阿尔金断裂中段(阿克塞一芒崖段)的早期断层作用

对于阿尔金断裂带中段阿克塞芒崖地区开展的宏观构造分析、显微构造解析,并结合温压测定与测年分析,证明阿尔金断裂带的早期变形演化是一种韧性走滑剪切变形作用过程,沿断裂带形成了糜棱岩与糜棱状岩石.由变形构造、岩石组构和应变型式判别出与走滑断层作用相伴的中部地壳层次花状构造的存在.构成中部层次花状构造的岩石中同构造变形成因多硅白云母的出现说明韧性变形期间特殊的高围压条件(达0.43GPa),而白色云母(白云母和绢云母)与绿泥石组合指示了较低的温压条件(t:270～350C;p:0.05～0.43 GPa).断裂带中的异常p/t变化主要归咎于高剪切应力引起的剪切加热与超压效应.依据同变形期矿物(白色云母)40Ar-39Ar记年初步证实早期韧性剪切变形发生于早白垩世(91～89 Ma).     

阿尔金断裂中段（阿克塞—芒崖段）的早期断层作用

对于阿尔金断裂带中段阿克塞－芒崖地区开展的宏观构造分析、显微构造解析，并结合温压测定与测年分析，证明阿尔金断裂带的早期变形演化是一种韧性走滑剪切变形作用过程，沿断裂带形成了糜棱岩与糜棱状岩石。由变形构造、岩石组构和应变型式判别出与走滑断层作用相伴的中部地壳层次花状构造的存在。构成中部层次花状构造的岩石中同构造变形成因多硅白云母的出现说明韧性变形期间特殊的高围压条件（达0．43GPa)，而白色云母（白云母和绢云母）与绿泥石组合指示了较低的温压条件（t:270-350℃；p:0.05-0.43GPa)。断裂带中的异常p/t变化主要归咎于高剪切应力引起的剪切加热与超压效应。依据同变形期矿物（白色云母）^40Ar-^39Ar记年初步证实早期韧性剪切变形发生于早白垩世（91－89Ma）。     

松辽盆地伏龙泉断陷构造特征及演化

伏龙泉断陷是松辽盆地一级构造单元东南部隆起之上的二级构造单元,构造特征比较复杂。地震剖面解释表明,伏龙泉断陷自白垩纪以来主要经历了4个构造演化阶段:在火石岭组营城组下部沉积时期为近EW向伸展作用阶段,形成以大型犁式正断层为控陷断层的近NS向箕状半地堑和滚动背斜;在营城组上部泉头组中段沉积时期为近EW向挤压作用阶段,使早期控陷正断层发生反转作用而转化为逆断层,靠近控陷断层的西部边界由于断层上盘的逆冲而隆升,在凹陷中部形成NS向断层传播褶皱,在控陷断层下盘形成双重构造;在泉头组上段嫩江组沉积时期为近NS向离散型走滑作用阶段,形成具有倾向滑移分量的走滑断层组合和负花状构造;在四方台组新生界下部沉积时期为近EW向挤压作用阶段,使在早期控陷断层再次表现为上盘逆冲的特征,在断层上盘形成一大型反转背斜。松辽盆地伸展、挤压、走滑应力场的变化可能与太平洋板块的俯冲角度、方向和速率的变化有关。     

渤海湾盆地南堡凹陷的背形负花状构造

花状构造以其独特的构造样式而成为在剖面上识别走滑构造的重要标志.经典的花状构造包括正花状构造和负花状构造.渤海湾盆地南堡凹陷发育一种新型的花状构造——背形负花状构造.在三维地震剖面上,背形负花状构造是由一束向上、向外撒开的大多数为正离距的离散的走滑断层或转换伸展断层所限定的,下部呈"向形",上部呈"背形"的组合样式.平面上,褶皱和相关正断层呈雁行排列.背形负花状构造发育于南堡凹陷转换伸展的构造背景.浅层的"背形"是由转换伸展断层牵引塑性的盖层而形成的一种强制褶皱.该构造经历了牵引背斜形成和背斜脊部断裂-塌落两个发育阶段.背形负花状构造普遍发育于渤海湾盆地的新近系.      

青东凹陷复合型花状构造成因分析

青东凹陷内大型北西-北西西基底断层上发育一种结构特殊的花状构造——复合型花状构造,在凹陷内表现为构造高带,对油气成藏具有重要的控制作用。在三维地震剖面的解释和分析基础上,结合平面构造反射层资料的综合分析,发现其中的断层在平面上以右阶雁列式或平行式组合排列,剖面上基底主断层向上撒开并与多条次级断层组合成似花状构造。组成这些似花状构造的断层均为正断层,但其中的地层却表现为上拱的背形。根据断裂发育特点及区域构造应力演化特征对其进行成因分析,认为其形成是由于北西-北西西向基底断层在盆地南北向拉伸下的张扭性(斜向拉张)活动与古近纪末反转期压扭性活动叠加的结果。其形成过程经历了古近纪伸展期似负花状构造形成阶段和古近纪末反转期背形构造形成阶段。     

辽河东部凹陷走滑构造及其与火山岩分布的关系

走滑构造可分为压扭和张扭两类,平面上主干走滑断裂都表现为一条贯通性的走滑构造带,剖面上前者表现为正花状构造(向上撒开的逆断层组),后者表现为负花状构造(向上散开的正断层组)。它们的伴生构造在平面上分别表现为与主干走滑断裂共生的雁列褶皱、雁列逆断层(压扭)和雁列正断层(张扭)。在实际剖面中由于构造应力场的变化还常见由正—负花状构造组合的复合花状构造。在平行于走滑构造带方向,有时断层面倾角会变化,直至倾向相反(丝带效应);走滑断裂带各点所受的应力可从挤压(褶皱)—逆断变为伸展—正断(海豚效应)。走滑断裂在火山岩盆地中普遍发育,是构造—火山作用关系研究的重要方面。研究区走滑断裂系统由贯通性主干走滑断裂和伴生构造两部分组成。主干走滑断裂平面上侧向延伸长,其附近多为与之成锐角相交的雁列正断层组;剖面上同时出现负花状构造和正花状构造,断层面陡倾且有时两侧地层厚度不等。根据雁列构造与主干断层间锐角指示方向和断层切割层位可判别,该区于古近纪主要发育右旋走滑断裂系。火山岩分布明显受走滑断裂带控制,火山喷发中心沿主干断裂呈串珠状分布;火山岩厚度于主干断裂附近最大,向两侧减薄,多终止于次级断裂附近;厚度大于1 km的火山岩距主干断裂通常在2 km范围内。     

南海西缘断裂带走滑特征及其形成机理初步研究

南海西缘断裂带是南海西部最主要的构造要素,从北到南贯穿了该区主要的沉积盆地,具有走滑断裂的性质。由于不同地质时期走滑方向的不同,形成了不同的断层组合,主要表现为负花状构造和北东向、北西向两组雁列断层以及平面上双马尾状构造组合。主体断裂带以单条式为主,区段式活动特征明显。在南北盆地之间的构造转换带表现为负花状构造-犁式断裂-多米诺式反向调节正断层的组合。综合分析认为,南海西缘断裂是一组长期活动的断裂带,大规模走滑活动从中始新世至第四纪时期,主要为右旋走滑,应力以张扭作用为主;但是在中中新世末期,走滑方向曾经发生转变,为左旋走滑,转为压扭应力,造成区域隆升,导致地层被剥蚀,南海西部盆地现今沉积-构造格局基本形成。     

皖浙赣相邻区晚中生代多期构造变形特征及其动力学背景

通过详细系统的野外地质调查和构造解析,文中在皖浙赣相邻区识别出晚中生代的五期构造变形。第一期为中侏罗世末到早白垩世初的北东东向逆冲推覆构造,形成时间大约为160~150 Ma;第二期为早白垩世初的高角度正断层和北东东向左行平移断层,形成于150~135 Ma;第三期为早白垩世晚期的北北东向左行平移断层,形成于125~120 Ma;第四期为北东-北东东向右行平移断层,形成于早白垩世末期的100 Ma左右;最后一期为形成于晚白垩世早期(约75 Ma)的北北东向逆冲断层构造。区内晚中生代的多期构造变形与华南和华北板块的最后阶段的碰撞,晚中生代以来太平洋板块在不同阶段向欧亚大陆不同方向的俯冲,甚至与印度板块向北碰撞产生的向东远程挤压效应等诸多作用有关。     

淮北海孜煤矿断层与层间滑动构造组合型式及其形成机制

煤矿中煤层断层与层间滑动构造(简称层滑构造)发育普遍,可出现不同形式的组合。进行煤层断层与层滑构造及其组合型式的研究,对分析区域构造变形史、查明和预测煤层赋存规律、研究煤的耗散流变、煤层气的开发以及预防煤与瓦斯突出都具有重要作用。本文以淮北矿区海孜煤矿为例,在现场观测的基础上,分析总结了7、8、9和10煤层的断层与层滑构造的组合型式,并探讨了其形成机制。由于7、8、9和10煤层及顶、底板岩层组合的差异,不同煤层构造变形有较大区别。由于海孜煤矿岩层和煤层经历了多次构造活动,断层和层滑构造间产生了不同的空间组合,具体表现为3种型式:断层与层滑构造的同期扩展、断层与层滑构造组成块体及断层与层滑构造间的相互切割和限制。煤层的构造组合型式在很大程度上取决于构造应力作用、含煤地层的岩石力学性质和应变环境等。     

辽南变质核杂岩饮马湾山和赵房岩体锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄及其地质意义

辽南变质核杂岩形成于晚中生代华北岩石圈伸展和减薄背景下,其演化过程分为三个阶段：第一阶段（约130Ma）,在伸展作用下辽南地区发育拆离断层及其下伏韧性剪切带;第二阶段（130~120Ma）,同构造花岗质岩体的主动侵位影响了拆离断层的演化;同时在124Ma变质核杂岩的构造-岩浆活动达到峰值;第三阶段（113Ma之后）花岗质岩体在较浅层次侵位于停止活动的拆离断层带。辽南变质核杂岩发育与演化过程在年代学意义上揭示了华北板块晚中生代时期的区域性岩石圈伸展与减薄过程。本文认为由伸展后期侵位的赵房岩体所记录的拆离断层停止的时限（113Ma）可以作为华北岩石圈强烈构造岩浆活动的转捩点,113Ma之前华北板块广泛发育变质核杂岩、拉分盆地等一系列伸展构造,之后则以平稳的隆升和冷却过程为主。     

Syn-collisional transform faulting of the Tan-Lu fault zone,East China

Origin of the continental-scale Tan-Lu fault zone (TLFZ), East China, remains controversial. About 550 km sinistral offset of the Dabie orogenic belt (DOB) and Sulu orogenic belt (SOB) is shown along the NE-NNE-striking TLFZ. Syn-collisional, sinistral ductile shear belts in the TLFZ have been identified. Thirteen phengite bulk separates from the mylonites were dated by the ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar method. They gave cooling ages of the 198–181 Ma for the shear belts along the eastern margin of the DOB and 221–210 Ma from the western margin of the SOB. Distribution of the foreland basin deposits suggests that sinistral offset of the DOB and SOB by the TLFZ took place prior to deposition of the Upper Triassic strata. The marginal structures around the DOB and SOB support syn-collisional faulting, and indicate anticlockwise rotation of the DOB during the displacement. The folding and thrust faulting related to crustal subduction, coeval with the Tan-Lu faulting, is older than the foreland basin deposition related to the orogenic exhumation. Several lines of evidence demonstrate that the TLFZ was developed as a syn-collisional transform fault during latest Middle to earliest Late Triassic time when the DOB and SOB experienced crustal subduction of the South China Block (SCB). Eastward increase of the crustal subduction rates is believed to be responsible for the sinistral transform faulting.     

The Liaonan Metamorphic Core Complex： Constitution, Structure and Evolution

The Liaonan metamorphic core complex (mcc) has a three-layer structure and is constituted by five parts, i.e. a detachment fault zone, an allochthonous upper plate and an supradetachment basin above the fault zone, and highly metamorphosed rocks and intrusive rocks in the lower plate. The allochthonous upper plate is mainly of Neoproterozoic and Paleozoic rocks weakly deformed and metamorphosed in pre-Indosinan stage. Above these rocks is a small-scale supradetachment basin of Cretaceous sedimentary and volcanic rocks. The lower plate is dominated by Archean TTG gneisses with minor amount of supracrustal rocks. The Archean rocks are intruded by late Mesozoic synkinematic monzogranitic and granitic plutons. Different types of fault rocks, providing clues to the evolution of the detachment fault zone, are well-preserved in the fault zone, e.g. mylonitic gneiss, mylonites, brecciated mylonites, microbreccias and pseudotachylites. Lineations in lower plate granitic intrusions have consistent orientation that indicate uniform top-to-NW shearing along the main detachment fault zone. This also provides evidence for the synkinematic characteristics of the granitic plutons in the lower plate. Structural analysis of the different parts in the mcc and isotopic dating of plutonic rocks from the lower plate and mylonitic rocks from detachment fault zone suggest that exhumation of the mcc started with regional crustal extension due to crustal block rotation and tangential shearing. The extension triggered magma formation, upwelling and emplacement. This event ended with appearance of pseudotachylite and fault gauges formed at the uppermost crustal level. U-Pb dating of single zircon grains from granitic rocks in the lower plate gives an age of 130±5 Ma, and biotite grains from the mam detachment fault zone have 40Ar-39Ar ages of 108-119 Ma. Several aspects may provide constraints for the exhumation of the Liaonan mcc. These include regional extensional setting, cover/basement contact, temporal and spatial coupling of extension and magmatism, basin development and evolution of fault tectonites along detachment fault zone. We propose that the exhumation of the Liaonan mcc resulted from regional extension and thinning of crust or lithosphere in eastern North China, and accompanied with synkinematic intrusion of granitic plutons, formation of detachment fault zone, uplifting and exhumation of lower-plate rocks, and appearance of supradetachment basin.     

Relationships between magmatism and extension along the Autun–La Serre fault system in the Variscan Belt of the eastern French Massif Central

The ENE–WSW Autun Shear Zone in the northeastern part of the French Massif Central has been interpreted previously as a dextral wrench fault. New field observations and microstructural analyses document a NE–SW stretching lineation that indicates normal dextral motions along this shear zone. Further east, similar structures are observed along the La Serre Shear Zone. In both areas, a strain gradient from leucogranites with a weak preferred orientation to highly sheared mylonites supports a continuous Autun–La Serre fault system. Microstructural observations, and shape and lattice-preferred orientation document high-temperature deformation and magmatic fabrics in the Autun and La Serre granites, whereas low- to intermediate-temperature fabrics characterize the mylonitic granite. Electron microprobe monazite geochronology of the Autun and La Serre granites yields a ca. 320 Ma age for pluton emplacement, while mica ⁴⁰Ar-³⁹Ar datings of the Autun granite yield plateau ages from 305 to 300 Ma. The ca. 300 Ma ⁴⁰Ar-³⁹Ar ages, obtained on micas from Autun and La Serre mylonites, indicate the time of the mylonitization. The ca. 15-Ma time gap between pluton emplacement and deformation along the Autun–La Serre fault system argue against a synkinematic pluton emplacement during late orogenic to postorogenic extension of the Variscan Belt. A ductile to brittle continuum of deformation is observed along the shear zone, with Lower Permian brittle faults controlling the development of sedimentary basins. These results suggest a two-stage Late Carboniferous extension in the northeastern French Massif Central, with regional crustal melting and emplacement of the Autun and La Serre leucogranites around 320 Ma, followed, at 305–295 Ma, by ductile shearing, normal brittle faulting, and subsequent exhumation along the Autun–La Serre transtensional fault system.     

中下部地壳拆离断层带演化中的褶皱作用:以辽南变质核杂岩为例

作为变质核杂岩构造的重要组成部分,拆离断层带内广泛发育的褶皱构造与其寄主岩石一样记录了中下地壳拆离作用过程。选取辽南变质核杂岩金州拆离断层带内褶皱构造作为研究对象,基于叶理与褶皱构造关系分析,划分了褶皱期次与阶段性;通过形态组构分析、结晶学组构分析及石英古温度计等技术方法的应用,初步分析了拆离断层内褶皱的形成机制,为辽南地区拆离作用过程提供约束。根据褶皱形成与拆离作用的时间关系,将拆离带内褶皱分为拆离前褶皱、拆离同期褶皱和拆离后褶皱;拆离作用同期的褶皱按时间早晚分为早期(a1)阶段、中期(a2)阶段、晚期(a3)阶段。不同阶段褶皱的野外形态、叶理与褶皱关系等方面的差异,以及形态组构与结晶学组构的特征,为判断和恢复褶皱的形成机制提供了佐证,揭示出拆离断层带褶皱是在纵弯压扁和顺层流变的共同作用下递进剪切变形的产物。在拆离作用过程中, a1阶段和a2阶段褶皱以纵弯、压扁褶皱作用为主,a3阶段褶皱以弯滑作用为主。褶皱作用记录了拆离断层一定温度范围内(主要集中在380~500 ℃)的变形特征,拆离作用从早期到晚期的演化整体处于相对稳定的应变状态下。对金州拆离断层带而言,在区域NW-SE向伸展过程中,还伴随着NE-SW向微弱的收缩。     

郯庐断裂带的演化与古应力场

通过系统研究郯庐断裂带两盘的构造形变和应力场，再配合断理解带内部构造研究，分析了断裂带的形成和演化过程。结果表明，断裂带经历了一次以走滑为主、两次以正断层活动为主、三次以逆断层活动为主的断裂活动，使断裂带内部结构异常复杂，形成反转构造，构成中国东部大型断裂带具有普遍意义的活动特征。     

新疆阿尔泰造山带构造活动的磷灰石裂变径迹证据

从对新疆阿尔泰造山带西部构造活动的研究中获得一批较为系统的磷灰石裂变径迹分析结果。 32个磷灰石裂变径迹年龄为 (16 3.0± 6 .4 )～ (4 6 .9± 7.2 )Ma ,平均径迹长度为 (14 .5± 0 .1)～(11.3± 0 .4 ) μm ,长度标准差为 1.4～ 2 .7μm。区内具有 3阶段热历史 :约 110Ma之前处于约 10 0～12 0℃较高温稳定阶段 ,然后在约 110～ 4 0Ma期间发生快速冷却与隆升事件 ,从约 4 0Ma开始发生另一较为缓慢的冷却事件。总体上自北而南 ,剥蚀速率和冷却速率均逐渐变小。文中裂变径迹资料表明 ,阿尔泰山西段主要断裂带现在向南倾斜 ,区内构造演化亦主要受Tesbahan、Kulti和Basei三条断裂带逆冲热事件的控制。     

Post-collisional tectonics in the Northern Cottian Alps (Italian Western Alps)

Field mapping and structural analysis have allowed us to characterise the fault geometry and the post-metamorphic tectonics of an area located in the Northern Cottian Alps (inner Western Alps). Two main faulting stages were distinguished here. The first (Oligocene?-Early Miocene) is related to the development of an E–W-striking left-normal shear zone. This shear zone is interpreted as an antithetical of two regional, N–S right-lateral structures: the Col del Lis-Trana Deformation Zone (LTZ) and the Colle delle Finestre Deformation Zone (CFZ). The second faulting stage (post-Early Miocene) is related mainly to the development of N–S normal faults, coeval with the extensional reactivation of the LTZ and the CFZ. We discuss this kinematic evolution in the framework of the geodynamic evolution of the Western Alps.     

郯庐断裂带的形成与演化：综述

从历史的与整体的观点出发，综合了地质、地貌、地球化学与地球物理的资料，系统地研究了郯庐断裂带各阶段的形态学、运动学以及动力学机制。认为此断裂带开始形成于中、晚三叠世，其长度小于１５００ｋｍ，切割深度小于１５～２０ｋｍ，此时最大左行走滑断距为４３０ｋｍ左右。侏罗纪（２０８～１３５Ｍａ）与中始新世－渐新世（５２～２３．３Ｍａ），此断裂带表现为逆断层活动，断层面受挤压较紧闭。白垩纪－早始新世（１３５～５２Ｍａ），郯庐断裂呈现为略带右行走滑的正断层（走滑断距不超过１００ｋｍ），郯庐断裂带与其北部切割深度约为３０～４０ｋｍ。中新世－更新世（２３．３～０．７３Ｍａ）断裂带表现为带有左行走滑的正断层，走滑断距约５０ｋｍ，断裂带切割深度在５０～８０ｋｍ之间。中更新世（０．７３Ｍａ以来）断裂带又变成略带右行走滑的逆断层，走滑断距不足１００ｍ。由于断裂带形成以来的剥蚀深度不大，地表的断层岩都是碎裂岩与断层泥。沿此断裂带在早白垩世构成了中国东部重要的内生金属成矿带。     

Structural evolution of the contact between two Penninic nappes (Zermatt-Saas zone and Combin zone,Western Alps) and implications for the exhumation mechanism and palaeogeography

The boundary zone between two Penninic nappes, the eclogite-facies to ultrahigh-pressure Zermatt-Saas zone in the footwall and the blueschist-facies Combin zone in the hanging wall, has been interpreted previously as a major normal fault reflecting synorogenic crustal extension. Quartz textures of mylonites from this fault were measured using neutron diffraction. Together with structural field observations, the data allow a refined reconstruction of the kinematic evolution of the Pennine nappes. The main results are: (1) the contact is not a normal fault but a major thrust towards northwest which was only later overprinted by southeast-directed normal faulting; (2) exhumation of the footwall rocks did not occur during crustal extension but during crustal shortening; (3) the Sesia-Dent Blanche nappe system originated from a continental fragment (Cervinia) in the Alpine Tethys ocean, and the Combin zone ophiolites from the ocean basin southeast of Cervinia; (4) out-of-sequence thrusting played a major role in the tectonic evolution of the Penninic nappes. An erratum to this article can be found at     

Thermal Evolution of the Tanlu Fault Zone on the Eastern Margin of the Dabie Mountains and Its Tectonic Implications

Five samples of muscovite from mylonites of the earlier Tanlu ductile shear zone on the eastern margin of the Dabie Mountains yield 40Ar/39Ar ages ranging from 178 Ma to 196 Ma. Three of them have reliable plateau ages of 188.7±0.7 Ma, 189.7±0.6 Ma and 192.5±0.7 Ma respectively, which indicates a syn-orogenic, sinistral strike-slip thermal event. This displacement movement derived from the continent-continent collision of the North and South China blocks took place in the Early Jurassic and after uplifting of high-pressure to ultrahigh-pressure slabs to the mid-crust. It is suggested that during the collision the Tanlu fault zone was an intracontinental transform fault caused by differential subduction speeds. The 40Ar/39Ar ages of mylonite whole-rock and muscovite from the later Tanlu ductile shear zone suggest another sinistral strike-slip cooling event at 128 Ma. During this strike-slip faulting, large-scale intrusion and doming uplift occurred in the eastern part of the Dabie orogenic belt. Data o