A non‐coaxial critical state soil model and its application to simple shear simulations

The yield vertex non‐coaxial theory is implemented into a critical state soil model, CASM (Int. J. Numer. Anal. Meth. Geomech. 1998; 22 :621–653) to investigate the non‐coaxial influences on the stress–strain simulations of real soil behaviour in the presence of principal stress rotations. The CASM is a unified clay and sand model, developed based on the soil critical state concept and the state parameter concept. Without loss of simplicity, it is capable of simulating the behaviour of sands and clays within a wide range of densities. The non‐coaxial CASM is employed to simulate the simple shear responses of Erksak sand and Weald clay under different densities and initial stress states. Dependence of the soil behaviour on the Lode angle and different plastic flow rules in the deviatoric plane are also considered in the study of non‐coaxial influences. All the predictions indicate that the use of the non‐coaxial model makes the orientations of the principal stress and the principal strain rate different during the early stage of shearing, and they approach the same ultimate values with an increase in loading. These ultimate orientations are dependent on the density of soils, and independent of their initial stress states. The use of the non‐coaxial model also softens the shear stress evolutions, compared with the coaxial model. It is also found that the ultimate shear strengths by using the coaxial and non‐coaxial models are dependent on the plastic flow rules in the deviatoric plane. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A hypoplastic model for clay and sand

The theory of hypoplasticity was developed initially for non-cohesive soils. However, sand and clay have many common properties; therefore arose the idea to extend the hypoplastic model to clay. The proposed model is able to describe the behaviour of cohesive soils with the incorporation of an appropriate structure tensor into the constitutive equation. This tensor is a stress-like internal parameter, also called back stress. This enables us to describe the behaviour of cohesive soils with the same material parameters for several states of consolidation and also to model barotropy and pycnotropy of sand. Numerical simulations of element tests are performed in order to check the performance of this hypoplastic model. Experimental data obtained with normally and overconsolidated clay and sand specimens with various densities are taken for comparison, and it is shown that the model is capable of describing the material behaviour of clay and sand. The determination of the material constants, the calibration method, is also presented in this paper.     

The collapse mechanism in partly saturated soil

A study has been made of the metastable structure of partly saturated soilt that collapse when wetted under load. This has been done using the scanning electron microscope on air-dried specimens of collapsing soil representative of various types. These include aeolian sand from South Africa, loess from Europe, clay from America and a range of compacted soils. The nature of the intergranular contacts has been studied at magnifications up to 20,000. It is shown that a common basic collapse mechanism applies to the different types of soil ranging from sand to clay.     

Fractal features of soil particle-size distributions and their relationships with soil properties in gravel-mulched fields

Soil particle-size distribution (PSD) is an important index for soil classification because it has large influences on soil hydrological characteristics, salinity, fertility, erodibility, nutrient content, swelling/shrinking, and degradation. We present a case study of the fractal characteristics of soil PSD and its relationship with soil properties of gravel-mulched fields in an arid area of northwestern China using single-fractal calculation. Particle size was unimodally distributed within the narrow range of 20–100 μm, with silt as the most common component. Horizontally, silt content was the highest, followed by sand and clay contents. Vertically, clay content increased with depth, while there were no obvious change rules for both silt and sand contents. The volume fractal dimension (D) of PSD ranged from 2.4307 to 2.5260, increased with the content of fine particles but decreased with the content of coarse particles. D was correlated positively with soil-water content and salt content and negatively with bulk density. The saturated soil-water content was strongly correlated negatively with silt content (p < 0.01) and positively with sand content (p < 0.01). The results indicate that D can be a potential indicator of the physical and chemical properties of soil and can also provide a theoretical basis and technical guidance for the effective use and management of the region.     

分层土中裙式吸力基础吸力沉贯特性模型试验研究

针对一种新型海上风电基础形式-裙式吸力基础,开展模型试验,研究其在分层土地基中的沉贯特性。讨论了土层分布形式（砂土、黏性土、上层砂土及下层黏性土（简称上砂下黏）、上层黏性土及下层砂土（简称上黏下砂））、沉贯方式的影响。研究表明：裙式吸力基础在分层土中具有良好的沉贯性能。与传统吸力基础相比,裙式吸力基础在砂土、黏性土、上砂下黏和上黏下砂地基中最终沉贯深度较传统吸力基础分别增加10.0%、2.3%、3.0%和9.6%,沉贯最大吸力值分别增加0.9%、14.4%、66.2%和92.2%。黏性土层位置和厚度对基础沉贯特性影响显著。上黏下砂地层中,基础最大吸力值出现在土层分界面处,最大吸力值随土层分布系数t（上层土厚度与土体总厚度的比值）的增加而逐渐增大,最终沉贯深度随土层分布系数增加而逐渐减小。上砂下黏地层中,裙式吸力基础最大吸力值出现在最大沉贯深度处,吸力最大值随土层分布系数的增加而逐渐减小,最终沉贯深度受土层分布系数影响较小。此外,同时抽吸主桶和裙结构内水体进行沉贯,最终沉贯深度大于只抽主桶情况。在砂土、黏性土、上黏下砂（ 0.4）和上砂下黏（ 0.4）等4种地基中,裙式吸力基础采用同时抽主桶和裙结构的沉贯方式,最终沉贯深度较只抽主桶情况分别增大了13.8%、3.4%、16.4%和4.6%。研究成果为进一步阐明吸力基础在分层土中沉贯机制及指导工程实践,具有借鉴意义。     

冻融交替对砒砂岩与沙复配土壤团粒结构的影响

为研究冻融交替对砒砂岩与沙复配土壤团粒结构的影响,采用室内模拟冻融实验方法,研究了不同冻融周期和黏粒含量对复配土壤团粒结构的影响.结果表明:冻融周期、黏粒含量及二者的交互作用对复配土壤各级团粒结构组成均具有显著或极显著的影响.复配土壤黏粒含量越高,团粒结构的稳定性越高;在冻融作用下,随着复配土壤中沙比例的增大,大团粒结构含量总体呈降低趋势,降低速率先减小后增大,且砒砂岩与沙比例为1:1时大团粒结构降低的速率最小.结果说明冻融交替作用降低了土壤团粒结构的稳定性,将较大颗粒团粒结构崩解破碎成小粒级颗粒,更易于砒砂岩和沙复配成土.     

胶结砂及半成岩粘土的岩土力学特征分析--以湘阴湘江大桥桥位区为例

胶结砂及半成岩粘土目前处于一种由土向岩石转化的状态，它们和正常意义上的土及岩石均有明显的区别，在组成、结构和构造等方面，它们既具有部分土的特征，又具有部分岩石的特征，本文对湘阴湘江大桥桥位区产出的胶结砂及半成岩粘土的土力学和岩石力学特征进行了分析，对其成因和应用进行了探讨。     

砂-黏土双层地基极限承载力的数值研究

在实际工程中,常见天然的或通过人工换填形成的上部砂土、下部黏土的层状地基,目前关于这种双层地基极限承载力和破坏机制研究还不够深入。通过有限差分法建立双层地基数值模型,分析基底粗糙程度、砂土剪胀角和超载对地基破坏模式及极限承载力的影响,并根据有限差分法计算结果对强度加权平均法、应力扩散法和冲剪破坏法等现有实用计算方法的估算正确性进行评价。研究结果表明,基底粗糙程度对极限承载力的影响随着砂土内摩擦角的增大而减小;当剪胀角较小时,剪胀角变化对承载力的影响更为明显;当下层黏土强度较小时,超载的作用更明显。强度加权平均法由于低估破坏面影响深度导致砂土层权重较大,计算结果偏大;应力扩散法忽略了砂土剪切强度,在砂土层较厚时出现低估;冲剪破坏法由于可较为精确地计算砂土破坏面上抗剪强度和被动土压力,是3种实用方法中计算最准确的,当砂土厚度和黏土强度较大时,建议按太沙基经验公式对下卧黏土进行局部剪切破坏修正后确定极限承载力。     

砂土质隧道围岩粘聚力影响因素的试验研究

隧道围岩中较差的砂土质隧道围岩一般在洞口段较为常见。砂土具有粘聚力是客观事实,该粘聚力会对砂土质围岩稳定性产生较大影响。本文从影响砂土质围岩坑道稳定性因素及围岩稳定性分类的角度出发,探讨了与砂土质隧道围岩稳定性相关的粘聚力的影响因素,发现砂土的密实程度对砂土围岩粘聚力有较显著的影响;细粒(d<0.075mm)含量对粘聚力的影响规律与砂土密实程度有关;采用细粒含水量而不是砂土含水量的方法来评定潮湿砂土的粘聚力的影响是较为合理的方法,并总结了细粒含水量对砂土粘聚力的影响规律。     

Study on the swelling behaviour of blended clay–sand soils

Soils containing expansive clays undergo swelling that can be both detrimental and beneficial in various applications. In the Arabian Gulf coastal region, natural heterogeneous soils containing clay and sand (tills, shales, and clayey sands) support most of the civil infrastructure systems. Likewise, mixes of clay and sand are used for local earthwork construction such as roads and landfills. A clear understanding of the swelling behaviour of such soils is pivotal at the outset of all construction projects. The main objective of this paper was to understand the evolution of swelling with increasing clay content in local soils. A theoretical framework for clay–sand soils was developed using phase relationships. Laboratory investigations comprised of mineralogical composition and geotechnical index properties of the clay and sand and consistency limits, swelling potential, and morphology of clay–sand mixes. Results indicated that soil consistency of mixes of a local expansive clay and an engineered sand depends on the weighted average of the constituents. Mixes with 10% clay through 40% clay capture the transition from a sand-like behaviour to a clay-like behaviour. Influenced by the initial conditions and soil matrix, the swelling potential of the investigated mixes correlated well with soil plasticity (SP(%) = 0.16 (I _p)^1.188). The parameters sand void ratio and clay–water ratio were found to better explain the behaviour of blended clay–sand soils.     

Application of a novel laser sensor volume measurement system to the triaxial testing of an unsaturated lime-treated soil

The paper reviews the common techniques of volume change measurement during unsaturated soil testing, focusing in particular on a newly developed system by the authors. The advantages and accuracy of the system compared to other available volume measurement techniques are discussed. This is followed by the application of the system to the volume change measurement of a lime-treated clay soil during suction-controlled triaxial testing, and a discussion on the behaviour of the soil during shearing.     

水泥土强度的影响因素

水泥浆体搅拌地基加固技术是地基处理的技术方法之一,其水泥—土固结体的强度主要受地基土的含水量、水泥掺入量及地基土类别的影响。本文通过室内及工业性试验表明:土体的含水量对水泥土强度具有负作用;水泥土强度与水泥掺入比不是简单的单调上升关系;地基土的类别对水泥土强度的影响较大,淤泥及淤泥质土由于富含有机质,强度较低,粉质粘土、粘土形成的水泥土强度较高。      

Spatial variability of soil properties in relation to land use and topography in a typical small watershed of the black soil region,northeastern China

Soil degradation resulted from unreasonable land use and erosion has been a serious problem in the black soil region of northeastern China. This paper seeks to understand the relationships between topsoil properties and topography and land use for land management targeting at improving soil quality in this region. A total of 292 soil samples and 81 volumetric rings were taken from a typical small watershed of the region in June 2005 for examining total carbon (TC), total nitrogen (TN), soil texture (classified into gravel, sand, silt, and clay), and bulk density (ρ _b), respectively. Spatial variability of these soil properties was evaluated with classical statistics and geostatistics methods. The results of classical statistics indicated that TC, TN, sand, silt, clay content, and ρ _b were moderate variables while gravel had great variability. Soil properties were mainly correlated to slope position, elevation and land types. Geostatistical analyses showed that the spatial autocorrelation for TC, TN, and silt was weak, strong for clay and moderate for and ρ _b sand, respectively. The spatial variations of soil properties are affected comprehensively by topographic factors, land use, erosion, and erosion control in this watershed. Past erosion, however, is the most important component to induce change of soil properties. In this small watershed, current soil and water conservation measures play an important role in controlling soil loss. But the restoration of soil properties was unsatisfactory. Comparing with untilled soil of this region, TC, TN, silt content are excessively low; whereas ρ _b, sand and clay content are excessively high; gravel appears at most sampling locations. It is necessary for improving soil properties to protect forest and grassland and change cultivation system of farmlands.     

Lateral soil–pipeline interaction in sand backfill: Effect of trench dimensions

Current analytical methodologies for the evaluation of soil pressures on laterally displaced pipelines, as in the case of differential (e.g. fault-induced) permanent ground movements, allow the use of sand fill material properties under the condition that the size of the trench is adequate so that the failure surface develops fully within the sand fill (i.e. “free field” response). The accuracy of this assumption is investigated in this paper by means of numerical analyses, which employ a number of advanced features, such as pipe-backfill interface elements, large strain formulation and mesh rezoning. Following verification against well-documented experimental data, the analyses investigate: (a) the shape and size of the failure mechanism, as well as, (b) the potential trench effects on soil pressures and pipeline strains in the case of a strike-slip fault rupture. It is shown that for small embedment depths soil failure extends to the ground surface, in the form of a general shear failure mechanism, while for larger depths it becomes progressively localized and surrounds the pipeline. It is also shown that, for most cases of pipeline diameter and embedment depth, common trench dimensions cannot contain the “free field” failure surface dimensions. Finally, analyses for limited trench dimensions, reveal that the ultimate soil pressure increases exponentially with decreasing trench width, leading to high bending strains in pipelines subjected to differential lateral ground displacements.     

土参数对桩基水平响应影响的研究

桩基的水平响应由桩土间的相互作用决定,通过采用p-y曲线来表示桩土间的非线性相互作用。通过算例,讨论分析了粘性土参数的变化对p-y曲线中土体的极限强度和刚度、桩基水平位移和弯矩分布及最大弯矩和水平荷载关系的影响。     

冻土三轴蠕变特性试验研究及平面冻土墙厚度的确定

主要是对冻土的三轴蠕变特性进行分析研究,从而进一步确定具有明显流变特性的平面冻土墙的厚度。通过对冻土的流变特性进行理论分析,建立了冻黏土在复杂应力状态下的对数型蠕变方程。采用“低温箱-三轴压力室”轻型试验设备系统对人工配制的冻黏土试件进行了三轴蠕变试验,获得了冻黏土在复杂应力状态下的蠕变曲线。根据试验结果,对冻黏土的对数型非线性蠕变方程进行回归分析,得到了冻黏土对数型蠕变方程参数的数值。根据冻土流变理论和所建立的蠕变方程,以及平面冻土墙的厚度计算公式,利用Visualc++ 6.0和Matlab 6.0技术开发了冻土墙厚度计算的计算机应用软件。分析研究了平面冻土墙厚度与跨度、基坑暴露时间、基坑开挖深度的关系。平面冻土墙厚度随时间的延长在短期内具有急速增长的趋势,而后随时间的延长逐渐趋于稳定;平面冻土墙厚度受其跨度的影响较小,但随基坑开挖深度的加深具有逐步增长的趋势;温度对平面冻土墙厚度的影响显著,温度越高,厚度越大,所以,控制温度是平面冻土墙设计中的关键。从而为蠕变变形较大的平面冻土墙的厚度确定提供了依据。     

基于空心圆柱仪试验的各向异性软黏土基坑抗隆起稳定分析

已有研究表明,天然黏土的强度表现出明显的各向异性,但其规律未能经过严格的试验验证。基于空心圆柱仪（HCA）的杭州原状软黏土试验结果,对 法进行修正,提出大主应力方向为任意方向剪切时土体的强度公式。假定基坑开挖引起的土体滑动破坏模式为Prandtl模式,利用上述强度公式,得到基坑抗隆起稳定的塑性上限解。结合算例,讨论了土体强度各向异性比、挡墙入土深度比、墙底下卧硬土层深度、挡墙粗糙度等因素对基坑坑底抗隆起稳定的影响。采用该方法分析杭州某失稳基坑实例,通过与已有方法的结果对比,验证了所提方法的合理性。研究表明,不考虑土体强度各向异性和基于 各向异性公式的抗隆起分析都将高估杭州软黏土基坑的抗隆起稳定性。     

Kinematic hardening plasticity formulation of small strain behaviour of soils

An objective of this paper is to demonstrate that the small strain model developed by the authors can be incorporated into the conventional kinematic hardening plasticity framework to predict pre‐failure defor mations. The constitutive model described in this paper is constituted by three elliptical yield surfaces in triaxial stress space. Two inner surfaces are rotated ellipses of the same shape, representing the boundaries of the linear elastic and small strain regions, while the third surface is the modified Cam clay large‐scale yield surface. Within the linear elastic region, the soil behaviour is elastic with cross‐coupling between the shear and volumetric stress–strain components. Within the small strain region, the soil behaviour is elasto‐plastic, described by the kinematic hardening rule with an infinite number of loading surfaces defined by the incremental energy criterion. Within the large‐scale yield surface, the soil behaviour is elasto‐plastic, described by kinematic and isotropic hardening of the small strain region boundary. Since the yield surfaces have different shapes, the uniqueness of the plastic loading condition imposes a restriction on the ratio between their semi‐diameters. The model requires 12 parameters, which can be determined from a single consolidated undrained triaxial compression test. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

软土流变的物质基础及流变机制探索

采用改进的直剪蠕变仪,研究结合水对软土流变性质的影响。在相同试验条件下分别完成了含高岭土、膨润土不同重量百分比2组烘干试样和1组砂土的流变性质测试。测试结果与近期已取得的试验成果对比分析表明,结合水是产生土样流变性质的重要因素;烘干试样的黏滞系数均比与其矿物成分相同的湿土试样的黏滞系数大,砂土试样的黏滞系数比湿黏土的黏滞系数大,即烘干土样与砂土土样流变变形阻力相对湿黏土的大,流变现象相对不明显。在试验基础上,探索了控制软土流变特性的物质基础,提出了“流变物质”概念,“流变物质”与软土的流变性质互相对应,是软土产生流变的主要物质基础,并给出了与其力学性质相适应的流变机制的软土流变特性的物理描述。     

Quality of land facets as soil mapping units in an area of Northern Nigeria

This study examines the quality of land facets as soil mapping units in agricultural soil surveys. This involves sampling the textural and chemical properties of the first two horizons of the land facets in two land systems in a sparsely populated area of northern Nigeria, and assessing whether or not the variances in soil properties between the land facets are significantly greater than the variances that can be observed within each land facet. The size of the variances between the land facets in relation to the variances within the facets (the intraclass correlation), provides the basis for assessing whether or not land facets are homogeneous enough for making predictions about soil and land use potentials. For the top horizons, sand and exchangeable sodium are significantly different between land facets, while clay, pH, exchangeable sodium, potassium and magnesium and cation exchange capacity, total nitrogen and organic carbon have moderate to large intraclass correlations. Only pH and exchangeable magnesium are significantly different between land facets for the second horizons and, except for silt and pH, significantly less than half of the second horizon properties are due to differences between land facets. This suggests that land facets may be useful in evaluating the broad chemical potentials of this sparsely populated environment. Some implications of the results are discussed for soil surveys and agricultural land use planning.