膨胀土卸荷蠕变特性及其非线性蠕变模型

鉴于膨胀土滑坡往往表现为长期性、渐进性等与时间相关的特性,利用GDS应力路径三轴仪对膨胀土进行了三轴卸荷蠕变试验。试验结果表明：当偏应力较小时,膨胀土的蠕变曲线仅出现瞬时变形和衰减蠕变;当偏应力达到一定值时,其蠕变曲线也呈现衰减蠕变、稳态蠕变和加速蠕变3个阶段,但其加速蠕变阶段的特征与一般岩土体不同,其蠕变速度近乎常数。膨胀土的应力?应变等时曲线显示,膨胀土卸荷蠕变具有非线性特征,且其非线性程度与蠕变时间和应力水平相关,蠕变时间越长、应力水平越高,其非线性程度越高。基于非线性流变力学理论,提出了一种非线性四元件蠕变模型,将标准线性体与一个非线性黏壶串联,该模型可描述等围压三轴压缩应力状态下膨胀土轴向应变随时间的演变规律。根据膨胀土卸荷蠕变试验结果,采用曲线拟合法对三维非线性模型的参数进行反演识别。拟合曲线和试验曲线对比显示,两者吻合良好,说明该模型可以很好地描述膨胀土的蠕变特性。此外,基于该蠕变模型获取了膨胀土的临界破坏应力,其与常规剪切破坏应力的比值随着固结压力的减小而减小,表明越接近坡面的土层越容易发生蠕变破坏。     

Anisotropic viscoplastic modeling of rate‐dependent behavior of clay

The objective of this study is to derive an effective stress‐based constitutive law capable of predicting rate‐dependent stress–strain, stress path and undrained shear strength and creep behavior. The flow rule used in the MIT‐E3 model and viscoplasticity theory is employed in the derivation. The model adopts the yield surface capable of representing the yield behavior of the Taipei silty clay and assumes that it is initially symmetric about the K₀‐line. A method is then developed to compute the gyration and expansion of the loading surface to simulate the anisotropic behavior due to the principal stress rotation after shear. There are 11 parameters required for the model to describe the soil behavior and six of them are exactly the same as those used in the Modified Cam‐clay model. The five additional parameters can be obtained by parametric studies or conventional soil tests, such as consolidation tests, triaxial compression and extension tests. Finally, verification of the model for the anisotropic behavior, creep behavior and the rate‐dependent undrained stress–strain and shear strength of the Taipei silty clay is conducted. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

不同应力状态下软黏土蠕变特性试验研究

土的蠕变性质受到许多因素的影响,在不同的应力条件下土会呈现出不同的性状。天津滨海吹填软土同样具有一般软土的蠕变特性,以其为研究对象,利用土体三轴流变试验机进行了三轴不固结不排水蠕变试验和单轴压缩蠕变试验,并选取了10个时间节点取样进行微型十字板剪切试验,研究抗剪强度变化规律。试验结果表明,单轴压缩蠕变和三轴蠕变历时曲线都具有非线性的特征,随应力水平的提高,单轴压缩蠕变的应力-应变等时曲线向应力轴靠拢,三轴蠕变的应力-应变等时曲线向应变轴靠拢;线性蠕变变形的情况下黏滞系数主要与时间有关,非线性的情况下与时间和应力水平都相关;在三轴蠕变状态下压缩模量随时间增长而减小,长期强度随时间先降低再趋于稳定;单轴压缩时压缩模量随时间增长而提高,长期强度随时间先增长后稳定。最后经过推导得出了不同应力状态下的长期强度随时间、偏应力的函数关系式。     

饱和软黏土动力学特性循环扭剪试验研究

以饱和软黏土的循环扭剪试验研究为基础,阐明不固结不排水条件下饱和软黏土的动力学特性。在循环扭剪和循环三轴两种不同试验应力状态下,通过研究不同围压和不同静、动应力组合下饱和软黏土的应力等效破坏关系和应变等效破坏关系,提出在循环荷载作用下饱和软黏土的循环破坏同样遵循Mises屈服准则,且在Mises屈服准则下,饱和软黏土的循环强度趋于不变量。循环破坏的过程可以等效为一种拟静力弹塑性循环蠕变,建立了饱和软黏土循环累积变形随静荷载、循环荷载以及循环破坏振次之间的关系式。上述结论分别从应力和变形两个方面阐述饱和软黏土的动力学特性,与试验应力状态和围压无关,可以推广到一般应力状态下。     

An elastoplastic constitutive model for frozen saline coarse sandy soil undergoing particle breakage

The mechanical property of frozen saline sandy soil is complicated due to its complex components and sensitivity to salt content and confining pressure. Thus, a series of triaxial compression tests were carried out on sandy samples with different Na₂SO₄ contents under different confining pressures to explore the effects of particle breakage, pressure melting, shear dilation and strain softening or hardening. The test results indicate that the stress–strain curves exhibit strain softening/hardening phenomena when the confining pressures are below or above 6 MPa, respectively. A shear dilation phenomenon was observed in the loading process. With increasing confining pressure, the strength firstly increases and then decreases. By taking into consideration the changes between the grain size distributions before and after triaxial compression tests, a failure strength line incorporating the influences of both particle breakage and pressure melting is proposed. In order to describe the deformation characteristics of frozen saline sandy soil, an elastoplastic incremental constitutive model is established based on the test results. The proposed model considers the plastic compressive, plastic shear and breakage mechanisms by adopting the non-associated flow rule. The breakage mechanism can be reflected by an index related to the initial, current and ultimate grain size distributions. The hardening parameters corresponding to compressive and shear mechanisms consider the influence of particle breakage. Then the effect of particle breakage on both the stress–strain and volumetric strain curves is analyzed. The calculated results fit well with the test results, indicating that the developed constitutive model can well describe the mechanical and deformation features of frozen saline sandy soil under various stress levels and stress paths. In addition, the strain softening/hardening, contraction, high dilation and particle breakage can be well captured.

     

德州松软土蠕变特性及其模型研究

利用TSS10型三轴流变试验机对德州松软土开展不同围压下的三轴固结不排水蠕变试验,获得变形、应变率与应力和时间的变化关系,分析蠕变性状和特征,建立其分数阶类Maxwell蠕变模型。结果表明:德州松软土具有明显非线性蠕变特性,高应力水平的蠕变变形大于低应力下的蠕变变形;介绍分数阶蠕变模型原理,引用了分数阶类Maxwell蠕变模型,并求取德州松软土的类Maxwell蠕变模型参数和验证其描述德州松软土蠕变变形的适宜性。     

非饱和压实土率敏性及蠕变时效特征试验研究

为研究部分饱和状态下高填方回填土工后长期变形,对非饱和压实土在可控基质吸力下分别开展率敏性和蠕变试验,并分析两者间时效对应关系。率敏性试验采取不同加载速率的三轴剪切,分析基质吸力（0、100、200、300 kPa）、加载速率（0.40、0.02 mm/min）以及超固结比（1、4和8）对土体强度和变形特征的影响,并确定三轴剪切蠕变的三级加载应力水平为抗剪强度的0.45、0.65、0.85倍;在4种可控基质吸力（0、100、200、300 kPa）下参考陈氏加载法,按三应力水平分级加载开展非饱和压实土三轴剪切蠕变试验。试验结果表明：随着基质吸力的增加,其率敏性参数ρ 减小,其率敏性降低;随着基质吸力逐渐增大,其蠕变初始最大速率、稳定蠕变速率以及蠕变变形量均显著减小;蠕变试验确定的应变速率−应变关系线与率敏性试验获得的应变速率−应变数据点基本吻合,证明两者间存在一定时效对应关系,且随着基质吸力的增大,这种时效对应关系更显著。     

滨海软土剪切蠕变特性研究

为合理描述软土地区建筑物稳定性和运行安全性,采用剪切蠕变仪,开展了不同竖向荷载以及不同加荷比条件下滨海软土的剪切蠕变试验,获得不同条件下应变与应力和时间的关系,分析其剪切蠕变性状的结构性效应和影响因素,并最终建立了相应的本构方程。试验结果表明: 应力大小明显影响天津滨海软土剪切蠕变性状,低应力下只出现衰减蠕变和稳定蠕变,高应力下会产生破坏型蠕变; 低应力条件下应力-应变关系呈现出线性特性,高应力下呈现出非线性蠕变特性; 采用较小的加荷比不仅可以减少最终蠕变量,还可以使软土承载力提高。根据蠕变曲线形态特征,建议一种指数函数型蠕变模型模拟天津滨海软土的非线性塑性蠕变特性。该模型具有简单易懂,参数较少,实用性较强的特点,通过对比分析,发现此蠕变模型能很好地拟合天津滨海软土的剪切蠕变特性。     

Hypoplastic and viscohypoplastic models for soft clays with strength anisotropy

This paper presents a new viscohypoplastic model for soft clays accounting for their typical features—strength anisotropy and rate dependency. The model is based on the hypoplastic model for clays enhanced by the anisotropic shape of the asymptotic state boundary surface. It has been shown that if the surface is skewed, the model predicts different ultimate strength in compression and in extension. Additional enhancement makes the tensor L bilinear in the strain rate, which more realistically predicts the stress paths of K₀ consolidated samples. The new model has been evaluated by simulating laboratory experiments on soft marine clays (Singapore and Bangkok clays). The model can be easily calibrated using only undrained triaxial and odometer tests. The model is subsequently enhanced by the rate effects. The resulting viscohypoplastic model has been evaluated using experiments of remolded kaolin clay and St. Herblain clay. It is shown that the enhanced model can predict important features of soil viscous behavior, such as rate dependency of strength and preconsolidation pressure, relaxation, and creep.     

冲击荷载作用下结构性软黏土力学特性试验研究

冲击荷载作用对土体力学特性影响较大,为了研究此特性,基于天津滨海结构性软黏土,以空心圆柱扭剪仪模拟冲击荷载作用,并在冲击荷载作用前后对土体进行不固结不排水三轴试验,对比研究不同试验条件下结构性软黏土力学特性。试验结果表明:低围压常规三轴剪切试验状态下,土体表现出弱应变软化现象,且土体抗剪强度包线不能用直线表示,而是可由两条直线近似拟合而成;冲击荷载作用时,在一定应力范围内,冲击荷载越大,土体轴向应变、孔隙压力以及主应力差峰值也越大;冲击荷载作用后三轴剪切试验各围压下土体都呈应变硬化型,主应力差峰值均大幅减小,且土体抗剪强度包线均可用直线表示,c、φ值也远小于未受冲击荷载时三轴剪切试验相应数值。最后,总结分析冲击荷载作用对软黏土强度的影响,并拟合得到强度折减与围压、冲击荷载的关系,为实际工程中承受冲击荷载的结构性软黏土强度确定提供参考。     

软土蠕变固结特性研究

通过大量对比试验系统研究了广东典型软土的蠕变固结特性和计算模型。试验结果表明：软土的固结和次固结在变形中所占比例和发生受多种因素影响,包括初始荷载、加荷比、土体固结度、含水率、孔隙比;次固结系数与土体的应力历史、当前固结状态及加荷比有关,在预压荷载下会明显减小;次固结系数与压缩指数之比一般为常数,其值在0.025?0.10之间;剪切蠕变特性与土体所承受的固结压力有关,土样蠕变规律呈应变硬化特征;三轴蠕变特性与排水条件关系密切,固结作用可以削弱蠕变效应;同等加荷条件下,偏应力-轴向应变关系在排水剪切中呈线性关系。而在不排水剪切中呈非线性,并有明显的屈服特征;不排水剪切条件下持续加荷的加荷方式可以适当提高不排水强度。根据上述试验成果分别从考虑非线性本构关系和考虑排水条件分析了蠕变固结模型的建立路径。     

软岩三轴加-卸载试验的破坏特征及抗压强度取值方法研究

软岩三轴加、卸载试验中的抗压强度参数取值是一个非常关键的问题,目前还没有比较确定的方法,通常根据经验或工程要求确定。基于此,结合一组砂质泥岩的三轴加、卸载试验进行了详细研究,试验结果表明:(1)当围压大于10 MPa时,不论是三轴加载试验还是卸载试验,砂质泥岩均表现出明显的应变硬化特性;(2)砂质泥岩在三轴压缩和三轴卸荷两种应力路径的力学响应差别明显,在卸荷条件下通常只存在一条完整的剪切破坏面,而压缩条件下岩样没有明显的控制破裂面,并且剪胀效应明显;(3)将半对数法引入到软岩三轴加、卸载试验数据分析中,可以比较方便地确定软岩三轴加、卸载试验的抗压强度;(4)基于三轴加、卸载试验过程中的应力、应变增量分析,将软岩变形破坏过程分为3个阶段:平滑阶段、规则跳跃阶段和急剧跳跃阶段,各阶段划分的意义明确,可以作为抗压强度确定时的重要参考,因此,在软岩三轴试验数据分析时,可以综合采用这两种方法。研究提出的抗压强度确定方法可操作性强,在其他软岩三轴试验数据分析中值得参考借鉴。     

Numerical modelling of the effect of curing time on the creep behaviour of a chemically stabilised soft soil

This work studies the effect of the curing time on the creep behaviour of a stabilised soft soil, using volumetric and deviatoric creep laws associated with constitutive models. Results of unconfined compressive strength tests for several curing times are used to define the time evolution of the mechanical and creep properties. The models/creep laws are validated by oedometer and triaxial creep tests, for 28 and 90 days of curing. The long-term behaviour of an embankment built on a soft soil reinforced with deep mixing columns shows that the effect of curing time decreases the settlement and increases the improvement factor.     

Analysis of the vane test considering size and time effects

An analysis of the vane test using an Arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian formulation within a finite element framework is presented. This is suitable for soft clays for which the test is commonly used to measure in situ undrained shear strength. Constitutive laws are expressed in terms of shear stress–shear strain rates, and that permits the study of time effects in a natural manner. An analysis of the shear stress distributions on the failure surface according to the material model is presented. The effect of the constitutive law on the shear band amplitude and on the position of the failure surface is shown. In general, the failure surface is found at 1–1·01 times the vane radius, which is consistent with some experimental results. The problem depends on two dimensionless parameters that represent inertial and viscous forces. For usual vane tests, viscous forces are predominant, and the measured shear strength depends mainly on the angular velocity applied. That can explain some of the comparisons reported when using different vane sizes. Finally, the range of the shear strain rate applied to the soil is shown to be fundamental when comparing experimental results from vane, triaxial and viscosimeter tests. Appart from that, an experimental relation between undrained shear strength and vane angular velocity has been reproduced by this simulation. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

营口软土的固结不排水剪切蠕变特性

利用自行改装后的三轴蠕变仪对海相沉积的营口软土进行蠕变试验,获得了在不同围压、不同偏应力条件下的剪切应变与时间关系数据。分析表明:(1)固结不排水蠕变中没有体积变化,不同偏应力下剪切蠕变可用对数形式表达;(2)固结不排水剪切蠕变在低应力水平下表现为线性粘弹性,而高应力水平时则具非线性的特性。由此,提出了描述软土蠕变规律的Singh-Mitchell经验模型和五参数的广义Kelvin模型,并确定了相应的模型参数。与试验数据拟合发现:Singh-Mitchell经验模型对应力水平为20%~80%时具有较高的拟合精度;Kelvin模型中的变形模量和粘滞系数均不为常数。     

Interface creep behavior of grouted anchors in clayey soils: effect of soil moisture condition

This study aims at investigating the influence of moisture conditions on interface shear behavior of element-grouted anchor specimens embedded in clayey soils. The tests involved comparatively short embedment lengths and a device that was specially designed to facilitate moisture conditioning. Rapidly loaded pullout tests as well as pullout tests under sustained (creep) loading were conducted to characterize both the short-term and long-term ultimate shear strength of anchor–soil interfaces. Both values of the interface shear strength were found to decrease exponentially with increasing moisture content values, although their ratio was found to show a linearly decreasing trend with increasing moisture content. The interface shear creep response under pullout conditions was characterized by a rheological hybrid model that could be calibrated using experimental measurements obtained under increasing stress levels. The accuracy of the hybrid model was examined by evaluating the stress-dependent prediction model as well as its governing parameters. This investigation uncovers the coupled impact of soil moisture condition and external stress state on the time-dependent performance of grouted anchors embedded in clayey soils by correlating the interface shear strength with soil moisture content and associating the creep model with stress levels applied to the grout–soil interface.

     

预压作用下软土微观结构试验及弹黏塑性模型研究

为了揭示软土固结蠕变机制,计算软基“工后沉降”,开展了室内模拟真空、堆载以及真空-堆载联合预压加固软土的固结蠕变三轴试验及三轴试验前、后的微观结构试验。建立了能考虑微观结构改变的弹黏塑性(EVP)软土蠕变模型。研究结果表明：原状软土样在真空预压、堆载预压、联合预压3种预压荷载作用下,固结过程和蠕变过程具有耦合效应;土体微观结构参数的改变与宏观工程性质的改变具有相辅相成的关系;EVP模型弱化了具体应力路径的变化,其反映弹性的参数和反映黏塑性的参数可由微观结构参数确定;改进的EVP模型既能计算土体的弹黏塑性变形,也考虑了土体微观结构的变化,能更全面地反映土变形的实质。     

Developing a Damage Model to Simulate Multiple-Step Loading Triaxial Compression Tests in Rocks

Multiple-step loading triaxial compression test (ML-TCT) method is a useful tool to evaluate strength parameters of rock samples using a single specimen applying several loading/unloading. However, because of accumulated damages in the specimen with repeated cycles of axial loading/unloading, the shear strength is prone to be underestimated. A multiple-step loading damage (MLD) model was proposed to simulate ML-TCT results. Two series of ML-TCTs were carried out on a sedimentary soft rock of mudstone. The first series was to determine the geotechnical parameters to describe the MLD model, and the second series was to verify the model. The results demonstrated that the proposed MLD model was powerful to simulate ML-TCTs on the mudstone and modify the results of carried out tests to generate more reliable results. Moreover, a generalized MLD model was constructed. This model allows prediction of peak deviator stresses and the relevant excess pore water pressures in a ML-TCT for rocks having different strength which generally are affected by the previous loading history. The generalized MLD model indicates that the margin between shear strength parameters obtained by single-step loading triaxial compression tests and ML-TCTs, increases with an increase in the rock strength. Moreover, upper bound values for effective cohesion, c′, and lower bound values for, effective friction angle, ?′, was obtained in a ML-TCT with increasing effective confining pressure, σ′_c. Whereas, upper bound values for ?′ and lower bound values for c′ predicted in a ML-TCT with decreasing σ′_c. It was concluded that, ML-TCT increasing σ′_c is preferable to ML-TCT decreasing σ′_c.     

An elasto-viscoplastic model for soft rock around tunnels considering overconsolidation and structure effects

When evaluating the long-term stability of existing tunnels, the creep behavior of soft rock around the tunnel should be properly considered. It is also important to understand the failure mechanism of soft rock when designing the mitigation and remediation of the failure around a tunnel. In this paper, an elasto-viscoplastic model is first modified so that the overconsolidation effect and the structure effect of soft rock can be considered. Then, the performance of the modified model is confirmed with drained triaxial compression tests and creep tests on a manmade rock produced with gypsum and diatom clay. Based on the modified model, finite element analyses are conducted to simulate the model tests of an existing tunnel constructed within manmade rock. Two kinds of model tests are simulated: one is loading failure test and the other creep failure test. The good agreement between the numerical results and the test data validates the performance of the modified constitutive model and the applicability of the corresponding FEM for evaluating the creep failure behavior of an existed tunnel constructed in soft rock.     

Engineering characterisation of Norwegian glaciomarine silt

Guidance is provided for geotechnical engineers designing civil engineering works in silty soils based on a detailed characterisation of a glaciomarine silt from Os in western Norway. It was found that these soils are susceptible to disturbance by good quality fixed piston tube sampling and care needs to be taken when using laboratory derived design parameters, particularly for consolidation and shear strength properties. A technique for assessing sample disturbance using shear wave velocity and suction measurements proved promising. Conventional techniques for determining soil strength from triaxial tests in silt are inappropriate due to the dilational nature of the material and more reliable and logical strength estimates can be made from a limiting strain criterion. Field vane data should be used with caution as measured strength, particularly remoulded values, may be high and it seems more reliable parameters can be derived from CPTU tests. One dimensional consolidation and creep of these silts can be modelled successfully by the well-known Janbu formulation. The behaviour of the Os silts does not fit easily into classical soil mechanics and published frameworks for soft soils. It seems the material is of “transitional” type and this work adds to the database of such soils which includes other natural silts and gap graded soils. For future work it is recommended that larger sample tubes (say 75 mm) with a very sharp cutting edge should be used in parallel with in situ CPTU testing.