Assessing building vulnerability to earthquake and tsunami hazard using remotely sensed data

Quantification of building vulnerability to earthquake and tsunami hazards is a key component for the implementation of structural mitigation strategies fostering the essential shift from post-disaster crisis reaction to preventive measures. Facing accelerating urban sprawl and rapid structural change in modern urban agglomerations in areas of high seismic and tsunami risk, the synergetic use of remote sensing and civil engineering methods offers a great potential to assess building structures up-to-date and area-wide. This paper provides a new methodology contextualizing key components in quantifying building vulnerability with regard to sequenced effects of seismic and tsunami impact. The study was carried out in Cilacap, a coastal City in Central Java, Indonesia. Central is the identification of significant correlations between building characteristics, easily detectable by remote sensing techniques, and detailed in situ measurements stating precise building vulnerability information. As a result, potential vertical evacuation shelters in the study area are detected and a realistic vulnerability assessment of the exposed building stock is given. These findings obtained allow for prioritization of intervention measures such as awareness and preparedness strategies and can be implemented in local disaster management.     

Potential of High-Resolution Satellite Data in the Context of Vulnerability of Buildings

High-resolution space-borne remote sensing data are investigated for their potential to extract relevant parameters for a vulnerability analysis of buildings in European countries. For an evaluation of large earthquake scenarios, the number of parameters in models for vulnerability is reduced to a minimum of relevant information such as the type of building (age, material, number of storeys) and the geological and spatial context. Building-related parameters can be derived from remote sensing data either directly (e.g. height) or indirectly based on the recognition of the urban structure type in which the buildings are located. With the potential of a fully- or semi-automatic inventory of the buildings and their parameters, high-resolution satellite data and techniques for their processing are a useful supporting tool for the assessment of vulnerability.     

基于压力?状态?响应模型框架的城市地震综合易损性评价

为了科学评价城市地震灾害状况,降低城市易损性,基于压力-状态-响应模型框架,构建城市地震综合易损性评价指标体系,其中压力类、状态类、响应类指标分别为7、13、8项。应用熵权法确定了各评价指标的权重,提出基于云模型的城市综合易损性评价模型,并运用雷达图分析法实现城市内各个区综合易损性的相对高低。应用上述方法,对兰州市中心城区进行了震害综合易损性评价,结果表明:兰州市综合易损性等级偏向Ⅲ级,易损性中等,其中红古、安宁区的易损性程度较高,城关、七里河易损性程度较低;经济因素对各区域的易损性影响较大,通过对易损区域加强管理建设,提高城市的防震减灾能力。     

藏北高原班戈县地质灾害综合风险评价

区域地质灾害风险评价虽然开展多年, 但是由于地质灾害危险性难以评价和量化, 承灾体数据难以调查和获取, 区域风险评价的质量和精度一直不高, 研究进展缓慢; 更兼藏北高原自然条件恶劣、高寒缺氧、山峰多为冰川所覆盖, 大部分地区人迹罕至, 研究程度极低, 基础地质资料及地质灾害研究成果相对匮乏, 区域地质灾害风险评价接近空白, 难以满足地方政府减灾防灾和应急管理的需求。本文以西藏自治区那曲市班戈县为研究区域, 利用2020年、2021年的高分一号、高分二号遥感影像数据及GIS空间分析技术, 基本查明了班戈县2.8×104 km2范围内地质灾害的数量、类型、规模、发育特征及分布规律, 并采用"信息量法"较为系统地进行了全县地质灾害1:50 000的风险评价, 对全县地质灾害的易发性、危险性、易损性及风险性进行了综合性的评价。研究表明, 班戈县由于位于青藏高原台面, 地广人稀, 地质灾害风险程度总体不高, 承灾体主要分布在城镇周边, 因此98%的地区为低风险区, 中、高风险区主要集中分布在城镇周边; 此评价结果为班戈县的地质灾害减灾防灾、风险管控等提供科学依据。     

澜沧江流域重大水电工程扰动灾害风险评价

地质灾害风险性评价对当地防灾减灾具有指导意义。本文以澜沧江重大水电工程扰动灾害为例,在遥感解译与野外实际调查的基础上,选取高程、坡度、坡向、植被归一化指数、距库区距离、工程地质岩组、断裂带密度、年均降雨量、地震峰值加速度9个因素,并基于加权信息量模型进行危险性评价,然后以人口密度、水电站、道路、土地覆盖类型和GDP为承灾体进行易损性评价,最后将危险性和易损性进行信息融合,构建地质灾害风险性矩阵,完成地质灾害风险性评价。评价结果表明：极高和高风险区主要分布在乌弄龙及其上游水电站附近,以及下游库区两岸人类活动相对密集区域,中风险区主要分布在乌弄龙上游库区两岸以及乌弄龙—托巴水电站全域,在下游零散分布;低风险区主要分布在中游高山峡谷段。本次研究较为准确地评估了地质灾害风险性,可为澜沧江流域扰动地质灾害风险规划提供科学依据和技术指导。     

地下水资源遥感评估技术研究进展

地下水的赋存和埋深是地下水资源勘察的重要内容。遥感技术具有数据获取快、综合成本低、观测尺度大等诸多优势。基于遥感的地下水资源评估技术一直受到研究人员的关注,也是遥感应用研究中的热点和难点。回顾总结了遥感技术在评估地下水赋存和埋深领域的应用与研究进展,根据不同评估技术的特点将其划分为单因子模型评估法、多因子综合模型评估法、重力卫星数据评估法3种。得出以下结论①地下水遥感评估技术经过多年发展,模型方法更加多样,精确度不断提高,可以作为传统地下水资源勘察的重要辅助手段;②遥感评估地下水赋存的研究发展迅速,但针对地下水埋深信息的评估研究进展相对缓慢;③高时空分辨率遥感技术和机器学习技术的结合运用、无人机遥感技术的应用是地下水资源遥感评估技术的未来发展方向。     

地下水资源遥感评估技术研究进展

地下水的赋存和埋深是地下水资源勘察的重要内容。遥感技术具有数据获取快、综合成本低、观测尺度大等诸多优势。基于遥感的地下水资源评估技术一直受到研究人员的关注,也是遥感应用研究中的热点和难点。回顾总结了遥感技术在评估地下水赋存和埋深领域的应用与研究进展,根据不同评估技术的特点将其划分为单因子模型评估法、多因子综合模型评估法、重力卫星数据评估法3种。得出以下结论: ①地下水遥感评估技术经过多年发展,模型方法更加多样,精确度不断提高,可以作为传统地下水资源勘察的重要辅助手段; ②遥感评估地下水赋存的研究发展迅速,但针对地下水埋深信息的评估研究进展相对缓慢; ③高时空分辨率遥感技术和机器学习技术的结合运用、无人机遥感技术的应用是地下水资源遥感评估技术的未来发展方向。     

陕西省绥德县城区地质灾害风险评估

地质灾害风险评估对地质灾害的防治与管理具有重要意义。绥德县城区地处陕北黄土高原腹地, 沟壑纵横, 地形切割强烈, 地质灾害多发。为了评估绥德县城区地质灾害风险, 将城区周边斜坡地带共划分为1050个斜坡单元, 计算每个斜坡单元在不同含水量工况下的稳定性, 并结合土体含水量监测数据评估斜坡单元危险性。在此基础上, 利用1︰1万遥感数据识别斜坡单元内的承灾体, 并进行易损性分析和危害性评估。根据危险性和危害性评估结果, 完成绥德县城区及周边地区基于斜坡单元的地质灾害风险评估。评估结果表明, 绥德县城区及周边地区很高风险区面积2.27 km2, 包含斜坡段106个; 高风险区面积3.03 km2, 包含斜坡段114个; 中风险区面积10.40 km2, 包含斜坡段362个; 低风险区面积12.81 km2, 包含斜坡段468个。     

Analysis of social vulnerability of residential community to hazards in Tianjin,China

Flood management consists many aspects such as hazard assessment, vulnerability assessment, exposure assessment, risk assessment, early warning system, damage assessment as well as risk mitigation planning. Conventional flood management are depending on the ground based monitoring of rainfall and river discharge. Many parts of the world are not covered by these sensor networks in one hand and these ground based systems are costly. Most of the tropical countries have high flood risk and low financial and institutional capacity to afford ground based system. While conventional flood management is time and cost intensive, spaceborne remote sensing provides timely and low-cost data in comparison to field observation, and is the obvious choice for most developing countries affected by flooding. Many aspects of flood management are being aided with the advancement of remote sensing technology. More precise and near real time flood detection, lead time in flood early warning system, accurate and advance inputs of hydrological models are now blessed by space technology. Many methods and approaches have been developed to overcome the constrains in the application of spaceborne remote sensing in flood management. Application of satellite remote sensing in flood hazard assessment is well documented, however, the application of space technology in other aspects of the flood management is also promising. Therefore, this review paper focuses on the applicability of spaceborne remote sensing and in most of the aspects in flood management.

     

Social vulnerability assessment of natural hazards on county-scale using high spatial resolution satellite imagery: a case study in the Luogang district of Guangzhou,South China

Social vulnerability assessment of natural hazards aims to identify vulnerable populations and provide decision makers with scientific basis for their disaster prevention and mitigation decisions. A new method based on remote sensing is presented here to establish a model of social vulnerability for county-scale regions that lack of relative data. To calculate population density, which is the most important indicator in social vulnerability assessment, first, a statistical model is established to estimate the population on village level. Then a new concept defined as “population density based on land use” is created to replace the arithmetic population density. The former has taken the dynamic human distribution related to land use into account; thus, it can map the population distribution more realistically. The other two indicators are age structure and distance to hospital. The application of this method to the Luogang District of Guangzhou, South China demonstrated its capability of providing high spatial resolution and reasonable social vulnerability for social vulnerability assessment of natural hazards.     

中亚干旱区陆地水资源评估方法与挑战

集中回顾中亚干旱区陆地水资源评估手段进展.水资源评估手段主要可分为基于观测数据和水文模型模拟两大类.从数据获取手段来讲,站点实测、遥感、再分析数据是目前中亚水资源评估的主要数据来源.其中,遥感数据又可分为成像遥感数据以及非成像遥感数据(包括雷达高度计、重力卫星数据).由于干旱区站点资料缺乏,遥感与水文模型集成已经成为常...     

震害遥感快速提取研究——以2003年2月24日巴楚—伽师6.8级地震为例

论述了遥感影像提取震害的研究进展 ,提出了基于GIS和数字图像处理技术的震害遥感快速提取与损失评估的技术途径。在此基础上 ,介绍了巴楚—伽师地震的航空与卫星遥感资料的获取、图像数字处理与震害提取过程 ;描述了地震造成的建筑物震害与地质灾害的遥感图像特征 ;根据以往震害遥感影像统计经验与本次地震震害遥感特征 ,提出了遥感震害分级分类标准和地震烈度划分标准 ,进而得到基于震害遥感影像的伽师地震等震线图。文中对所得到的地震烈度与地面实际调查结果进行了比较。通过遥感信息源空间分辨率要求与信息获取与处理的时效性分析 ,认为我国利用航空遥感与卫星遥感资料获取地震灾情信息已进入实用阶段     

Capturing the multifaceted phenomena of socioeconomic vulnerability

Vulnerability and disaster risk assessment has been evaluated from different perspectives with focus on global or national scale. There is a lack of methodologies on city scale, which are able to capture inner-city disparities with regard to socioeconomic aspects. Therefore, the main objective was to develop a transparent and comprehensive indicator-based approach which is flexible in terms of data availability and is not tied to a specific case study side. This research proposes two flexible methodological approaches on how to perform socioeconomic vulnerability assessment. Susceptibility, Coping and Adaptation are the main elements of a modular hierarchical structure to capture the societal sphere of vulnerability. The first method is completely based on official census data at block scale. The second method is an expansion and includes data derived from a field survey to add components of risk perception. The proposed methodologies were developed and applied in the city of Genoa (Italy). The results are displayed spatially explicit on maps. Furthermore statistical analysis, to reveal the driving forces which influence vulnerability, was performed. The census-based approach revealed that vulnerability is forced along the river by the inherent susceptibility, as well as the lack of adaptation. The two approaches can be used effectively in gaining different insights. The flexibility of the framework proved to be suitable to the objective of the research. However, the values computed in this research do not claim completeness, and the aim was to provide useful information for stakeholders in decision making process to reduce vulnerability and risk.     

不同类型发震断层的同震地表破裂光学遥感特征研究

多平台、多传感器米级/亚米级光学遥感数据的快速获取能力的提升使震后应急期间及时、全面了解大地震同震地表破裂带的空间分布、单条破裂规模、平面组合特征及准确分析发震断层类型等成为可能。文章以2001年青海昆仑山口西M_S8.1地震、2008年四川汶川M_S8.0地震、2010年青海玉树M_S7.1地震和2014年新疆于田M_S7.3地震为大地震典型震例,选取震后高分二号（GF-2）、WorldView-2和Landsat-7等卫星遥感数据及航空遥感数据为主要光学遥感信息源。分析了遥感技术在地表破裂识别中的适用性基础上,根据同震地表破裂基本单元的几何形态特征和色调特征,建立了不同性质的地震陡坎、跌水、地震凹陷、地震裂缝、地震鼓包（梁）、挤压隆起/挤压脊、拉分盆地、断塞塘、断层槽谷等微型构造地貌和水系、河流阶地、洪积扇（台地）、湖积台地、公路、田埂等地质体/地物的水平断错地貌的遥感识别标识。根据不同地表破裂基本单元的空间分布遥感分析,可完善其平面组合特征及快速、准确推断发震断层的类型。对于走滑型地震,结合里德尔剪切破裂模型,可快速分析主破裂带与次级破裂带、共轭剪切破裂等的空间关系,准确、完整掌握地表破裂可能出现的空间位置。不同类型发震断层的同震地表破裂光学遥感特征研究可为大地震后应急救援期间同震地表破裂的快速识别和分析提供技术支撑,遥感分析结果可为震后发震断层的空间延伸及类型判断、地震烈度图的精准修正等提供重要的辅助信息依据,同时也可针对性地指导震后地表破裂的科学考察。

     

The structural vulnerability in the framework of natural hazard risk analyses and the exemplary application for storm loss modelling in Tyrol (Austria)

In the context of natural hazard-related risk analyses, different concepts and comprehensions of the term risk exist. These differences are mostly subjected to the perceptions and historical backgrounds of the different scientific disciplines and results in a multitude of methodological concepts to analyse risk. The target-oriented selection and application of these concepts depend on the specific research object which is generally closely connected to the stakeholders’ interests. An obvious characteristic of the different conceptualizations is the immanent various comprehensions of vulnerability. As risk analyses from a natural scientific-technical background aim at estimating potential expositions and consequences of natural hazard events, the results can provide an appropriate decision basis for risk management strategies. Thereby, beside the preferably addressed gravitative and hydrological hazards, seismo-tectonical and especially meteorological hazard processes have been rarely considered within multi-risk analyses in an Alpine context. Hence, their comparative grading in an overall context of natural hazard risks is not quantitatively possible. The present paper focuses on both (1) the different concepts of the natural hazard risk and especially their specific expressions in the context of vulnerability and (2) the exemplary application of the natural scientific-technical risk concepts to analyse potential extreme storm losses in the Austrian Province of Tyrol. Following the corresponding general risk concept, the case study first defines the hazard potential, second estimates the exposures and damage potentials on the basis of an existing database of the stock of elements and values, and third analyses the so-called Extreme Scenario Losses (ESL) considering the structural vulnerability of the potentially affected elements at risk. Thereby, it can be shown that extreme storm events can induce losses solely to buildings and inventory in the range of EUR 100–150 million in Tyrol. However, in an overall context of potential extreme natural hazard events, the storm risk can be classified with a moderate risk potential in this province.     

Community-based disaster risk and vulnerability models of a coastal municipality in Bangladesh

Bangladesh is one of the most natural hazard-prone countries in the world with the greatest negative consequences being associated with cyclones, devastating floods, riverbank erosion, drought, earthquake, and arsenic contamination, etc. One way or other, these natural hazards engulfed every corner of Bangladesh. The main aim of this research paper is to carry out a multi-hazards risk and vulnerability assessment for the coastal Matlab municipality in Bangladesh and to recommend possible mitigation measures. To this aim, hazards are prioritized by integrating SMUG and FEMA models, and a participation process is implemented so as to involve community both in the risk assessment and in the identification of adaptation strategies. The Matlab municipality is highly vulnerable to several natural hazards such as cyclones, floods, and riverbank erosion. The SMUG is a qualitative assessment, while FEMA is a quantitative assessment of hazards. The FEMA model suggests a threshold of highest 100 points. All hazards that total more than 100 points may receive higher priority in emergency preparedness and mitigation measures. The FEMA model, because it judges each hazard individually in a numerical manner, may provide more satisfying results than the SMUG system. The spatial distributions of hazard, risk, social institutions, land use, and other resources indicate that the flood disaster is the top environmental problem of Matlab municipality. Hazard-specific probable mitigation measures are recommended with the discussion of local community. Finally, this study tries to provide insights into the way field research combining scientific assessments tools such as SMUG and FEMA could feed evidence-based decision-making processes for mitigation in vulnerable communities.     

A robust debris-flow and GLOF risk management strategy for a data-scarce catchment in Santa Teresa,Peru

The town of Santa Teresa (Cusco Region, Peru) has been affected by several large debris-flow events in the recent past, which destroyed parts of the town and resulted in a resettlement of the municipality. Here, we present a risk analysis and a risk management strategy for debris-flows and glacier lake outbursts in the Sacsara catchment. Data scarcity and limited understanding of both physical and social processes impede a full quantitative risk assessment. Therefore, a bottom-up approach is chosen in order to establish an integrated risk management strategy that is robust against uncertainties in the risk analysis. With the Rapid Mass Movement Simulation (RAMMS) model, a reconstruction of a major event from 1998 in the Sacsara catchment is calculated, including a sensitivity analysis for various model parameters. Based on the simulation results, potential future debris-flows scenarios of different magnitudes, including outbursts of two glacier lakes, are modeled for assessing the hazard. For the local communities in the catchment, the hazard assessment is complemented by the analysis of high-resolution satellite imagery and fieldwork. Physical, social, economic, and institutional vulnerability are considered for the vulnerability assessment, and risk is eventually evaluated by crossing the local hazard maps with the vulnerability. Based on this risk analysis, a risk management strategy is developed, consisting of three complementing elements: (i) standardized risk sheets for the communities; (ii) activities with the local population and authorities to increase social and institutional preparedness; and (iii) a simple Early Warning System. By combining scientific, technical, and social aspects, this work is an example of a framework for an integrated risk management strategy in a data scarce, remote mountain catchment in a developing country.     

Integrated model for earthquake risk assessment using neural network and analytic hierarchy process:Aceh province,Indonesia

Catastrophic natural hazards,such as earthquake,pose serious threats to properties and human lives in urban areas.Therefore,earthquake risk assessment(ERA)is indispensable in disaster management.ERA is an integration of the extent of probability and vulnerability of assets.This study develops an integrated model by using the artificial neural network–analytic hierarchy process(ANN–AHP)model for constructing the ERA map.The aim of the study is to quantify urban population risk that may be caused by impending earthquakes.The model is applied to the city of Banda Aceh in Indonesia,a seismically active zone of Aceh province frequently affected by devastating earthquakes.ANN is used for probability mapping,whereas AHP is used to assess urban vulnerability after the hazard map is created with the aid of earthquake intensity variation thematic layering.The risk map is subsequently created by combining the probability,hazard,and vulnerability maps.Then,the risk levels of various zones are obtained.The validation process reveals that the proposed model can map the earthquake probability based on historical events with an accuracy of 84%.Furthermore,results show that the central and southeastern regions of the city have moderate to very high risk classifications,whereas the other parts of the city fall under low to very low earthquake risk classifications.The findings of this research are useful for government agencies and decision makers,particularly in estimating risk dimensions in urban areas and for the future studies to project the preparedness strategies for Banda Aceh.     

青海省重大工程区潜在不稳定斜坡调查与灾害风险评价

文章在阐述重点工程区潜在不稳定斜坡隐患致灾问题的基础上,认为开展重点工程区潜在不稳定斜坡调查与风险评价迫在眉睫,根据青海省省情和地理要素特征,提出潜在不稳定斜坡调查与灾害风险评价的目标是对重大工程建设区的潜在不稳定斜坡进行致灾风险性评价,提出风险性管理对策;工作布署原则是＂区域展开、一般控制、重点解剖＂;工作方法是遥感解译先行、工程地质测绘为主,钻探试验为辅,在此基础上进行致灾危险性和易损性分析评价。