小波去噪的广西加权平均温度插值研究

针对广西地区探空站稀少,难以获得精确的T_m问题,GGOS atmosphere提供了利用ECMWF的相关资料计算而得到的时间分辨率为6h(UTC 00:00:00,06:00:00,12:00:00,18:00:00)、空间分辨率为2.5°×2°的全球T_m格网数据可以在没有气象数据的情况下获得较高时空分辨率的T_m,该文利用GGOS atmosphere T_m格网数据对广西地区4个探空站插值T_m,并用无线电探空数据计算的T_m检验其精度;对误差进行分析后,选取最优小波基与尺度对其残差去噪,利用去噪后得到的曲线建立T_m的改正模型。实验结果表明,插值T_m经基于小波去噪的模型改正后,其RMSE为1.29K;Bevis模型的RMSE为10.71K;GPT2_1W模型的RMSE为3.56K;改正模型精度优于传统模型,可以达到地基GPS反演GNSS-PWV的精度要求。     

2015年尼泊尔地震的震前电离层异常探测

提出了一种基于奇异谱分析的电离层异常探测的方法。通过对尼泊尔地震震中周围GIM格网点TEC时间序列的探测,发现在2015年4月23日震中东部区域出现电离层正异常。进一步利用二维电离层地图分析异常空间分布,发现出现电离层正异常的区域为25°N-37.5°N,90°E-110°E,时间为2015年4月23日UT9:00-15:00。利用中国陆态网数据计算异常区域卫星穿刺点轨迹STEC变化情况,发现2015年4月23日穿刺点轨迹进入异常区域后STEC值比前后几天明显增大,而离开异常区域后又恢复正常。采用CIT(computerized ionosphere tomography)方法详细地呈现了电离层异常的三维形态,发现4月23日UT9:00-15:00在震中东部区域出现电离层正异常,峰值位于约30°N,115°E,高度范围为100~500 km,且异常峰值随高度变化与电离层本身垂直密度分布规律相一致。     

卫星热红外图像与震兆异常——澜沧地震前热红外图像的启示

本文基于1988年11月6日21时澜沧7.6级地震前的气象台站地面观测温度与相近时刻卫星热红外资料,分析了热红外图像与构造、岩性、地貌及气象等的关系,阐述了震兆增温异常与正常情况下的区别,初步总结了利用热红外图像的时、空动态变化特征捕捉地震临震前兆的方法和体会。     

无定向点优化布局的多边交会测量精度分析

多边交会系统利于提高激光跟踪仪坐标测量精度,但测量精度易受测站布局和系统参数标定精度的影响。引入球心拟合的无定向点系统参数标定法,避免传统系统参数标定精度受定向点分布的影响,根据无定向点系统参数标定模型推导出多边交会的最佳测站布局——直角正三棱锥,从而保证多边交会测量精度。仿真结果表明,在5 m范围内,球心拟合的无定向点系统参数标定中误差为0.006 4 mm,最佳测站布局下多边交会的点位中误差为0.005 mm。经标准尺长度测量验证和四面体标准器坐标测量验证,优化后多边交会的长度测量中误差为0.003 6 mm,坐标测量中误差为0.005 3 mm。在无定向点系统参数标定和直角三棱锥布局下,激光跟踪仪多边交会能够实现微米级三维坐标测量。     

针对无人机倾斜摄影数据的不同处理软件空三加密

以山西省右玉县杀虎口古长城为例,采用Trimble UX5 HP搭载Sony A7r相机完成数据采集,利用Context Capture软件和PhotoMesh软件进行三维重建,并利用Geomagics软件对三维模型进行精细处理,比较两种软件的空三精度,得出Context Capture软件的空三精度更高。同时利用外业实测检查点对模型进行精度计算,得到Context Capture软件的模型精度,其点位中误差为0.192 m,表明这种方法可以满足实景三维建立模型的要求,为智慧城市的建设提供了强有力的数据保障。     

利用VLBI观测量对月球天平动参数解算及着陆器定位和测速的改进

在嫦娥三号探月工程中,月球天平动参数是影响其着陆器定位精度的重要参数,研究月球天平动参数估计方法对于中国探月工程的发展具有重要意义。目前,月球激光测距（lunar laser ranging,LLR）是解算月球天平动参数的常用方法,该方法通过数值拟合将拟合系数放在历表文件中供用户读取。首先,基于差分甚长基线干涉测量技术（very long baseline interferometry, VLBI）解算月球物理天平动参数,其仿真结果表明,与DE421星历的插值结果对比,其欧拉角$\Omega$、$i$和$\mu$的改进值分别补偿至-0.692 4″、0.009 6″和-0.009 7″;然后,基于补偿后的月球物理天平动参数求解着陆器坐标和速度,结果显示,相比于补偿前, 着陆器在X、Y、Z方向的定位精度分别提高了24.204 m、0.405 m、1.996 m,速度误差的估计精度也分别提高了0.010 6 m/s、0.013 5 m/s、0.007 2 m/s。上述研究结果可为未来月球天平动参数解算的相关研究提供参考。     

多尺度ARMA残差修正模型震前电离层TEC异常探测

为提高电离层总电子含量（total electronic content,TEC）扰动探测参考背景值的预测精度,提出了多尺度自回归移动平均（autoregressive moving average,ARMA）残差修正模型。通过对比该方法、ARMA模型、四分位距法（inter quartile range,IQR）及滑动时窗法对TEC背景值的预测精度,结果显示修正模型预测的TEC背景值平均相对精度为89.78%,分别比ARMA模型、IQR及滑动时窗法高5.18%、1.41%和1.42%,且预测值的残差绝对值小于等于3.0 TECU的百分比为91.67%,明显优于其他3种方法,说明修正模型探测震前TEC异常是可行的。利用该方法探测2013-04-20芦山县Mw7.0级地震震前电离层TEC扰动情况,验证了该方法的有效性。实验结果表明,震前第9天和第13天电离层明显的正异常和震前第1~4天明显的负异常极可能是孕育地震引起的,且正异常主要出现在08:00-10:00 UT,而负异常主要集中在0:00-14:00 UT。     

无人机倾斜摄影测量在三维模型测图中的应用

针对传统大比例尺测图存在人工成本高、外业工作量大、效率低等问题,本文提出了通过无人机倾斜摄影测量,利用ContextCapture进行实景三维建模,运用PSG软件实现裸眼三维测图的方法。以湖南省桂阳县欧阳海镇为例,进行了1：500大比例尺地籍测图,并对精度进行了验证。结果表明,检测点平面位置中误差为0.046 m,检测点高程中误差为0.048 m,小于规范要求的0.05 m。综上所述,成果满足1：500地籍测图精度要求,该方法能够提高测图作业的效率。     

A new GPS/BDS tropospheric delay resolution approach for monitoring deformation in super high-rise buildings

A new approach for deformation monitoring of super high-rise building using GPS/BDS technology is proposed for the case when prior coordinates are known and the baseline is short but has a large height difference. The approach is based on the ambiguity function method (AFM). Considering that the double-differenced (DD) troposphere delay residual error cannot be ignored, the relative zenith tropospheric delay (RZTD) parameter is introduced into the original AFM equation. Thus, the RZTD and 3D coordinate parameters are together obtained through the modified AFM (MAFM). Due to the low computational efficiency of conventional AFM, an improved particle swarm optimization (IPSO) algorithm is used to search the four optimal parameters X/Y/Z/RZTD and replaces the grid search method. In this study, GPS/BDS deformation monitoring data for buildings with approximately 290 m height difference were used to verify the feasibility of the proposed MAFM. Numerical results show a single-epoch average computation time of approximately 0.3 s, which meets the requirements of near-real-time dynamic monitoring. The average accuracy of the GPS single-epoch RZTD solution is better than 1 cm, the combined GPS/BDS MAFM performance outperforms the GPS-only system, and using multi-epoch observations can further improve the accuracy of the RZTD solution. After RZTD correction, GPS/BDS monitoring precision can be improved, particularly the height dimension, whose precision is improved by approximately 6 cm.     

综合主动和被动微波数据监测土壤水分变化

微波遥感测量土壤水分的方法主要分主动和被动两种，它们都是基于干燥土壤和水体之间介电常数的巨大差异。估算植被覆盖土壤表面土壤水分必须要考虑地表粗糙度和植被覆盖影响的问题。植被覆盖土壤表面的后向散射包括来自植被的体散射，来自地表的面散射和植被与地表间的交互作用散射项。本研究建立了一个半经验公式模型，用来计算体散射项，综合时间序列的主动和被动微波数据，消除植被覆盖的影响，估算地表土壤水分的变化状况。并应用1997年美国SGP‘97综合实验中的机载800m分辨辐射计ESTAR数据计算表面反射系数，综合Radarsat的SCAN-SAR数据得到体散射项，然后，由NOAA/AVHRR和TM计算得到的NDVI值加权分配50m分辨率的体散射项，最后计算50m分辨率的表面反射系数的变化值，从而得到土壤水分的变化情况，验证数据表明该计算结果与实测值一致。     

基于倾斜摄影测量技术的困难地区测图研究

近年来,基于无人机倾斜影像的快速三维建模已成为测绘领域的新技术。本文根据倾斜摄影测量原理,利用Smart3D Capture构建云南师范大学校区的三维模型,对提取的特征点进行精度分析、建筑物精度、道路精度、花坛精度分别为:0.18 m、0.19 m、0.15 m,满足大比例尺精度要求,利用该方法对困难地区进行大比例尺数字测图,具有一定的应用价值。     

利用地面三维激光扫描进行桥梁挠度变形分析

针对常规桥梁挠度变形分析方法仅能获取有限数量离散监测点的几何变形,且存在自动化程度低、效率低、局限性大的问题,本文提出了一种基于点云数据的桥梁挠度变形分析方法。首先通过地面三维激光扫描仪获取桥梁变形体上的点云数据,经过精确配准,获取可靠点云数据。然后利用滑动窗口法得到桥梁线形,并通过两期线形叠差分析得到桥梁挠度变化。最后以跨度40 m+65 m+40 m的连续钢构桥实体工程为试验对象,利用本文方法发现该桥梁存在最小值为8 mm、跨中最大值为17.5 mm、平均值为14.9 mm的挠度变形。结果表明,该方法理论严密、计算效率高、简单实用。研究结果对三维激光扫描技术在变形监测领域的深度应用有重要借鉴意义。     

动力法校准GRACE星载加速度计

研究了GRACE星载加速度计的动力法校准。联合精密轨道、星间距离变率同时估计重力场模型参数和加速度计校准参数,获得了SRF(satellite reference frame)下的比例系数和偏差参数时间序列,100阶重力场模型的大地水准面累积误差为4cm,在相应波段上优于CSR(center for space research)同时段的月重力场模型精度。以上述整体解算的结果为参照,对固定重力场模型参数的校准方案进行了检验,发现SRF框架下的非保守力差值最高可达10-8 m·s-2量级,认为固定重力场模型的方法难以充分发挥GRACE加速度计的测量能力。本文研究结果可为后续的大规模卫星重力测量数据处理提供科学的依据,也能为开展相关科学应用提供可靠的非保守力数据。     

GNSS-R海面目标成像仿真方法研究

结合物理光学法及传统复合电磁散射计算模型中的"四路径"方法,以GNSS信号为信号源,提出了一种基于高频散射理论的GNSS-SAR成像模型,建模过程考虑了多路径散射、遮蔽、漫散射等效应,较好地描述了电磁散射效应对海面场景GNSS-SAR成像的影响。根据电磁散射效应,分析了海面风速对成像效果产生的干扰情况,发现在本文仿真场景下,9 m/s风速海背景下的目标能够被识别出来,17 m/s风速海背景下的目标几乎淹没在海杂波中。     

偏振激光雷达探测大气—水体光学参数廓线

激光雷达在上层水体垂直廓线的遥感中展现出巨大优势。本文研制了一套高垂直分辨率的实时探测偏振激光雷达,提出了一种基于偏振激光雷达回波信号的反演算法,采用Fernald理论和多次散射原理反演非均匀大气—水体的衰减和退偏光学产品,以高效稳定地处理偏振激光雷达实验数据。展示了一个中国内陆水体激光雷达探测实例,观测到了两次气溶胶积聚现象和一次水体浑浊现象。对实验数据的分析表明,退偏比主要由前向多次散射和后向单次散射产生的退偏两部分组成。当多次散射强度较大时,退偏比的变化主要取决于多次前向散射退偏;反之,则主要依赖于单次后向散射退偏。     

Influence of clock jump on the velocity and acceleration estimation with a single GPS receiver based on carrier-phase-derived Doppler

Since the Selective Availability was turned off, the velocity and acceleration can be determined accurately with a single GPS receiver using raw Doppler measurements. The carrier-phase-derived Doppler measurements are normally used to determine velocity and acceleration when there is no direct output of the raw Doppler observations in GPS receivers. Due to GPS receiver clock drifts, however, a GPS receiver clock jump occurs when the GPS receiver clock resets itself (typically with 1 ms increment/decrement) to synchronize with the GPS time. The clock jump affects the corresponding relationship between measurements and their time tags, which results in non-equidistant measurement sampling in time or incorrect time tags. This in turn affects velocity and acceleration determined for a GPS receiver by the conventional method which needs equidistant carrier phases to construct the derived Doppler measurements. To overcome this problem, an improved method that takes into account, GPS receiver clock jumps are devised to generate non-equidistant-derived Doppler observations based on non-equidistant carrier phases. Test results for static and kinematic receivers, which are obtained by using the conventional method without reconstructing the equidistant continuous carrier phases, show that receiver velocity and acceleration suffered significantly from clock jumps. An airborne kinematic experiment shows that the greatest impact on velocity and acceleration reaches up to 0.2 m/s, 0.1 m/s² for the horizontal component and 0.5 m/s, 0.25 m/s² for the vertical component. Therefore, it can be demonstrated that velocity and acceleration measurements by using a standalone GPS receiver can be immune to the influence of GPS receiver clock jumps with the proposed method.     

GPS-based precise orbit determination of Low Earth Orbiters with limited resources

The combination of GPS measurements and high-fidelity dynamic models via a Kalman filter/smoother, known as the reduced dynamic technique, allows 3D positioning of Low Earth Orbiters to the sub-decimeter level. Such accuracies can only be achieved if the GPS data are nearly continuous, post-processed and a dual-frequency receiver is utilized. The focus of this study is to quantitatively analyze the degradations in position accuracy in the presence of various limitations or constraints, which can be brought on by mission hardware limitations, for example, on micro- or nanosatellites. The constraints explored in this study are as follows: the use of single-frequency data only; real-time processing; limited dynamic modeling due to computing capabilities; and non-continuous GPS receiver operation due to power limits. The experiments are conducted with 6-h data arcs for 7 separate days using data from the CHAllenging Mini-Satellite Payload. A 3D root mean square (rms) error of 15 cm is observed in the best-case solution, in which dual-frequency data are post-processed with all available data. Various levels of accuracy degradations are observed as constraints are placed on this best-case solution. The 3D rms error of the post-processed, single-frequency solution is 68 cm and 1.3 m for the real-time, dual-frequency solution. In very challenging environments, for example, with the receiver on for only 10 min of a 90-min orbit, the 3D rms increases to 350 m.     

Vertical accuracy evaluation of freely available latest high-resolution (30 m) global digital elevation models over Cameroon (Central Africa) with GPS/leveling ground control points.

Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) contain topographic relief data that are vital for many geoscience applications. This study relies on the vertical accuracy of publicly available latest high-resolution (30?m) global DEMs over Cameroon. These models are (1) the ALOS World 3D-30?m (AW3D30), (2) the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission 1 Arc-Second C-Band Global DEM (SRTM 1) and (3) the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Global DEM Version 2 (ASTER GDEM 2). After matching their coordinate systems and datums, the horizontal positional accuracy evaluation was carried out and it shows that geolocation errors significantly influence the vertical accuracy of global DEMs. After this, the three models are compared among them, in order to access random and systematic effects in the elevation data each of them contains. Further, heights from 555 GPS/leveling points distributed all over Cameroon are compared to each DEM, for their vertical accuracy determination. Traditional and robust statistical measures, normality test, outlier detection and removal were used to describe the vertical quality of the DEMs. The test of the normality rejected the hypothesis of normal distribution for all tested global DEMs. Overall vertical accuracies obtained for the three models after georeferencing and gross error removal in terms of Root Mean Square (RMS) and Normalized Median Absolute Deviation (NMAD) are: AW3D30 (13.06?m and 7.75?m), SRTM 1 (13.25?m and 7.41?m) and ASTER GDEM 2 (18.87?m and 13.30?m). Other accuracy measures (MED, 68.3% quantile, 95% quantile) supply some evidence of the good quality of AW3D30 over Cameroon. Further, the effect of land cover and slope on DEM vertical accuracy was also analyzed. All models have proved to be worse in the areas dominated by forests and shrubs areas. SRTM 1 and AW3D30 are more resilient to the effects of the scattering objects respectively in forests and cultivated areas. The dependency of DEMs accuracy on the terrain roughness is evident. In all slope intervals, AW3D30 is performing better than SRTM 1 and ASTER GDEM 2 over Cameroon. AW3D30 is more representative of the external topography over Cameroon in comparison with two others datasets and SRTM 1 can be a serious alternative to AW3D30 for a range of DEM applications in Cameroon.     

地基激光雷达森林近地面点云精细分类与倒木提取

本文利用地基激光雷达实现天然林区近地面点云数据的精细分类和倒木提取。对大兴安岭天然林区的3个倒木样地进行了近地面1.3 m以内点云精细分类和倒木信息提取。为避免点云密度差异和遮挡的形态特征,点云分类时基于自适应临近搜索法计算团块协方差特征值构造3D和2D特征。使用k临近递增的团块协方差特征值得到的线性特征、面状特征和发散状特征构造最大熵函数,用最大熵函数取得最大值时的临近点云计算特征参数,根据递归特征排除法(RFE)筛选重要变量进行随机森林分类。利用自适应kNN特征得到3块研究样地(A、B、C)的分类总体精度分别为93.17%、94.52%、95.16%;固定k临近搜索时,总体精度分别为92.65%、89.09%、92.99%,表明自适应kNN搜索方法使分类精度有一定提高。提取倒木点云去噪处理后进行随机抽样一致圆柱拟合,根据轴线方向进行圆柱的筛选与合并,实现倒木的识别,样地倒木识别率为100%。     

短波红外CO2反演过程约束研究及初步反演结果

短波红外通道卫星CO2遥感是近年国际研究热点。首先,开展了卫星观测对气溶胶及大气温度的敏感性研究;其次,针对基于最优化理论的非线性迭代反演方法反演过程中的不收敛问题,提出了修正的阻尼牛顿方法(MDNM),并利用模拟数据评估了MDNM方法的有效性;最后,利用GOSAT卫星数据反演CO2的垂直混合比浓度,并与地基TCCON站点数进行比对。研究结果表明:短波近红外CO2卫星遥感受气溶胶散射及温度影响明显;通过地基比对初步验证了MDNM具有良好的精度,两者的相关性R2达到了0.729。