纵向弥散作用与渗透介质非均质性定量关系的模拟研究

在地下水污染模拟预报中,弥散参数是很难确定的一个模型参数。因实验室小尺度弥散规律一般不能用于大尺度弥散过程,而野外示踪试验却耗资大、周期长,限制了其实用性。文中利用随机数值模拟手段、基于随机理论的蒙特卡罗方法及序贯高斯模拟技术来生成渗透系数随机场,并研究渗透系数对数场的方差、相关长度以及变异函数类型在不同尺度上对纵向弥散度的影响,进而建立纵向弥散度与随机分布渗透系数场的方差和相关长度的统计定量关系,并与Gelhar理论计算结果进行比较。数值模拟结果表明,经过一定迁移距离后纵向弥散度与随机分布渗透系数对数场的方差和相关长度具有良好的线性统计关系,与Gelhar理论公式表达的关系类型类似。但对于较大的方差,纵向弥散度模拟结果明显大于Gelhar理论计算值,而对于较大相关长度在迁移距离不很大时,纵向弥散度模拟结果明显小于Gelhar理论计算值。本研究可为野外大尺度地下水污染预报模型中水动力弥散参数的确定提供方法借鉴。     

渭河河漫滩宏观弥散度计算

宏观弥散度的确定对地下水溶质运移至关重要。利用竖管法野外现场测定900个点的垂向饱和渗透系数Kv值,然后进行统计分布检验,运用地质统计学中负指数模型在有块金效应影响的条件下拟合出ln Kv的空间相关尺度λ值,进而利用λ与宏观弥散度关系式求解渭河漫滩非饱和带的宏观弥散度。结果表明,研究区整体Kv平均值为0.012cm/s,方差为1.33,表明Kv空间差异性较大;垂向渗透系数基本服从对数正态分布规律,满足宏观弥散度计算条件;估算整体纵向宏观弥散度为21.27m,各排计算结果约2.11~4.65m。     

寨子汶河谷天然流场二维弥散试验和参数计算

为了对某扩建钢厂地区地下水质污染趋势进行分析预报,我们在山东莱芜寨子附近汶河河谷用~(131)Ⅰ放射性同位素进行了一组天然流场下的弥散试验,对试验结果我们用特殊坐标法计算了弥散模型的参数:纵向弥散率、横向弥散率和孔隙速度,并通过换算求得了平均孔隙率、渗透速度和渗透系数。     

地下水溶质运移数值模拟模型参数的局部灵敏度研究

采用局部灵敏度分析方法计算天津市滨海新区南港工业区内某研究区含水层渗透系数、降水入渗补给系数、纵向弥散度、孔隙度对地下水溶质运移数值模拟模型模拟结果的影响。结果表明,含水层渗透系数、纵向弥散度及孔隙度灵敏度较高,对模拟结果影响较大,降水入渗补给系数对模拟结果影响很小。三个灵敏参数的灵敏度排序为孔隙度>纵向弥散度>渗透系数。     

应用土柱试验求解地下含水介质弥散系数

污染物质在地下含水介质中的运移,除受渗透系数等水文地质条件的制约外,还受到含水介质弥散系数的控制。污染物的扩散,首先是从包气带开始进行的,浑河冲洪积扇地包气带主要岩性是亚粘土及亚砂土,因此,计算出浑河冲洪积扇包气带的弥散系数,对于认识污染物的运移能力是一项必要的工作。本文利用室内动态土柱装置,模拟包气带岩性环境,以0.05 mol/L的NaCl溶液作为示踪剂,经长时间监测,运用弥散系数计算公式进行求参。计算结果是包气带以亚粘土为主要岩性的弥散系数为0.005 71 m2/d,亚砂土的弥散系数为0.012 47 m2/d。     

小尺度含水层热量运移试验研究及热弥散效应评估

将小尺度含水层热机械弥散系数模型应用于对流弥散传热过程中,推导了该条件下对流弥散热量运移的解析解,结合试验进行验证,对含水层热弥散效应进行评估,结果表明,热机械弥散系数等于1×10-2 W/(m?°C)可以作为热弥散对温度场影响的临界点,从而将热机械弥散系数的分布划分为不可忽略的三角区域和可以忽略的多边形区域;明确了自然含水层结构条件下纵向热弥散度范围,从小尺度的热弥散研究结果来看,纵向热弥散度最大值为厘米数量级,它与野外大尺度条件下热弥散度的研究成果有着显著差异,表明热弥散尺度效应的存在,这将是进一步开展研究工作的方向。     

基于蝙蝠算法的适线法求解水动力弥散系数

利用弥散资料确定含水层弥散系数的标准曲线法在具体应用中存在较大的随意性,用一种基于蝙蝠算法的适线法进行一维流动二维水动力弥散模型中弥散系数的识别,在一定程度上解决了传统的标准曲线法求解含水层弥散系数中主观因素造成较大误差的现象,并能直接得出地下水流速。实例计算结果表明,基于蝙蝠算法的适线法是求解水动力弥散系数的一种高效方法,可广泛用于求解其他水文地质问题。      

长春西部串湖含水介质弥散试验及污染质运移研究

水动力弥散系数是建立地下水水质模型,进行地下水溶质运移研究的重要参数。在野外调查的基础上,设计并开展了室内二维水动力弥散试验,应用直线图解法确定了研究区含水介质的纵向、横向弥散系数。建立了该区地下水溶质运移模型,并对其进行了预测分析。     

分析一维砂柱弥散试验数据的相关系数极值法

针对现有分析室内一维砂柱弥散试验数据,确定多孔介质纵向弥散度的方法,在考虑介质对示踪剂的吸附作用的情况下不能应用的问题,对描述一维、稳定渗流与连续定浓度注入示踪剂的砂柱弥散试验的近似解析解进行反函数变换,利用相关系数极值法的原理,建立了在多孔介质与示踪剂间为均衡吸附条件下,可计算多孔介质纵向弥散度与阻滞系数的方法.而且,这种方法在多孔介质的有效孔隙率为已知的情况下,还可计算出多孔介质对示踪剂的吸附系数.     

确定河流纵向弥散系数的正态分布图解法

许多学者对弥散现象进行了大量研究,提出许多确定弥散系数的方法,但受限于水流结构的复杂性,至今研究还停留在试验性阶段。本文以一维稳态河流水质污染模型的解析解为基础,通过拉普拉斯变换,将模型解析解转化为期望值a=ut、均方差δ=2Et的正态分布方程。提出分别采用单测站(时间浓度分布)与多测站(空间浓度分布)方法测定河水污染物浓度,根据标准正态概率密度函数的对称性,确定求解河流纵向弥散系数的正态分布图解法以及相应公式。对于同一问题,时间浓度分布得到的c/c0—t分布图较空间浓度分布得到的c/c0—x分布图更接近于正态分布,则采用单测站计算方法更适于河流水团示踪试验数据分析。最后通过实例分析进行验证。     

Combining stochastic facies and fractal models for representing natural heterogeneity

Sedimentary deposits are often characterized by various distinct facies, with facies structure relating to the depositional and post-depositional environments. Permeability (k) varies within each facies, and mean values in one facies may be several orders of magnitude larger or smaller than those in another facies. Empirical probability density functions (PDFs) of log(k) increments from multi-facies structures often exhibit properties well modeled by the Levy PDF, which appears unrealistic physically. It is probable that the statistical properties of log(k) variations within a facies are very different from those between facies. Thus, it may not make sense to perform a single statistical analysis on permeability values taken from a mix of distinct facies. As an alternative, we employed an indicator simulation approach to generate large-scale facies distributions, and a mono-fractal model, fractional Brownian motion (fBm), to generate the log(k) increments within facies. Analyses show that the simulated log(k) distributions for the entire multi-facies domain produce apparent non-Gaussian log(k) increment distributions similar to those observed in field measurements. An important implication is that Levy-like behavior is not real in a statistical sense and that rigorous statistical measures of the log(k) increments will have to be extracted from within each individual facies. Electronic Publication     

Assessment of the role of facies heterogeneity at the fine scale by numerical transport experiments and connectivity indicators

The heterogeneity of facies at the scale of individual lithological levels controls, at a macroscopic scale, water flow and contaminant transport in porous sediments. In particular the presence of organized features such as permeable connected levels, has a significant effect on travel times and dispersion. Here, the effects of facies heterogeneity on flow and transport are studied for three blocks, whose volume is of the order of a cubic meter, dug from alluvial sediments from the Ticino valley (Italy). Using the results of numerical tracer experiments on these domains, the longitudinal dispersion coefficient is computed with an Eulerian approach based on the fit of the breakthrough curves with the analytical solution of the convective-dispersive transport equation. Moreover, the dispersion tensor is computed with a Lagrangian approach from the second order moments of particle distributions. Three types of connectivity indicators are tested: (1) connectivity function; (2) flow, transport and statistical connectivity; (3) original (intrinsic, normal and total) indicators of facies connectivity. The connectivity function provides the most complete information. Some of the transport and statistical connectivity indicators are correlated with dispersivity. The simultaneous analysis of the three indicators of facies connectivity emphasizes the fundamental geometrical features that control transport.     

Influence of temporal fluctuations and spatial heterogeneity on pollution transport in porous media

The combined influence of temporal fluctuations and spatial heterogeneity on non-reactive solute transport mechanisms in porous media can be understood by performing simulations of steady and unsteady flow and transport in heterogeneous media. The study focuses on issues such as the degree of heterogeneity, correlation length, separation of the combined effects of temporal and spatial variations, and ergodicity conditions under unsteady flow conditions. It is shown that the effect of temporal variations on solute transport is masked by the strong effect of spatial heterogeneity. There is no obvious difference in plume shape between steady and unsteady flow conditions; the first and the second spatial moments of the plume of the unsteady-state flow condition fluctuate around the steady-state flow condition with the same period of oscillations as the input signal at small storage coefficient (S????0.001). At a relatively high standard deviation in hydraulic conductivity and a small storage coefficient, the unsteady flow condition sharpens the temporal variations in macrodispersion coefficients. The magnitude of the longitudinal macrodispersion coefficient under unsteady flow condition is almost doubled at the maximum values. However, the transverse macrodispersion coefficient fluctuates around zero. The Kubo number and Peclet number ranges are 1.2?C64 and 10?C250, respectively.     

苏鲁豫皖早第三纪构造与含盐盆地分布规律

中国东部苏鲁豫皖早第三纪构造属喜马拉雅构造阶段的一个构造分阶段,其构造格局是古新世—渐新世地壳块断运动的产物。可将其划分为四级:凸起与凹陷;隆起与坳陷;隆起带与坳陷带;隆起区与坳陷区。进而把区内早第三纪构造区划分为3个一级构造单元,8个二级构造单元,25个三级构造单元和163个四级构造单元。为阐明油气和盐类矿产分布规律,早第三纪盆地应与该时期四级构造单元的负向构造——凹陷对应。盆地分类主要因素为:古地貌特征(盆岭结构)和岩相特征(单相带与多相带),据此将早第三纪盆地分为四种类型——盆岭式(以岭为主)单相带盆地;盆岭式(以岭为主)多相带盆地;岭盆式(以盆为主)单相带盆地;岭盆式(以盆为主)多相带盆地。依据上述研究结果认为:本区早第三纪成盐期盐类矿产的形成和分布与盆岭式多相带类型的盆地密切相关。以河南舞阳早第三纪盆地为典型,进一步阐明了盆岭式多相带盆地与早第三纪成盐期盐类矿产形成的内在联系。     

Facies characterization of the Surma Group (Miocene) sediments from Jalalabad gas field,Sylhet trough,Bangladesh: Study from cores and wireline log

The Sylhet trough located on the north-eastern margin of present Bengal basin, contains ~22 km of Tertiary sediments and well known as a hydrocarbon producing province. A detailed facies characterization of the subsurface Miocene Surma Group sediments (especial emphasis on reservoirs sandstones) from Jalalabad gas field within the Sylhet trough has been done using core log analysis and wireline log (gamma ray) interpretation. Texture and sedimentary structures of the cores suggests that the nine individual lithofacies types which can be grouped together into three facies associations, namely, fine-grained facies associations (FFA), medium-grained facies association (MFA) and coarse-grained facies associations (CFA). Major changes in gamma ray log motifs and various bounding discontinuities indicate six para-sequence sets (basin wide) and twenty eight para-sequences (local environmental changes) within the depth range from 2200-2800 m. Detailed facies analysis of the cores and wireline log reveals that the interbedding facies within the associations in the Surma Group commonly develop small-scale fining-upward (FU) cycles, coarsening-upward (CU) and random intercalations (RD). The sediments of the Surma Group of the Jalalabad field have been interpreted as deposits of the shallow marine to tide-dominated deltaic depositional setting. The cyclic nature of sedimentation pattern of the Surma Group probably records an almost continuous existence of this prograding deltaic regime and a tectonic setting characterized by a mixture of prolonged basin subsidence and regional transgression coupled with sporadic regressive phases.     

土柱变密度溶质运移试验推求水平及垂直方向弥散度研究

基于溶质运移对流弥散理论的变密度海水入侵模型广泛用于海水入侵研究,而水动力弥散系数是影响模型模拟效果的关键性参量之一。利用传统土柱溶质运移试验结合旁侧抽水,采用数值反演法成功获取了水平及垂直两方向弥散度。相对于传统方法,在不增加试验复杂度的前提下,同时推求了不同方向的弥散度,提高了试验效率,节约了试验成本,可广泛用于测定水动力弥散系数等参数。     

Simulation of nitrate transport and wastewater seepage in groundwater flow system

Groundwater quantity and quality modeling is one approach for optimal use of available water resources in arid and semiarid regions. This study was conducted to simulate flow treatment and nitrate transport on Shahrekord aquifer using three-dimensional solute transport model and geographical information system. Hydraulic conductivity, specific yield and recharge values in flow simulation process and effect molecular diffusion coefficient, longitudinal dispersivity and distribution coefficient in quality model were calibrated. 120 water samples during July 2007 to June 2008 were collected monthly from 10 wells and measurements of nitrate were carried out. The results show that the developed model is successfully used to simulate flow path and nitrate transport in saturated porous media. The highest values of nitrate occur along Bahram–Abad village and the surroundings. The groundwater quality in the area represents a complex system, which is affected by different factors of pollution, such as urban wastewater and leaching of agricultural lands.     

轴向重力流沉积:一种重要的深水储层——以东海盆地丽水凹陷明月峰组为例

东海盆地丽水凹陷中部丽水36-1含气构造的主要含气层段为明月峰组三级层序的低水位体系域砂体.对该区沉积背景、岩芯、沉积构造、粒度、测井、地震等资料的分析结果表明,该低水位体系域砂体为轴向重力流沉积,可划分出水道和漫溢2个亚相以及水道轴、水道砂坝、近漫溢、远漫溢4个微相,岩芯中可识别出7种岩相类型,丽水凹陷轴向重力流水道顺北东向展布的断槽呈带状展布.在沉积特征分析的基础上,分析了丽水凹陷轴向重力流水道的成因及其油气成藏特征,认为轴向重力流水道是该区一类重要的储集体,具有良好的成藏条件,丽水凹陷沿灵峰大断裂还应该有类似的储集体发育.     

Inverse modeling of variable-density groundwater flow in a semi-arid area in Iran using a genetic algorithm

Flow and mass transport parameter estimation was done by creating an inverse model of a seawater intrusion system using a genetic algorithm (GA) method as the optimization procedure. Firstly, the SEAWAT code was used for the forward solution part and then a program was written in MATLAB for coupling the forward and inverse processes. The auto-calibration objective function was defined with the root mean square errors (RMSE) between the observed and the simulated values. A simple GA was used to minimize the RMSE criterion. The methodology was applied to a coastal aquifer with heterogeneous formations in a semi-arid area near salty Tashk Lake (electrical conductivity 61,420 µS/cm), Fars province, Iran. In the last two decades, the overexploitation of groundwater has caused a major water level drawdown and, consequently, salt-water intrusion. Firstly, flow and transport parameters (hydraulic conductivity, porosity, specific storage coefficient and longitudinal dispersivity) were estimated simultaneously in steady-state and, secondly, in the developed code, these results were used as initial values of the parameters in transient-state. Results show a good match for observed and simulated data. It can be concluded that GA is a helpful tool for automatic calibration of variable density fluid systems such as seawater intrusion cases.