叠锥构造的特征及其成因机制: 进展与实例*

叠锥构造是纤维状矿物呈锥状嵌套分布的一类特殊沉积构造,自20世纪90年代以来一直是国际研究的热点,但中国对于叠锥构造的研究起步较晚,研究程度较低。文中详细总结了叠锥构造研究进展,并简要介绍了笔者于新疆托克逊凹陷、准噶尔盆地东部以及哈密盆地3处新发现的叠锥构造。叠锥构造的发育层系广泛,二叠纪末—三叠纪初以及三叠纪末—侏罗纪初发现的叠锥占绝大多数,揭示其可能与生物大灭绝有关;叠锥构造的形成环境较广,不能简单地将叠锥构造作为湖泊相或海相等的相标志。对新发现的叠锥构造初步分析后认为,叠锥构造为与生物(化学)作用有关的原生沉积构造,但对叠锥构造成因机制的深层次研究还需建立在叠锥构造纤维状矿物生长习性及其与形成环境和发育层系的耦合关系研究之上。     

测老庙坳陷早白垩世巴音戈壁组叠锥构造特征及其环境解释

为了全面了解测老庙坳陷早白垩世叠锥构造的沉积特征,并探讨其成因及形成环境等问题,运用野外露头实测、光薄片观察、X射线衍射分析、阴极发光照相、扫描电镜照相等方法,发现叠锥构造发育于钙质结核外侧,覆盖所有方向,呈放射状,直圆锥锥顶指向结核中心;叠锥矿物成分主要为纤维状低镁方解石,纤维状方解石呈锥形套叠,具波状消光;阴极发光显微镜下呈均一的棕红色,不具微量元素分异和析出的成岩色带;叠锥结核的发育规模明显受制于原生沉积环境.结果表明叠锥结核的发育具有明显的阶段性;其发育的原生沉积环境应为水深在5~30 m、水体能量较高的滨浅湖沉积环境.推测叠锥构造的形成可能是同沉积期生物沉积作用和胶结作用,以及后期上覆岩层静压力共同作用的结果.      

公转轴应力场星球说——地球、火星南南西应力场四组三维构造系

介绍了对地球构造格局,运动方式及其动力源问题研究取得的新成果。它不同于流行已久的以地球自转轴旋转和以软流圈带动岩石圈漂移以及随机的地幔柱（流）为构造动力源的观点,而是与黄赤交角相关的沿公转轴方向的统一应力场,认为中国西部ＮＷＷ向压性,ＮＥＥ与ＮＮＷ是与黄赤交角相关的沿公转轴方向的统一应力场。认为中国西部ＮＷＷ向压性,ＮＥＥ与ＮＮＷ向两组共轭扭性及ＮＮＥ向张性带交接,为来自全球ＳＳＷ主压应力场形成的     

Freshwater stromatolites with the cone-in-cone structure from the Neogene lacustrine sediments of Vietnam

Morphological features of the columnar-stratiform stromatolites, which resemble the cone-in-cone structure, from Neogene lacustrine sediments of northern Vietnam are analyzed. Their structural-textural peculiarities and interrelations with the host terrigenous sediments of a stromatolitic buildup are discussed. It is shown that stages of the growth of columns are recorded in the succession of vertically oriented carbonate plates, which form stromatolites, and in the serrate surface protrusions of the plates at their contacts with host sediments. It is established that replacement of the columnar stromatolites by the stratiform varieties in the section can be related to variations in the intensity of terrigenous material influx to the sedimentation basin. Stratiform stromatolites were formed during relatively slow accumulation of sedimentary material. Appearance of the columnar varieties is attributed to intensification of sedimentation.     

An integrative geological and geophysical approach to characterize a superficial deltaic aquifer in the Camargue plain,France

Deltaic aquifers are complex due to the important heterogeneity of their structure and their hydrogeological functioning. Auger drilling provides localized, but very robust geological and hydrogeological information, while geophysical surveys can provide integrated subsurface information. An effective, easy-to-use and low-cost methodology combining geological/hydrogeological information from Auger drillings and the results from three geophysical techniques (Electromagnetic mapping, Electrical Sounding and Electrical Resistivity Tomography) is being developed to characterize the structure of a typical Mediterranean deltaic aquifer. A first hypothesis about hydrodynamic properties of the aquifer is also obtained. The study area is located in the Rhone delta (Middle Camargue/southern France). Integration of geophysical and geological techniques allowed identifying the presence and lateral extension of the Saint-Ferréol paleochannel, the vertical contact between lagoonal–fluvial deposits and the marine clayed silt that separate the superficial aquifer from the deeper aquifer. Likewise, high north–south heterogeneity and east–west homogeneity were highlighted in the study area. Presence of clay in sandy deposits in the low areas implies changes in lateral hydraulic permeability. This fact, jointed to the low hydraulic gradient, suggests a slow groundwater flow in the local system. The Rhone delta presents a typical configuration of a Mediterranean deltaic aquifer, thus this methodological approach can be used for similar deltaic Mediterranean systems.     

Major Advances in the Study of the Precambrian Geology and Metallogenesis of the North China Craton: A Review

The North China Craton(NCC) is one of the most ancient cratons in the world and records a complex geological evolution since the early Precambrian. In addition to recording major geological events similar to those of other cratons, the NCC also exhibits some unique features such as multistage cratonization(late Archaean and Palaeoproterozoic) and long-term rifting during the Meso–Neoproterozoic. The NCC thus provides one of the best examples to address secular changes in geological history and metallogenic epochs in the evolving Earth. We summarize the major geological events and metallogenic systems of the NCC, so that the evolutionary patterns of the NCC can provide a better understanding of the Precambrian NCC and facilitate comparison of the NCC with other ancient continental blocks globally. The NCC experienced three major tectonic cycles during the Precambrian:(1) Neoarchaean crustal growth and stabilization;(2) Palaeoproterozoic rifting–subduction–accretion–collision with imprints of the Great Oxidation Event and(3) Meso–Neoproterozoic multi-stage rifting. A transition from primitive- to modern-style plate tectonics occurred during the early Precambrian to late Proterozoic and is evidenced by the major geological events. Accompanying these major geological events, three major metallogenic systems are identified:(1) the Archaean banded iron formation system;(2) Palaeoproterozoic Cu–Pb–Zn and Mg–B systems and(3) a Mesoproterozoic rare earth element–Fe–Pb–Zn system. The ore-deposit types in each of these metallogenic systems show distinct characteristics and tectonic affinities.     

青海可可西里地质遗迹及其构造演化

青海可可西里自石炭纪以来经历了复杂的构造演化和地表过程,形成了集高山、宽谷、夷平面、冰川、热泉、河流和湖泊等地貌元素为一体的高原高寒地貌,同时还包括了蛇绿混杂岩带、活动断裂带、地震遗迹和火山遗迹等地质元素。在调研前人研究资料和实地野外考察基础之上,根据IUCN(2005)提出的13类地质主题分类标准将区内的地质遗迹分为地质构造、火山和地热遗迹、山脉、地层剖面、河流和湖泊、现代冰川、冰期遗迹7类,共计60余处地质遗迹点。可可西里地质遗迹对重建古特提斯构造域、研究天然地震机制、青藏高原北部隆升过程及全球气候变化均具有重要的意义。基于可可西里区内地质遗迹和前人资料恢复出可可西里石炭纪以来经历了8个构造演化阶段。     

Momentum-wave nature of geological medium

This paper is a further development of A.V. Pejve and M.A. Sadovskii’s concepts of the block structure of geological and geophysical media. Pejve’s geological hypothesis of “the independent motion power” of a block, “contained in it” is supported by geological-geophysical evidence and thus acquires a new physical content. Using seismological data within the framework of a radically new “internal momentum” approach has given grounds to propose a momentum nature and corpuscular (block) and wave properties of geological and geophysical media.     

Statistical techniques and their application in palynology

The basic principals of hypothesis testing are reviewed, including the development of the hypothesis, the statistical assumptions made, and the test of the hypothesis. The appropriate experimental design and sampling technique for evaluation of hypotheses posed are discussed. Because the analysis of variance involving the F-test should be used in a wide variety of geological experiments, emphasis is placed on this analysis. Many geological experiments result in the measurement of one or more factors on a continuous scale, whereas others are recorded in a discrete fashion. This necessitates the use of a covariance analysis to evaluate the effect of discrete and continuous factors in the same model. Orthogonal comparisons are discussed as they are used to evaluate specific hypotheses following the general test of hypothesis in the analysis of variance or covariance. All procedures discussed are illustrated using actual palynofloral data.     

基于层次分析法的北京市地质环境质量综合评价

层次分析法是开展地质环境质量综合评价的重要方法之一,评价指标体系建立的合理性是评价成功与否的关键。针对当前研究存在单一评价指标体系不能有效表现不同地貌类型的地质环境质量特征的问题,本文以北京地区为研究区,分别建立了适合北京山区和平原区两种地貌类型的地质环境评价指标体系,开展了北京地区地质环境质量综合评价。结果表明,在区域地质环境质量评价中,基于地貌类型建立不同的评价指标体系,评价结果能够更加合理、准确地反映研究区不同地貌类型的地质环境质量及空间分布状况。     

福建无岩浆热源的深循环水热系统

近年来对福建省存在具有岩浆热源的高温水热系统的呼声甚高。因而在福建是否可能存在具有岩浆热源的高温热田再次成为必须回答的重要问题。在综述前人研究成果的基础上,论述了福建省地热活动的地质构造背景、温泉分布状况、地热系统的特征、深部是否存在岩浆热源以及地壳的热结构,系统论述了福建深循环水热系统的特征。认为由于地质构造条件所决定,福建有大量的温泉出露,其中大部分为中温水热系统(90~150 ℃)和低温水热系统(＜90 ℃),均属受断裂控制的深循环水热系统,皆为温水热储。极少数高温热水系统(＞150 ℃)也仅仅是地下水沿断裂循环的深度较大所致。笔者认为福建不具备形成“有岩浆热源的水热对流系统”的条件。     

FORMATION OF THE CRUSTAL MELTING LAYER AND ITS RELATIONS TO THE DEFORMATION OF CONTINENTAL CRUST: AN EXAMPLE FROM SOUTHEAST CHINA

Unlike the magma intrusion model, the in-situ melting hypothesis advanced in the last decade regards the upper crust as a closed system, and granite as the result of the materials within system changing from order (protolith) to disorder (melts) and to new order(granite) with the variations of entropy of the system. The various geological and geochemical data from the Mesozoic granites of southeast China are explained logically and systemically by the hypothesis, concluding that they should be originated from the melting of protoliths.     

地质全息论

以自然界中全息现象存在的普遍性为指导,以客观存在的地质现象为依据,从全息的角度来对地质现象进行分析,正式提出了地质全息理论,认为地质体形态、地质信息和地质活动的频率等其局部与整体之间具有相似性或对应性,而且这种"整体(全息系统)"和"局部(全息元)"是相对的,与实际大小无关。这三种全息分别称为地质形态全息、地质信息全息和地质时间全息。任何地质体都是地质历史中不同种类、不同级别的地质全息系统的先后和交互作用下的结果,因此在某种具体的地质对象研究中确定其主控全息系统及其级别就显得非常重要。地质全息理论可以为地质学相关研究提供一个全新的理论依据和参考手段。     

A multiple-point geostatistical method based on geological vector information

The reproduction of the non-stationary distribution and detailed characteristics of geological bodies is the main difficulty of reservoir modeling. Recently developed multiple-point geostatistics can represent a stationary geological body more effectively than traditional methods. When restricted to a stationary hypothesis, multiple-point geostatistical methods cannot simulate a non-stationary geological body effectively, especially when using non-stationary training images (TIs). According to geologic principles, the non-stationary distribution of geological bodies is controlled by a sedimentary model. Therefore, in this paper, we propose auxiliary variables based on the sedimentary model, namely geological vector information (GVI). GVI can characterize the non-stationary distribution of TIs and simulation domains before sequential simulation, and the precision of data event statistics will be enhanced by the sequential simulation’s data event search area limitations under the guidance of GVI. Consequently, the reproduction of non-stationary geological bodies will be improved. The key features of this method are as follows: (1) obtain TIs and geological vector information for simulated areas restricted by sedimentary models; (2) truncate TIs into a number of sub-TIs using a set of cut-off values such that each sub-TI is stationary and the adjacent sub-TIs have a certain similarity; (3) truncate the simulation domain into a number of sub-regions with the same cut-off values used in TI truncation, so that each sub-region corresponds to a number of sub-TIs; (4) use an improved method to scan the TI or TIs and construct a single search tree to restore replicates of data events located in different sub-TIs; and (5) use an improved conditional probability distribution function to perform sequential simulation. A FORTRAN program is implemented based on the SNESIM.     

Sand Massifs as Objects of Ecological–Geological Research

In the ecological and geological respect the sand soil stratum is considered as a component of ecological–geological systems or biogeocenoses. The characteristic ecological–geological features of sand massifs are studied. Types of sand ecological–geological systems are distinguished and their structure is described.     

Assessing the impact of conceptual mineral systems uncertainty on prospectivity predictions

The past two decades have seen a rapid adoption of artificial intelligence methods applied to mineral exploration. More recently, the easier acquisition of some types of data has inspired a broad literature that has examined many machine learning and modelling techniques that combine exploration criteria, or ‘features’, to generate predictions for mineral prospectivity. Central to the design of prospectivity models is a ‘mineral system’, a conceptual model describing the key geological elements that control the timing and location of economic mineralisation. The mineral systems model defines what constitutes a training set, which features represent geological evidence of mineralisation, how features are engineered and what modelling methods are used. Mineral systems are knowledge-driven conceptual models, thus all parameter choices are subject to human biases and opinion so alternative models are possible. However, the effect of alternative mineral systems models on prospectivity is rarely compared despite the potential to heavily influence final predictions. In this study, we focus on the effect of conceptual uncertainty on Fe ore prospectivity models in the Hamersley region, Western Australia. Four important considerations are tested. (1) Five different supergene and hypogene conceptual mineral systems models guide the inputs for five forest-based classification prospectivity models model. (2) To represent conceptual uncertainty, the predictions are then combined for prospectivity model comparison. (3) Representation of three-dimensional objects as two-dimensional features are tested to address commonly ignored thickness of geological units. (4) The training dataset is composed of known economic mineralisation sites (deposits) as ‘positive’ examples, and exploration drilling data providing ‘negative’ sampling locations. Each of the spatial predictions are assessed using independent performance metrics common to AI-based classification methods and subjected to geological plausibility testing. We find that different conceptual mineral systems produce significantly different spatial predictions, thus conceptual uncertainty must be recognised. A benefit to recognising and modelling different conceptual models is that robust and geologically plausible predictions can be made that may guide mineral discovery.     

多元正态总体假设检验在矿化带识别中的应用

根据北瓦地区岩心样品的地球化学数据处理结果,介绍多元正态总体假设检验方法与对应分析相结合在该区铅锌矿化带识别中的应用。从全体数据的对应分析结果出发,将见矿钻孔的样品得分值经稳健处理后作为铅锌矿化带的已知样本,并以马氏距离为统计量对未见矿钻孔的样品进行识别,在一定信度下作出了该区已知铅锌矿化带在深部存在较有意义延伸的统计推断。     

Les sillons plissés du Burundien supérieur dans la chaı̂ne Kibarienne d'Afrique centrale

The Kibaran belt that extends all over the central Africa, from the Katanga to the southern Uganda, straddles the African great lakes area. The Kibaran stratigraphy is one of the most debated questions. Some geologists favoured two different systems: the Ruzizian system (1800–2000 Ma) and the Burundian or Kibaran system (1600–960 Ma). Some others favoured a single Burundian system with large areas granitised and metamorphosed during several Burundian tectonic events and with a lot of sedimentary fold belts of the Burundian age. Recent geological data and new remote sensing interpretations allow us to favour the second hypothesis but with a major disconformity within the Burundian system which is separating the Upper and the Lower Burundian. To cite this article: M. Villeneuve, J. Chorowicz, C. R. Geoscience 336 (2004).     

略论地质环境系统

提出了地质环境系统的概念，指出地质环境系统是人工－自然复合系统，它的变化可以波及很远，并有社会共享性，系统的边界与参数具有模糊性与不确定性，演化具有不可逆性和难控性，从而决策具有风险性，是软硬结合的系统，因此不能用传统方法而应以系统工程的方法加以研究。文中还就地质环境系统工程方法的若干要点作了讨论。     

生态地质系统类型及其在生态系统结构中的地位和调查任务

介绍了生态地质学内容及其与地质生态学的关系;描述了岩石圈生态功能分类,即生态地质理论基础。生态地质学的研究对象是生态地质系统中直接作用于某些岩石圈或作用于其表面的生物群,包括人类和社会。生态地质系统分为4种类型：自然实体、自然理念、自然技术实体和自然技术理念。文中也描述了生态地质系统在生态系统结构中的地位,同时论证了生态地质系统的形成因素,科学的调查方法及所有相关的标准和指标,以及此项研究的复杂性。