北秦岭柞水——太白区段两类激动陆缘型幔源岩浆活动与岩浆过程

研究区内有两类密切共生的活动陆缘型幔源侵入岩组合，它们分属拉斑系列和钙碱系列。这两个系列的侵入岩存在系统的化学差异，而且在高位岩浆房中普遍经历了镁铁矿物的分离结晶作用。     

长江源区新生代火山岩的系列及成因

长江源区的新生代火山岩系包括高钾钙碱性系列和钾玄岩系列.高钾钙碱性火山岩形成于始新世, 钾玄岩系列火山岩形成于中、上新世.总体而言, 该区火山岩富碱高钾, 富集大离子亲石元素, 稀土元素含量高且轻稀土相对富集.相对而言, 高钾钙碱性火山岩富集SiO₂、Al₂O₃, 无负Eu异常, 属于壳源岩浆系列, 其原始岩浆由加厚陆壳的榴辉岩质下地壳经部分熔融产生.钾玄岩系列火山岩富集K₂ O、TiO₂、P₂ O₅、MgO、FeO, ∑REE、HFSE、I_Sr值均较高, 弱负Eu异常, 属于幔源岩浆系列, 其原始岩浆由EMⅡ型富集地幔的部分熔融生成.2个系列的火山岩均是大陆碰撞造山后期岩浆作用的产物.始新世以来, 随着该区由碰撞、挤压作用发展到出现走滑, 应力环境由挤压转变为张性, 导致依次喷发高钾钙碱性火山岩和钾玄岩系列火山岩.      

南澜沧江结合带火山岩岩浆成因——洋脊洋岛与弧岩浆作用的性质

在对滇西南昌宁—孟连带石炭—二叠纪火山岩和南澜沧江带二叠—三叠纪火山岩的微量元素和稀土元素研究的基础上,划分了岩浆作用类型和岩浆演化系列,探讨了岩浆源区成分特点。昌宁—孟连带玄武质岩浆的演化主要受部分熔融和分离结晶作用控制;这些岩浆可以划分为３个岩浆演化系列：（１）稀土曲线平坦型的洋脊型拉斑玄武岩浆演化系列,其岩浆起源于亏损型地幔;（２）稀土曲线中等富集型的准洋脊型拉斑玄武岩浆演化系列,其岩浆起源于过渡型地幔;（３）稀土曲线强烈富集型的洋岛型碱性玄武岩浆演化系列,其岩浆起源于富集型地幔。南澜沧江带弧火山岩的岩浆成因主要受分离结晶作用控制,也可以划分为３个岩浆演化系列：（１）二叠纪低钾拉斑—中钾钙碱性岩浆演化系列;（２）中南段的晚三叠世低钾拉斑—中钾钙碱性岩浆演化系列;（３）北段的晚三叠世钾玄岩—高钾钙碱性岩浆演化系列     

铜陵矿集区燕山期中酸性侵入岩地球化学特征及其地质意义

铜陵矿集区燕山期中酸性侵入岩由橄榄玄粗质系列和高钾钙碱性系列岩石组成,两者的岩石化学和地球化学特征存在差异,相互间不存在岩浆分异演化关系.稀土和微量元素以及O、Pb、Sr、Nd同位素研究表明,高钾钙碱性系列侵入岩的原始岩浆以下地壳深变质岩部分熔融岩浆为主,在有幔源玄武质岩浆注入的情况下先于橄榄玄粗质系列岩浆侵位形成;起源于富集地幔的碱性玄武岩与有限的地壳物质发生同化混染并通过结晶分异作用(AFC)形成了橄榄玄粗质系列侵入岩.下地壳或岩石圈地幔拆沉继而环流热幔上涌是本区侵入岩形成的直接起因;同时,侵入岩浆的强烈活动也是本区构造环境由挤压向伸展转换的标志.     

秘鲁北部奇克拉约地区始新世-渐新世侵入岩时代、成因和构造环境

为充分认识秘鲁北部海岸岩基带始新世以来的构造岩浆演化特征,探讨侵入岩形成时代、岩石成因及其构造环境,在海岸岩基带自西向东系统采集侵入岩样品。锆石U-Pb年代学数据显示侵入岩时代分两期,分别为52～47 Ma和36～28 Ma,具有自西向东逐渐变新的特征。样品岩石地球化学具有钙碱性-高钾钙碱性特征,明显富集Rb、Ba、K、U等大离子亲石元素,相对亏损Nb、Ta、P和Ti高场强元素;球粒陨石标准化稀土元素配分模式均表现为轻稀土元素富集的右倾型,具有弱的Eu负异常。Sr/Y-Y图解和Rb-(Y+Nb)图解显示岛弧岩浆岩的组成;Rb/Sr值和Th/U值接近壳源岩浆组成;Nb/Ta值和Zr/Hf值均接近平均陆壳组成;La/Ba-La/Nb图解指示具有岩石圈地幔源区的特征;A/MF-C/MF图解中多数样品落入基性岩的部分熔融区域。结合Nazca板块向南美大陆板块俯冲的构造背景及样品地球化学和年代学数据特征,认为两期侵入岩的岩浆具有同源特征,岩浆源区可能源于基性下地壳的部分熔融,并有岩石圈地幔物质混染;秘鲁北部在Nazca板块低角度平板俯冲作用下,岩浆弧向东迁移,同时地壳隆升和增厚时限较中南部地区的...     

广西花山-姑婆山燕山期花岗岩的地球化学特征及成因研究

广西花山-姑婆山燕山期花岗岩体以高硅、高钾、富碱、低磷、准铝质为特征，具有较高的TFeO/MgO值，富集大离子亲石元素、高场强元素和稀土元素，普遍出现褐帘石，应归属于富钾的钙碱性花岗岩（KCG）系列岩石，相当于高钾钙碱性I型花岗岩。产生于后造山陆内挤压向拉张转换的地球动力学背景下，其形成与岩石圈伸展-减薄、亏损地幔岩浆的上涌和富含金云母-钾质碱镁闪石的岩石圈地幔的部分熔融有关。     

念青唐古拉早白垩世侵入岩年代学、地球化学及岩石成因研究

念青唐古拉早白垩世侵入岩主要由花岗闪长岩和石英闪长岩两类岩石组成。花岗闪长岩锆石LA-MC-ICPMSU-Pb年龄为133.20±0.92Ma,与石英闪长岩年代一致。花岗闪长岩富硅、富钾、贫磷,准铝质至弱过铝质,髙钾钙碱系列,Mg#平均为40,Nb/Ta比值为10.3,较高的[n(87Sr)/n(86Sr)]i(0.71947～0.72503),较低的εNd(t)(-12.6～-12.7),以及较老的亏损地幔模式年龄(约1927Ma),锆石饱和温度最高可达830℃,暗示了岩浆主要来自古老地壳的熔融,可能与幔源岩浆的底侵作用相关。石英闪长岩低硅、高镁(Mg#平均为50)、富铁、富钙、低碱,准铝质,钙碱系列至钾玄系列,Nb/Ta比值为20,Sr/Y比值为9,暗示了岩浆的成分主要为幔源。均富集轻稀土,亏损重稀土,弱至中等负铕异常;富集大离子亲石元素(K、Rb、Th),亏损高场强元素(Nb、Ta、P、Ti),具有活动陆缘钙碱岩系的微量元素分布特征。花岗闪长岩和石英闪长岩具有密切的岩石成因联系,石英闪长岩形成于富集俯冲带组分的地幔熔体在上升过程中混染了一定量壳源物质结晶分异的产物,花岗闪长岩则为底侵作用生产的大量壳源熔体与少量幔源熔体混合并发生一定程度分离结晶后的产物。结合前人的研究成果,推测早白垩世侵入岩与新特提斯洋西段向NE消减有关。     

阿尔金南缘构造混杂岩带中角闪辉长岩地球化学特征及同位素测年

阿尔金茫崖地区发育的角闪辉长岩,属钙碱性岩石系列.岩体相对富集LREE、大离子亲石元素(Rb、Ba、Sr)以及U和Pb,亏损高场强元素(Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf),类似于岛弧环境产物.推测其源区为岩石圈地幔,原生岩浆通过幔源物质部分熔融产生,在上升就位过程中遭受地壳混染.LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年获得谐和年龄44...     

郯庐断裂带中-南段中生代岩浆活动的构造背景与深部过程

郯庐断裂带内岩浆岩及糜棱岩的年龄及野外研究表明以中-酸性为主的岩浆活动主要发生在早白垩世走滑运动的晚期,岩石化学以富钾、富碱为特征;稀土元素以轻稀土富集、重稀土亏损为特征;微量元素表现出富集大离子亲石元素,尤其是强不相容元素;同位素组成显示岩浆来源于壳幔过渡带.带内岩浆活动明显受断裂带控制,走滑晚期的岩浆活动起源于地幔底侵、壳幔相互作用下的壳幔过渡带,在伊泽奈崎板块斜向俯冲、中国东部遭受区域性剪切-挤压的背景下出现.在此背景下中国东部发生了岩石圈减薄,同时出现了一系列北东-北北东向已深切至壳幔边界的左行平移断裂系,从而诱发了大规模的岩浆活动.     

辽东地区古元古代侵入岩特征及构造岩浆大陆动力学演化

辽宁古元古代侵入岩广泛分布于太子河凹陷以南的营口、宽甸、丹东、桓仁等地。本文概述了侵入岩地质、岩石、岩石化学及地球化学等特征，探讨了其源区有原幔源型、壳幔混源型、壳源型的属性。岩浆演化规律为：造山前富Mg质玄武岩、拉斑玄武岩系列与钙碱系列双向演化；造山期由中酸性→酸性、由钠质→钾质；造山后崩塌期由基性→中性→酸性，由拉斑玄武岩系列→钙碱系列，由钠质→钾质。构造岩浆大陆动力学演化过程和模式为造山前毗芦寺超基性－基性杂岩侵喷就位，造山早期条痕状花岗岩同构造底劈侵位，造山主期片麻状黑云－二云母二长花岗岩同构造中高位侵入，造山晚期块状花岗闪长岩－二长花岗岩组合高位侵入，造山期后构造崩塌期辉长－辉绿岩组合、闪长岩－斜长花岗岩－钾长花岗岩组合伸展就位。     

Magmatic cancrinite

A primary-magmatic pre-carbonatitic origin of the dolichoprismatic hexagonal phenocrysts and microlites of carbonate-cancrinite is definitely indicated by paragenetic and structural-textural analyses and other evidence, in the case of cancrinitic syenite-porphyry dikes of a carbonatitic complex in Yakutia. -- V.P. Sokoloff.     

西藏恰功铁矿岩浆演化序列及斑岩出溶流体特征

冈底斯成矿带是碰撞造山过程形成的最重要的成矿带,恰功矽卡岩铁(铜)矿床即位于冈底斯成矿带中部.本文在详细的野外地质填图和室内研究基础上确定了恰功铁矿与成矿有关的斑岩体为二长花岗斑岩,锆石的U-Pb定年结果为68.8±2.2 Ma,明显早于冈底斯东部与后碰撞伸展有关的斑岩型矿床和主碰撞期形成的矽卡岩型矿床,其应代表了冈底斯一次尚未被充分认识到的成矿事件.通过对成矿斑岩的岩石学、岩石化学、岩浆出溶流体的包裹体岩相学、显微测温分析及包裹体成分的LRM、LA-ICP-MS和PIXE分析,本文探讨了与该矽卡岩矿床有关的斑岩的岩浆起源、斑岩侵位机制及出溶流体特征.结果表明,成矿斑岩为矿区最早的侵入岩单元,具有壳幔源混源特征,其常量元素组成与冈底斯东部斑岩铜矿带的埃达克质岩相近,但稀土和微量元素组成与东部斑岩明显不同,为地幔物质上涌并诱发角闪岩相下地壳熔融的产物,岩体侵位深度大(>7 km)、剥蚀程度高.早期岩浆出溶的流体为高温、高压、高盐度流体,其中富含Fe、Pb、Zn、Cu等成矿金属,与世界其他斑岩铜矿床相比,相对富铁、铅而贫铜.流体的沸腾作用发生于钾硅化阶段,形成了一套富气、高盐、高固相和气液包裹体组合,不同于早期出溶流体的包裹体组合.从岩浆起源和出溶流体性质可以看出,该斑岩具有形成与斑岩有关的铁铅多金属矿床的成矿潜力,但从该矿区地表出露的蚀变和包裹体测压结果可以看出,该斑岩体目前剥蚀深度较大,对斑岩型矿床保存不利,对该斑岩体及与成矿关系的认识对理解该区内的矿床成因和指导区域找矿具有重要的指示意义.     

岩浆通道成矿系统

全球最主要的岩浆铜镍硫化物矿床基本特征是:(1)矿石与围岩边界平直,呈侵入接触关系;(2)"矿浆"在岩浆成矿系统的晚期上侵就位;(3)矿体赋存于岩浆通道中.已有的成矿模型不能同时解释这三个基本特征,暗示必须进一步理解岩浆铜镍硫化物矿床的形成机制.最近几年我们的研究发现岩浆铜镍硫化物矿床中典型矿石具有如下特征:(1)矿石中存在流体晶矿物组合,它们既不同于岩浆岩中的矿物组合,也不同于变质岩中的矿物组合,推测是从流体中直接结晶的产物;(2)铜镍硫化物矿床中不同部位矿体中矿石存在显著的成分变化,前锋端矿石以富Ni为特点,尾端矿石富含Cu、Pt、Pd.据此,本文提出了"岩浆通道成矿系统"的新模型,试图整合解释岩浆铜镍硫化物矿床中的各种观测事实.所谓岩浆通道成矿系统,系指岩浆演化晚期,"矿浆"运移和就位的空间及其相关成矿要素的组合.该模型强调:(1)深部岩浆房在岩浆矿床的形成过程中起着非常重要的作用,"矿浆"定位于岩浆成矿系统演化的晚期;(2)矿浆具有整体的流动性,因而提出了"岩浆通道前进方向"的概念;(3)所谓的"矿浆"实际为富含矿熔体-流体流,后者因失去挥发份而呈"矿浆"状,以大的流体体积和流体/熔体比值为特征.数值模拟表明,往硫化物矿浆加入挥发份流体可以显著提高矿浆的上升能力.当加入的挥发份流体达到30vol.%时,受到质疑的密度问题将不复存在,矿浆具有快速上升到浅部地壳的能力.但是,如此富含挥发份的矿浆也不再是传统概念上的矿浆,而是含矿熔体-流体流.此外,由于流体超压等原因,含矿熔体-流体流利用先存的构造薄弱面快速上升,形成岩浆通道,并在有利的部位卸载成矿金属形成矿体.因此,矿体常常侵入切割围岩.     

A Model of Magmatic Crystallization

A computer model simulating fractional crystallization at oneatmosphere pressure incorporates nine broadly-defined minerals—magnetite,olivine, hypersthene, augite, quartz, plagioclase, orthoclase,leucite, and nepheline. The crystallization temperature of eachmineral is considered to be a smooth function of the compositionof the magmatic liquid. These mineral temperature equationsare obtained by multiple linear regression analysis of informationfrom published silicate systems and rock melting experiments.The nine equations are solved for any primary liquid, withinthe broad range of common magma types, to select the crystallizingmineral or minerals. Partition ratios from published experimentsand analyses of lavas and phenocrysts permit calculation ofthe composition of the crystallizing mineral assemblage. Subtractionof a small amount of that composition from the primary liquidyields a new liquid, which may be recycled to yield a sequenceof liquids during fractional crystallization. The crystallizationmodel handles assemblages of co-precipitating minerals, andcan trace progressive saturation in new minerals, substitutionof a new mineral for an old mineral, and cessation of crystallizationof a mineral. The sequences of minerals and liquids derivedfrom a broad set of primary liquids are geologically realistic,so the model is useful in predicting phenocrysts in volcanicrocks and events during crystallization of shallow intrusions.     

岩浆岩砾石磨圆度地质意义的研究

定量地质学的兴起促进了地球科学的快速发展,但是国内外对砾石磨圆度与搬运距离之间定量关系的研究长期以来没有明显的进展。本次研究通过对永定河、碓臼峪、滦河和大石河四条河流进行系统的野外考察,从河流的出山口开始向下游设定考察点,详细描述各考察点砾石的磨圆度、粒度特征并进行统计分析,对岩浆岩砾石磨圆度与搬运距离的定量关系以及磨圆度的影响因素进行了研究。研究发现,岩浆岩砾石的磨圆度随着搬运距离的增大而变好,在搬运的初期变化最快,而后逐渐缓慢下来,最终磨圆度趋于稳定。岩浆岩砾石由棱角状变为次棱角状一般需要搬运3~6 km,由次棱角状变为次圆状一般要搬运12~21 km,圆状砾石大量出现至少要搬运22~31 km。砾石的磨圆度受搬运距离、母岩成分、粒度和破碎作用的影响。棱角状、次棱角状砾石容易被磨蚀,在搬运初期转化为次圆状、圆状,而圆状砾石不易磨蚀达到极圆状;岩浆岩砾石磨圆速度比石英快,比石灰岩慢;相同母岩成分的砾石,粗粒砾石比细粒砾石磨圆快;破碎作用则会降低砾石的磨圆度,使部分砾石呈现出与搬运距离不协调的磨圆特征。     

Late Mesozoic East Asian Magmatic Province: Structure,Magmatic Signature,Formation Conditions

Geotectonics - Abstract—The Late Mesozoic volcanic province of East Asia is considered in relation to global geological events. The main structure-forming events and largest magmatic...     

Magmatic evolution of Hekla,Iceland

The extrusive rocks of Hekla are predominantly flows of basaltic andesite and andesite (icelandite) but each eruptive cycle is initiated by production of tephra of andesitic, dacitic, and even rhyolitic composition. The evolution of basaltic andesites to dacites and rhyolites can be explained by crystallization and (presumably gravitative) separation of olivine, titaniferous magnetite, plagioclase, and probably augite. No contamination by sialic crustal material is required.Although basalts are never erupted from Hekla the origin of the basaltic andesites is probably best explained by separation of magnesian olivine, augite, and calcic plagioclase from an olivine tholeiite parent, producing an initial differentiation trend toward a high Fe/Mg ratio. The increase in Fe/Mg ratio is limited by the appearance of magnetite as a liquidus phase.From the Fe/Mg ratios of the lavas and from compositions of the plagioclase phenocrysts the water pressure of the basaltic andesites is estimated to have been between 0.6 and 2.4 kb. Total pressure may have been significantly higher. A best estimate for the water content is approximately 2 1/2 to 6 weight percent. This high water content accounts for the explosive initiation of each eruptive cycle and is consistent with fractional crystallization in a shallow magma chamber.Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Contribution No. 2355.     

Magmatic Sulfide Ni-Cu Deposits in China

Deep-seated magmatic liquation-injection deposits form a major type of magmatic sulfide deposit in China. The reserves of nickel and copper in this type of deposit may attain several hundred thousand tons (e.g.Hongqi 7 and Karatunggu) to nearly ten million tons (e.g.Jinchuan). Those deposits can be classified as large or superlarge deposits. The ore grade is relatively high, commonly with w(Ni)＞1 %.The mineralized intrusions are small in size, generally only 0.0n km2 to 0.n km2, with the largest one not exceeding a few km2. Before intruding, the primary magmas have undergone liquation and partial crystallization at depth; as a result, the magmas have partitioned into barren magma, ore-bearing magma, ore-rich magma and ore magma, which then ascended and injected into the present locations once or multiple times, to form ore deposits. The above-mentioned mineralizing process is known as deep-seated magmatic liquation-injection mineralization. The volume of the barren magma is generally much larger than those of the ore-bearing magma, ore-rich magma and ore magma. In the ascending process, most of the barren magma intruded into different locations or outpoured onto the ground surface, forming intrusions or lava flows. The rest barren magma, ore-bearing magma, ore-rich magmaand ore magma may either multiple times inject into the same place in which rocks and ores are formed or separately inject into different spaces to form rocks and ores. Such deep-seated magmatic liquation-injection deposits have a much smaller volume, greater ore potential and higher ore grade than those of in-situ magmatic liquation deposits. Consequently, this mineralizing process leads to the formation of large deposits in small intrusions.     

Magmatic versus metamorphic origin of olivine-plagioclase coronas

An SEM, REE, and mineral Sm-Nd isotope study on olivine-plagioclase coronas in the Vestre Dale gabbro, Norway, was carried out in order to solve the temporal relationships within these coronas. It is demonstrated that in contrast to common models, corona formation is a multistage, late-magmatic process, starting with the formation of orthopyroxene by (partial) dissolution of olivine, followed by the nucleation and rapid outward growth of orthopyroxene+spinel symplectites at its outer margin, and concluded by replacement of this precursory outer shell by calcic amphibole. Isotopic equilibrium between inner shell orthopyroxene and the magmatic assemblage, and the REE contents of orthopyroxene and outer shell amphibole also provide strong arguments for a magmatic origin, with the local availability of fractionated magma acting as a limiting factor. The absence of replacement of intercumulus clinopyroxene by amphibole also favours a late stage magmatic rather than a metamorphic origin for corona amphibole.