Analysis and Design of an Underground Portal in Lateritic Soils

This paper presents a case study of the analysis and design of slopes for the portal of an underground crude oil storage cavern site. The site selected for the slope study is characterized by residual soils and granitic rock formations, located in the southwestern part of India. It is observed that in tropical residual soils, most hillslope failures are caused by rainfall and thus it is important to consider hydrological conditions when attempting to analyze the stability of slopes in such material. Combinations of shallow slopes with lower overburden and high steep hillslope with large overburden were considered in the present study along with varying combinations of lateritic soils and weathered rock formations. The paper discusses the various investigations carried out to define the geotechnical properties of lateritic soil and weathered rock, followed by numerical modelling and remedial measures adopted to ensure the stability of slopes during design and construction phase. Since analysis and design procedures for such residual soils are not well established, comprehensive geological and geotechnical investigations were carried out prior to numerical model development for carrying out finite element studies in order to ascertain long term stability of slopes under differing ground conditions. The results of the stability analysis indicated that slope under existing condition were potentially unstable under rainy conditions and specific supporting measures were planned to ensure stability. Several alternatives were examined for improving the stability of slope taking into consideration existing facilities, space available for mobilization of equipments and environmental conditions in reference to specific project requirements. The convergence pattern obtained from geotechnical monitoring using optical targets along the slopes did not showed any alarming movement for over a year.     

Finite element modelling of landslide prone slopes around Rudraprayag and Agastyamuni in Uttarakhand Himalayan terrain

Himalayan mountain chains are neo-tectonically active and significantly susceptible to frequent geohazards like landslides, earthquakes, cloudburst and flash floods, etc. Himalayan slopes are characterized by highly fractured, jointed and sheared rock mass. This affects the strength of the rocks and thus largely influences the stability characteristic of slopes which have been aggravated by human intervention. The ongoing developmental activities, particularly in the last two decades, are responsible for large-scale destabilization of slopes. In rugged terrain, safer designs along hill-cut roads must be ensured. Despite extensive geotechnical works for slope stabilization done in the Himalayan range, slope sections evolve due to various natural and man-made factors are need to be understood in greater details. Proper evaluation and treatment were done on the cut slopes that are severely affected during Kedarnath disaster of June 2013. One of such roads is national highway from Rudraprayag to Gaurikund near Kedarnath. In this study, the stability of vulnerable road cut slopes from Rudraprayag to Agastmuni was investigated. Three key road cut slopes were considered. Finite element analysis was conducted using PLAXIS simulator. Factors of safety, stress, strain, horizontal and vertical displacement have been determined for each slope. The most unstable slope had a factor of safety (FoS) equal to 0.935, while the most stable slope had FoS equal to 2.56. Outcomes from simulation are in good agreement with the prevailing field conditions. Slope stability evaluation must be performed to ensure better safety and to achieve disaster mitigated design.     

岩土综合勘察技术在风力发电场地基工程中的应用

以风力发电场工程勘察为例,介绍了岩土综合勘查技术在不同的地形地貌、地层和水文地质条件中的应用。由于拟建工程的风机塔基大多数坐落于地势较高的山坡处,故采取以井探、槽探方法为主,工程物探为辅的勘察方法;对于位于平缓地带的办公区、生活区和变电站的场地勘察,则运用了土层剪切波速测试和静力触探试验的方法。通过各种岩土勘察技术的应用,掌握了该场地的地基土层物理力学性质指标及地基适宜性。地基变形监测和建筑物的稳定性检测结果显示,应用该方法所提供的岩土设计参数和各种施工方案经济合理、目的性和针对性强。     

Safety factor nomograms for homogeneous earth dams less than ten meters high

Homogeneous earth dams that are waterproofed with geomembranes are a suitable option for storing water and other sorts of liquids, like leachates from landfills. Such dams do not require complicated engineering technical calculations, their cost is usually low and they are not difficult to construct. To ensure the geotechnical safety of the dam, the slopes of the embankment must be correctly designed and constructed. This paper provides a set of nomograms which allow the user to get the safety factor of the slopes immediately. In some cases, it is only necessary to know previously the material classification according to the Unified Soil Classifications System. From this information it can be determined whether the material is appropriate or not. If the material classification is not available, geotechnical data of the material used in the construction of the embankment are needed. Examples of the application of nomograms are presented. Secondly, the paper includes a set of equations to calculate quickly the safety factor of a slope of earth upper than 7.5 m height.     

Reliability updating in geotechnical engineering including spatial variability of soil

At geotechnical sites, deformation measurements are routinely performed during the construction process. In this paper, it is shown how information from such measurements can be utilized to update the reliability estimate of the geotechnical site at future construction stages. A recently proposed method for Bayesian updating of the reliability is successfully applied in conjunction with a stochastic nonlinear geotechnical finite element model. Therein, uncertainty in the soil material properties is modelled by non-Gaussian random fields. The structural reliability evaluations required for the Bayesian updating are carried out by means of subset simulation, an efficient adaptive Monte Carlo method. The approach is demonstrated through an application to a sheet pile wall at a deformation-sensitive geotechnical construction site.     

柳州市某小区高层商住楼地基基础选型探讨

介绍了柳州市某小区高层商住楼各个勘察阶段的岩土工程地质条件,重点通过对基础方案的技术可行性和经济成本两方面对比,探讨了该商住楼地基基础的选型问题,以工程实例告诫地质技术人员从事岩土工程勘察需要注意细节工作。     

Displacement patterns of a landslide affected by human activities: insights from ground-based InSAR monitoring

Landslides interacting with large infrastructures represent a major problem for the economy, society as a whole, and the safety of workers. Continuous monitoring for 23 months using an integrated platform with a ground-based SAR interferometer (GB-InSAR), a weather station, and an automatic camera gave us the opportunity to analyze the response of an unstable slope to the different phases of work. The deformational behavior of both the natural slope and the man-made structures was recorded and interpreted in relation to the working stages and the rainfall conditions during the whole monitoring period. A typical pattern of displacement was identified for shallow landslides, debris produced by the excavation and gabions, metallic walls, and anchored bulkheads. Furthermore, insights into the dynamics and behavior of the slope and the man-made structures that interact with the landslide were obtained. Extreme rainfall is the main trigger of shallow landslides and gabion deformations, while anchored bulkheads are less influenced by rainfalls. Movement of debris that is produced by excavations and temporary metallic barrier deformation are closely related to each other. The herein proposed monitoring platform is very efficient in monitoring unstable slopes that are affected by human activities. Moreover, the recorded patterns of displacement in the slope and the man-made structures can be used as reference data for similar studies and engineering designs.     

论水电工程边坡分类

相对其他工程而言,水电工程边坡规模大,所处的地质环境条件更加复杂。随着我国水电工程的大开发,在高山峡谷中修建了不少高坝,边坡开挖高达300m以上,而且在开口线之上还可能存在数百米甚至千米以上的自然边坡,坡度陡峻,高边坡的稳定性问题已经成为工程建设中的关键技术问题。为揭示边坡特征,方便描述、交流和评价,进行科学的边坡分类就具有重要的理论和现实意义。在收集分析国内外边坡分类体系的基础上,笔者结合多年来的工程实践认为,已有的边坡分类方法不能完全适应水电工程边坡状况,有必要进行改进与完善。根据针对性、体现本质、层次性和系统性等4个原则,本文提出了水电工程边坡分类框架:第1层次按边坡与所在工程位置关系划分; 第二层次按边坡重要性和危害性进行边坡分级; 第三层次按边坡特征、几何特征和变形破坏特征进行分类; 在第四层次分类中,再依据其物质组成、坡体结构、坡度、高度、变形机制、破坏形式、变形范围和边坡的危险源分别进行了进一步的分类。文中首次提出了边坡分级表、峻坡与悬坡、高边坡与超高边坡的分界线、以及环境边坡按危险源的分类方法。建议峻坡与悬坡的分界为60,高边坡与超高边坡分界为80m,300m的边坡为特高边坡,并指出采用坡体结构进行分类,能揭示边坡可能变形破坏的边界条件和失稳模式,其工程应用性更强。     

Stability analysis and supporting system design of a high-steep cut soil slope on an ancient landslide during highway construction of Tehran–Chalus

The stability of both natural and cut slopes in mountainous areas is a great challenge to highway constructions and operations. This paper presents a successful case study of stability analyses and protection treatments for high-steep cut soil slopes in an ancient landslide zone which was located at Km12+700 to Km15+000 along the Tehran?CChalus highway. This report has three parts. First, geotechnical investigations of in situ direct shear test, SPT tests and laboratory tests were implemented to get the subsurface profiles and the mechanical properties of the soil mass. Second, finite difference analysis was carried out to evaluate the stability of both the natural and cut slopes. Minimum safety factors and potential failure modes of cut slopes were obtained under both static and dynamic conditions. These results indicated that the ancient landslide could not be reactivated under the present climatic and morphological conditions, but there were some potential shallow failures in some cut soil slopes (failure actually occurred during excavation). Protection treatments and reinforcements were thus necessary. Third, the stability of the cut slopes was re-assessed by simplified Bishop limit equilibrium analysis (using Slide 5.0). Some potential failure zones were designed to be protected by back-anchored concrete retaining wall at the slope toe, rock bolts and frame beams on the slope face and planting grass on the slope face. Numerical analysis indicated that these protection measures could stabilize this remedial slope. These practical experiences may be of benefit for similar highway construction projects.     

基于遥感分析的延安新区平山造城工程地面沉降及植被恢复特征研究

湿陷性黄土地区岩土工程往往涉及大量挖方填方工程,极易引发一系列的地面沉降和植被破坏问题。本文基于SBAS-InSAR技术结合遥感数据处理对延安新区平山造城工后地面沉降及植被恢复特征进行了分析。首先,通过目视解译及DEM提取,获取工程基本特征;随后,基于SBAS-InSAR技术对新区工后地面沉降进行探测;最后,利用遥感提取新区的NDVI时序数据。结果表明:(1)延安新区建筑工程建设滞后挖填方工程约2a,填方区域沿着原始地形的沟谷展布,挖填方体最大厚度均超过90m;(2)延安新区主要沉降区为填方区域,2017~2018年最大沉降速率达45mm ·a-1,主要建筑工程所处的挖方区无明显地面沉降,工程边坡大多处于稳定状态;(3)延安新区2013~2015年NDVI平均值增长230%,2015~2018年增长50%,植被恢复明显。延安新区平山造城工程的规划建设合理的规避了地面沉降及缓解了生态环境恶化,研究成果可为类似工程建设提供科学参考依据。     

我国预应力岩土锚固技术的现状与发展

预应力岩土锚固技术是深基坑、地下工程、隧道、道路边坡、坝基、桥梁等工程中重要的支护手段之一，全面剖析了这项技术在理论研究、应用领域、规模、标准化建设、锚固材料及施工机具等突破性进展，根据我国基础施工现状，对锚杆的设计、锚固参数合理选择、锚杆的腐蚀与防护进行了分析，从8个方面指出了预测应力岩土锚固技术的研究方向。     

Geotechnics on the move: guidance for a risk-driven way of working

This paper presents a summary of a guide for practitioners about the implementation of geotechnical risk management in organisations in the construction industry. Currently, the guide is only available in Dutch. This paper aims to share the key elements of the book with an international readership. First, the perhaps unusual content and style of the guide and its summary are explained, which is the result of organisational rather than technical research. Then, the reality of geotechnical engineering and construction and an ambitious vision of their future perspective are sketched. In this vision, geotechnical risk management plays a dominant role. However, while straightforward in theory, applying complete geotechnical risk management as a routine proves to be a tough exercise in client, contractor, engineering and project organisations. For this reason, a selection of scientifically derived and practically tested organisational key conditions is presented. These conditions aim to facilitate successfully implementing geotechnical risk management in (project) organisations. Finally, this paper gives 10 lessons that have been learned from practice. The lessons aim to support engineers, managers and executives, while they are routinely applying geotechnical risk management in their organisations. This should increase the success rate of projects at a reasonable cost.     

巫山县新城区主要衍生地质灾害调查与评价

三峡水库区自然地质灾害调查和研究已广为报道。但对衍生地质灾害调查研究涉及甚少。三峡移民迁建的县城、乡镇和工厂多位于长江沿岸低山斜坡地带，迁建区内沟谷密布、切割强烈、地形复杂，几乎无可供成片建设的平坦地带。为满足移民工程的需求，迁建业主都采用“削坡填沟”的施工方式，即在道路、迁建场地内侧开挖高边坡，外侧修建挡土墙，并将开挖的弃土弃渣堆积于挡土墙内或冲沟中。这在道路、迁建场地两侧形成了众多的人工高边坡、高挡墙，沿冲沟堆放了成串的弃土弃渣。对巫山县新城区详细的衍生地质灾害调查表明，三峡移民迁建工程施工中开挖的高边坡、修建的挡土墙和沿冲沟堆放的弃土弃渣都不同程度地破坏了天然山坡的稳定性，堵塞了地表迳流的排泄途径，在某些地段存在发生崩塌、滑坡、泥石流等衍生地质灾害的内在因素．直接威胁移民建设工程。论文以巫山县新城区为重点，采用遥感调查与地面调查相结合的方法对人工高边坡、高挡墙和弃土弃渣堆放场进行调查评价。经调查共计人工高边坡、高挡墙、弃土弃渣堆放场122个，选定了重点监测对象20个，并对可能发生衍生地质灾害的3个地段进行了分析，为各级移民管理部门进行适时管理和决策提供现时性强、数据准确的资料。     

福州轨道交通建设中的岩土工程问题

由于福州盆地工程地质条件的复杂性以及隧道工程的特殊性,在福州轨道交通建设过程中将遇到大量环境岩土工程问题。主要的环境岩土工程问题有:(1)隧道掘进范围内的承压含水层。承压含水层富水性、透水性强,由于开挖深度大,必须考虑下部承压水的影响,避免产生基坑突涌问题。砂砾卵石层直接覆盖于基岩裂隙热水上,受热水构造带高温热水的直接补给以及热传导,地下轨道交通建设对地热场是否存在影响以及地热对轨道交通的影响需要深入研究。(2)软土的大变形与低强度。导致地基失稳与土体结构强度破坏。(3)深大基坑开挖施工引发的可能灾变。基坑开挖易产生滑塌、流泥、突水(涌)、地表沉陷等问题,必须采取有效的支护措施,避免基坑失稳而影响工程安全及周边环境。对这些环境岩土工程问题,应加强勘察新技术的应用,查明建设场地岩土工程地质条件;采用人工地层冻结法、桩基托换技术进行施工;开发和利用适合本地区岩土条件的新技术、新工艺,如新型桩、新的止水、降水措施等基坑支护新技术,以及采用信息化施工新技术。     

Effects of seepage on a three-layered slope and its stability analysis under rainfall conditions

Natural Hazards - The seepage and stability of unsaturated soil slopes under torrential rain conditions are key issues in geotechnical and hydraulic engineering. In this work, based on...     

Recent landslides on the Istrian Peninsula, Croatia

This study presents a review of recently recorded instability phenomena on the flysch slopes of Istria, Croatia. The northeastern part of the Istrian Peninsula, the so-called Gray Istria, is built of Paleogene flysch deposits, where instability phenomena are frequent and where a large number of landslides, with significant consequences, have been recorded over the past 35 years. Based on field investigations conducted for the purpose of remedial study design, a database of these landslides was created. An investigation of the documented landslides and their elements found some common features that enabled general conclusions about the conditions and causes of landslide occurrence. In total, 19 documented landslides have been analyzed as individual phenomena, and from the results of these analyses, general conclusions were drawn about sliding conditions and the main triggering factors. Geological conditions and processes on slopes where landslides occurred are shown in detail, and geotechnical properties have been systematically represented. The sliding conditions and dimensions of four recent landslide occurrences, specifically by type, have been described in detail and analyzed.     

江苏某市人工堆山坍塌机理分析

近年来,在城市建设中,堆山造景工程越来越多,且规模也越来越大.堆山造景工程多是利用工程弃土、建筑垃圾、生活垃圾等固体废弃物,填筑在不能用于城市工程建设的废弃土地上.这样既能使城市固体废弃物和废弃土地得到有效利用,又能很好地美化城市环境.因此,堆山工程逐渐成为城市建设中美化居住环境的一种新时尚.然而这些不适官作为工程建设...     

“Tunnel Information and Analysis System”: A Geotechnical Database for Tunnels

Existing experience from the design and construction of underground works is of major importance for the improvement of the construction methods and procedures in tunnelling, especially under adverse and complex geological and geotechnical conditions. This experience can be of great value to geotechnical engineers and engineering geologists, if data acquired through the ground investigation, the design and the construction is systematically collected, categorized and stored in a properly structured database that enables a targeted access to it, as well as to proceed to correlations and analysis, based on engineering criteria. Such a database should be carefully designed to “connect” all available data through all the phases of a tunnel project and premises deep knowledge from the geological and geotechnical investigation to the final design and construction. In order to make substantial use of the experience accumulated from the construction of a great number of tunnels, a database named Tunnel Information and Analysis System (TIAS) was developed. The data source for TIAS database was 62 tunnels of the Egnatia Highway in northern Greece, many of which have been constructed under difficult geological conditions in weak rock masses. The data processed by TIAS came from a variety of sources such as geological mapping, boreholes, laboratory and in situ testing, geotechnical classifications, engineering geological behaviour, groundwater, design parameters, information concerning immediate support measures, construction records and cost. The purpose of the system, besides incorporating extended and multi-source data for easy access, is to provide a tool for turning data into usable information for the comparison of anticipated and encountered geological and geotechnical conditions, the evaluation of geotechnical classification and design methods and the relations regarding rock mass conditions and behaviour and immediate support methods and types.     

缓倾外层状结构边坡变形破坏模式及支护对策研究

高速公路开挖形成越来越多的工程边坡。缓倾外层状结构边坡作为一种典型的岩质边坡,一般情况下整体稳定性较好,但在特定的结构面组合状况下,开挖后也可能产生整体变形破坏。本文以软弱结构面和长大裂隙发育的公路工程边坡为例,通过岩体结构及边坡一定范围内已有边坡破坏现象的调查研究,采用工程地质类比和三维离散元法综合分析边坡变形破坏模式,并针对变形破坏模式的特点,提出支护对策。研究结果表明,结构面贯通坡体形成切割块体的后缘和侧缘边界时,缓倾外层状结构边坡可沿层面产生滑移-拉裂变形,若滑面与临空面具有一定夹角,边坡的变形可表现为旋转式滑移-拉裂;结构面组合控制的缓倾外层状结构岩质边坡稳定性受坡体中下部的关键块体控制,一旦关键块体失稳,将引起上部块体的连锁失稳,此类边坡变形控制的重点是对关键块体分布区域进行强支护;支护工程实施后的变形监测结果表明,基于变形破坏模式分析的边坡支护方案保证了边坡施工和运营过程中的安全。     

Geotechnical applications in open pit mining

Detailed geotechnical data is often a major unknown factor in open pit design and mining, the lack of which constitutes a significant risk in any mining venture. As geotechnical data is accumulated so the risk of unforeseen conditions reduces, and so safety and productivity can be increased. Previously, most geotechnical work undertaken at open pit mines has focused on the slopes. The work done at Sandsloot open pit situated on the northern limb of the Bushveld Complex, 250 km north east of Johannesburg, however, has involved using geotechnical data for production, as well as slope stability benefits. Solutions to production problems encountered in a rapidly developing open pit are best formulated once some geotechnical control at the pit has been attained. At Sandsloot open pit this was achieved by delineation of geotechnical design zones from a detailed face mapping and drilling programme. Optimum design parameters then were assigned to these zones and geotechnically related problems assessed. This allowed slope management programmes to be initiated, as well as slope optimization of the hangingwall. The latter resulted in an improved slope configuration and an increase in the ultimate angle of the wall by 7°. This resulted in substantial savings, as well as an improvement in safety. In addition, the zones can be used for planning, costing and pit scheduling. The methods have proved successful in optimizing blast fragmentation and thereby loading, crushing and milling rates; in reducing secondary blasting and improving floor conditions; and in reducing drilling, blasting and comminution costs.