陆相断陷盆地致密油藏特征与分类

陆相断陷盆地的致密油气成藏条件复杂,储层性质变化多,规模开发的难度很大。根据渤海湾盆地的地质、地球化学、实验分析及生产测试等资料,对比国内外拗陷盆地致密油气藏特点,综合分析断陷盆地致密油气的成藏条件和成藏特征.研究表明断陷盆地生烃洼陷中富有机质泥页岩厚度大,有机质丰度高,成熟度演化范围宽;泥页岩成分复杂或与不同岩性的致密储层频繁互层,形成了丰富的自生自储或近源聚集的致密油气资源.致密油气藏依据油藏储层岩性类型分为致密碎屑岩类油藏、致密碳酸盐岩类油藏、致密火山岩类油藏、泥页岩类油藏4类.致密碳酸盐岩类油藏成藏条件最好,最易于开发.断裂构造附近泥页岩层系的构造裂缝发育区域,也具有良好的成藏条件,是重要的勘探方向.     

火山岩储层天然气运聚成藏模拟:以徐家围子断陷深层为例

与火山岩有关的油气藏或油气显示已在世界范围内被广泛发现,然而受火山岩储层强非均质性的影响,揭示火山岩油气成藏过程的盆地模拟研究进展十分缓慢,尚未见到关于火山岩储层中油气运聚成藏模拟研究的报道.采用PetroMod软件首次成功模拟了火山岩储层天然气运聚成藏过程,系统论述了含油气盆地模拟工作中三维精细地质模型的建立、关键参数的选取,并在统计国内外火山岩物性的基础上提出了不同岩性火山岩孔隙度与深度的关系,结合研究区岩相分布,考察了不同断裂活动期和不同运移算法时深层火山岩天然气运聚过程.结果揭示:徐家围子断陷深层有机质具有接力生气的特征,无主生气期,火山岩气藏主要形成于泉头组-青山口组末期,气藏发育位置受控于断裂分布与活动期、火山岩体和储层孔隙度;活动期次与时间可影响天然气聚集层位,深层气源断裂活动期要早于94.5 Ma;采用混合法模拟火山岩储层中的油气运聚成藏比较合适.徐家围子断陷深层火山岩天然气的下一步勘探方向为斜坡带、洼陷深部的微幅度构造、火山岩体和岩性尖灭带,同时深层致密砂砾岩储层也应有较大潜力.      

柴达木盆地尕斯库勒油田原油油源特征及成藏分析

在系统剖析尕斯库勒油田浅层(N_1-N_2~1)和深层(E_3~1)油藏原油的地球化学特征,精细划分原油类型基础上,用中性氮化合物作为原油运移的示踪性指标,追溯油藏原油的运移方向和路径;并利用含油包裹体测温资料,结合地层沉降热演化史,确定原油成藏期。研究结果表明,尕斯库勒浅层与深层油藏原油地球化学特征有明显差别,分别来自不同的油源;在浅层和深层油藏内部原油也并非来自单一油源。运移参数显示,尕斯库勒浅层油藏原油来自茫崖凹陷,沿油砂山大逆断层从构造东侧注入油藏。深层油藏有两个原油注入点,一是来自茫崖凹陷的原油从东北方向沿油藏北端的Ⅺ号断层注入,由北往南运移;二是从构造西侧的Ⅲ号断层注入。尕斯库勒浅层油藏原油在约9Ma前开始注入成藏,延续至今;深层油藏原油成藏期较早,为前29.5～3Ma。     

乌尔逊凹陷泥页岩演化特征及潜力区预测

乌尔逊凹陷为海拉尔盆地南部重要的含油区,具有较大勘探潜力。笔者通过油源对比确定乌尔逊凹陷主力烃源岩层,分析不同区域源岩发育特征及有机质丰度、类型等地球化学指标,评价乌尔逊凹陷主力烃源岩生油成熟期和成藏阶段,通过流体包裹体均一化温度的测量,来判断油气充注史,预测优先勘探潜力部位。研究发现,乌尔逊凹陷不同区域油源不完全相同,乌尔逊北部油藏源于南屯组泥页岩母质,乌尔逊南部区域除了南屯组泥页岩,还有铜钵庙组暗色泥岩生成的油流混入。乌尔逊凹陷具有两期成藏:第一期为伊敏组后期—青元岗组早期,原油由烃岩层排出、运移注入圈闭成藏;第二期为青元岗组后期构造活动使早期油藏原油重新调整分配注入新的圈闭成藏。综合分析认为乌北洼陷西侧、乌南洼陷东侧构造带为两个重要的勘探潜力带。     

东营凹陷南斜坡沙四段混源油地球化学与成藏特征

东营凹陷南斜坡是具有较大勘探潜力的地区。研究表明：沙四段原油具有典型的混源油特征,母源输入存在低等水生生物和高等植物的双重贡献,原油成熟演化存在低成熟-成熟的变化,沉积成烃环境主体以还原性为主但还原程度不同,个别样品表现出生物降解前后两期原油混合充注的特点。南斜坡东部原油来自牛庄洼陷,乐安、王家岗油田以沙四型原油为主,混有少量沙三型原油;南斜坡中部原油来自牛庄和利津洼陷,梁家楼油田以沙三型原油为主,混有少量沙四型原油,纯化油田则与之相反;南斜坡西部原油来自博兴洼陷,正理庄、高青油田以沙四型原油为主,混有少量沙三型原油,金家油田则以沙三型为主。洼陷中心沙四-沙三段生成的成熟油气和斜坡带沙四段生成的低熟油气通过断层和不整合面向斜坡高部位运移,以混源油的形式聚集成藏。     

东营凹陷民丰地区深层裂解气藏成因类型与成藏模式

根据东营凹陷民丰地区烃源岩生烃史、储层受热史及储层沥青分布特点,综合天然气成藏地质背景,分析了该区中深层天然气藏的成因类型及特征,建立了天然气成藏模式。研究表明:民丰地区已发现的深层天然气主要为来源于沙四下亚段烃源岩的油型裂解气,存在干酪根裂解气直接进入圈闭形成气藏、干酪根裂解气充注古油藏形成气侵富化型气藏、古油藏裂解形成气藏3种成因类型的天然气藏。受烃源岩生烃演化的控制,3种成因类型的气藏在空间上具有一定的展布规律,即:埋藏较深的洼陷中心区形成以干酪根裂解气为主的纯气藏,有部分古油藏裂解气;斜坡带地区聚集以气侵效应为主的气侵富化型气藏;埋藏较浅的斜坡边缘地区仅存在晚期充注的油藏;从洼陷区到斜坡高部位,形成了纯气藏、油气混相、油藏的分布模式。     

梨树断陷沙河子组地层水特征与成藏关系

地层水是与油气共存的地下水,它受沉积环境、流体流动等多种因素影响,与油气的生成、运移、聚集和成藏有着重要联系。对梨树断陷东南斜坡带沙河子组地层水总矿化度、变质系数、脱硫系数、碳酸盐平衡系数等化学特性参数的分析表明,参数低值区与已知油气藏分布吻合,东南斜坡带沙河子组地层水封闭条件较好,有利于油气聚集和保存,十屋9、河山4等区域具有勘探潜力。     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

塘口水电站坝基岩体透水性和渗漏问题分析

塘口水电站大坝基础座落在断层和裂隙较发育的龟裂纹灰岩上,岩体完整性差、透水性强,多年运行后,大坝灌浆廊道和排水廊道出现多处集中性漏水,为确保大坝安全和电站正常发电,根据渗漏性质和成因,采用对灌浆廊道补充帷幕灌浆,对排水廊道进行固结+帷幕+回填灌浆。通过灌浆处理后,效果良好,表明灌浆工程有效的将导致坝基渗漏的上下游的裂隙通道封闭,并顺利的经受了随后的汛期洪水考验,大坝安全得到保障。     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Calculation of the Inverse of the Covariance

In reservoir characterization, the covariance is often used to describe the spatial correlation and variation in rock properties or the uncertainty in rock properties. The inverse of the covariance, on the other hand, is seldom discussed in geostatistics. In this paper, I show that the inverse is required for simulation and estimation of Gaussian random fields, and that it can be identified with the differential operator in regularized inverse theory. Unfortunately, because the covariance matrix for parameters in reservoir models can be extremely large, calculation of the inverse can be a problem. In this paper, I discuss four methods of calculating the inverse of the covariance, two of which are analytical, and two of which are purely numerical. By taking advantage of the assumed stationarity of the covariance, none of the methods require inversion of the full covariance matrix.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

Artemia in the Salt Lakes of Russia:the Productivity of Populations,the Reserves of the Cysts and the Fisheries

正Artemia cysts are an extremely important component of aquaculture diets.It is well established that the cultivation of fish and shellfish derive substantial health and growth advantages when Artemia are included in the diets of the