临安本底站微量气体浓度分布特征及其对气溶胶的影响

该文讨论了1991年8月下旬至11月上旬在浙江临安大气污染本底站（属WMO）所监测的微量气体SO2、NO2和O3浓度分布特征，微量气体化学转化过程对气溶胶浓度的影响，同时还讨论了空气质点轨迹特征和风向对上述过程的影响。结果表明:临安站微量气体浓度在一定条件下有明显的日变化，而且这种变化影响到气溶胶浓度的分布。     

北京地区春季气溶胶分布特征的个例分析

为探讨北京地区春季气溶胶分布特征,利用机载PMS资料中的Probe PCASP-100X数据,分析了2005年4月2日和4月17日北京地区的气溶胶垂直、水平分布的特征,并初步讨论了气象因子和城市对气溶胶的影响.结果表明,4月2日的气溶胶平均浓度为1422.7cm-3,4月17日的平均浓度为2142.1cm-3,平均直径分别为0.22μm和0.25μm.4月2日和4月17日在北京沙河机场气溶胶数浓度垂直变化较大,混合层顶上下具有不同的垂直分布特征,温度层结对气溶胶浓度的分布有重要影响,气溶胶水平分布不均匀,北京市区的气溶胶浓度较大.     

石家庄地区夏季气溶胶飞机探测资料分析

利用石家庄地区2005年6月21日的一次晴空飞机探测资料,分析了气溶胶粒子的垂直分布特征及粒子谱分布特征,并初步讨论了气象因子对气溶胶分布的影响。结果表明,边界层内气溶胶平均数浓度达到4902cm-3,主要是由霾造成的。高空风场对气溶胶浓度的分布有着重要影响,风速较大的情况下,气溶胶在该层的水平输送较为活跃,出现气溶胶浓度低值带;城市的地理位置以及城市热岛效应也影响气溶胶粒子的分布,同一高度上往往市区内气溶胶的浓度比郊区要高。气溶胶粒子谱呈单峰分布,高度越高,粒子数浓度变化越小;低层尺度谱最宽,中高层较窄。利用幂函数N(D)=AD-B可以很好的对不同高度的气溶胶粒子谱进行拟合。     

对流层光化学过程中的气粒转化研究

在MM5和RADM耦合的基础上，考虑了NH3的源排放，获得了NH3的时空分布、演变特征；在此基础上，讨论了气体向粒子的转化，结果表明:干气溶胶总量分布与大气中H2SO4、NH3的浓度分布有非常好的对应，富氨环境条件下，产生干气溶胶的多少是由H2SO4浓度决定的；气溶胶中的含水量与干气溶胶的浓度分布没有太多的联系，主要取决于大气中相对湿度的大小。     

北京地区气溶胶粒度谱分布初步研究

本文对北京地区气溶胶数浓度及其诸分布特征进行了初步研究。重点探讨了气溶胶数浓度分布与相对湿度的关系。研究结果表明，气溶胶浓度和谱分布存在明显的日变化和逐日变化，并在很大程度上受空气相对湿度和理查森数影响。     

祁连山北坡夏季晴天气溶胶粒子变化特征

利用2007年7月祁连山区民乐县何庄进行的晴空观测所获得的PMS资料,对祁连山区大气气溶胶粒子的数浓度分布及日变化特征进行了统计分析,并结合相对湿度、风速和风向等气象资料,讨论了气溶胶粒子浓度与气象因子的关系。结果表明,该地区PCASP探测的气溶胶平均数浓度为102~103个·cm-3,FSSP-100探测的粒子平均数浓度为10-2~101个·cm-3,日变化特征表现为早晚大,中午小;FSSP和PCASP探测的气溶胶粒子谱分别呈负指数型和单峰型分布特点,其Junge幂指数谱分布和Deirmendjian广义Γ谱分布的分段拟合,能够更好地显示当地粒子的演变特征;此外,气溶胶粒子不仅与相对湿度、气温之间存在相关性,而且与风向风速亦有明显关系。     

济南及周边地区大气气溶胶空间分布特征

利用北京人工影响天气办公室新引进的PMS粒子测量系统探测的气溶胶资料,分析了济南及周边地区的气溶胶空间分布特征,探讨了气溶胶与逆温层和大气温湿度的关系。结果表明,气溶胶粒子数浓度垂直分布存在较大的差异,逆温层的存在和相对湿度峰值对气溶胶的分布影响很大。逆温层附近和相对湿度峰值区会产生较高的气溶胶数浓度,造成气溶胶粒子的...     

一次晴空条件下华北中南部上空气溶胶的飞机观测及特征分析

利用2008年5月4日在晴空条件下对石家庄市区及其东南部县城柏乡县的一次飞机探测资料,分析了石家庄市区及其附近乡村气溶胶粒子的垂直分布特征及粒子谱分布特征,比较了城市与城市附近乡村的气溶胶粒子分布变化情况。结果表明:气溶胶浓度随着高度的增加而递减;边界层以内,石家庄市上空和柏乡县上空的气溶胶粒子浓度都比较高,虽然石家庄市上空低层气溶胶粒子浓度高于柏乡县上空低层气溶胶粒子浓度,但两者差异不大。气溶胶在低层粒子谱比较宽,中高层较窄,两地气溶胶粒子平均直径均比较小,小于0.2μm。     

北京地区气溶胶粒度谱分布初步研究

对北京地区气溶胶数浓度及其谱分布特征进行了初步研究,重点探讨了气溶胶数浓度分布与相对湿度的关系。研究结果表明,气溶胶浓度和谱分布存在明显的日变化和逐日变化,并在很大程度上受空气相对湿度和里查森数影响。     

2009年石家庄地区大气气溶胶的飞机探测研究

利用2009年石家庄地区不同季节的3次机载粒子探测系统PMS(Particle Measurement System)的探测资料,结合地面天气形势、风场和探空资料对石家庄地区,晴空背景下大气气溶胶的统计特征、数浓度、平均粒径的垂直分布特征以及谱分布特征进行了分析。结果表明:晴天条件下气溶胶的数浓度随高度递减,粒径随高度变化不大;在数值上,4月16日气溶胶数浓度和粒径最大,其次是10月15日,最小的是6月10日,3次粒径变化幅度都不大;逆温层底层气溶胶明显积累,气溶胶浓度在1.5 km以下大气边界层内明显高于其他层次,逆温层的高度和厚度影响气溶胶的分布;3次不同季节晴天背景下石家庄地区气溶胶谱型基本一致呈单峰分布,小于0.3μm的细粒子对气溶胶的数浓度贡献最大。     

The investigations of aerosol particle formation in urban background area of Helsinki

In this study the possible conditions for new aerosol particle formation in a background area of Helsinki have been analysed. The measurements of aerosol particle size distribution, main gaseous pollutant compounds, UV spectra and meteorological parameters were performed during April–May 1993. The main interest was concentrated on the investigations of photochemical OH radical formation, the oxidation of gas phase SO₂ to H₂SO₄ and the formation of H₂SO₄---H₂O aerosol particles. The measurements were analysed using a model for OH radical formation and aerosol dynamics. The analysis of aerosol size distributions was carried out using positive matrix factorization. The main conclusion is that based on our model analysis no evidence of new particle formation in the vicinity of the measurement station was found. However, the high concentrations of aerosol particles in the ultrafine size range indicate that some other particle formation pathways are to be considered.     

北京地区一次尘暴气溶胶的化学组成及其来源

讨论了1990年4月25日北京地区出现的一次强尘暴过程的气溶胶特征，探讨了尘暴的来源，从对形成尘暴的气象背景以及尘暴气溶胶中元素资料和稀土元素分布模式的分析，认为该次尘暴气溶胶主要是由形成大风地区及其途经地区的尘土微粒混合组成的。     

南京一次重霾天气纳米气溶胶观测研究

为加深对南京地区重霾天气过程纳米尺度气溶胶物理特征的了解,对2017年12月21-25日的一次重霾天气过程进行了综合探测,利用宽范围粒径谱仪观测了此次过程中10～1000 nm颗粒物数浓度,并结合能见度等气象要素,对重霾期间纳米气溶胶谱分布进行了分析.结果 表明:此次霾重污染过程出现在低温、高湿、气压上升期间;与非重污...     

Observed changes in aerosol physical and optical properties before and after precipitation events

Precipitation scavenging of aerosol particles is an important removal process in the atmosphere that can change aerosol physical and optical properties. This paper analyzes the changes in aerosol physical and optical properties before and after four rain events using in situ observations of mass concentration, number concentration, particle size distribution, scattering and absorption coefficients of aerosols in June and July 2013 at the Xianghe comprehensive atmospheric observation station in China. The results show the effect of rain scavenging is related to the rain intensity and duration, the wind speed and direction. During the rain events, the temporal variation of aerosol number concentration was consistent with the variation in mass concentration, but their size-resolved scavenging ratios were different. After the rain events, the increase in aerosol mass concentration began with an increase in particles with diameter 0.8 μm [measured using an aerodynamic particle sizer(APS)], and fine particles with diameter 0.1 μm [measured using a scanning mobility particle sizer(SMPS)]. Rainfall was most efficient at removing particles with diameter ～0.6 μm and greater than 3.5 μm. The changes in peak values of the particle number distribution(measured using the SMPS) before and after the rain events reflect the strong scavenging effect on particles within the 100–120 nm size range. The variation patterns of aerosol scattering and absorption coefficients before and after the rain events were similar, but their scavenging ratios differed, which may have been related to the aerosol particle size distribution and chemical composition.     

The chemical fractionation of atmospheric aerosol as a result of snow crystal formation and growth

The relationships between the physical and chemical properties of mixed-phase clouds were investigated at Storm Peak Laboratory (3220m MSL) located near the continental divide in northwestern Colorado. Interstitial aerosol particles, cloud droplets and snow crystals were concurrently collected when the laboratory was enveloped by a precipitating cloud. All samples were analyzed for trace elements, soluble anions, electrical conductivity and acidity.The results show average trace constituent concentration ratios of cloud water to snow water range from 0.4 to 26. All but six of the 32 elements and ions measured had ratios greater than one. This result suggests a chemical species dependency of in-cloud aerosol particle scavenging processes. Evidence of a decrease of in-cloud aerosol particle scavenging efficiency by snow due to increases in aerosol concentration is also presented.Differences between the chemical composition of cloud water and snow water are manifested most strongly when snow crystals grow by vapor deposition. In-cloud scavenging efficiencies by snow crystals for most aerosol particle chemical species are dependent on the growth of the snow crystals by accretion of cloud droplets. This chemical fractionation of the atmospheric aerosol by snow crystal formation and growth should be most active where narrow, continental cloud droplet size distributions and low liquid water contents are prevalent, enhancing the probability of snow crystal growth by diffusion.     

北京地区夏季背景气溶胶的特征

本文通过对观测资料的统计分析和比较研究,初步揭示了北京地区夏季背景气溶胶的一些特征,其中包括元素浓度及其变化、富集因子和气溶胶来源等。     

Elemental particle size distributions. Measured and estimated dry deposition in Sfax region (Tunisia)

Mass size distribution of the crustal elements (Al, Ca, Fe, Mg, Si, Ti), anthropogenic elements (Zn, Mn, Cr, Cu, K, P, Pb) and sea elements (Na, Cl) were obtained from measurements carried out with an inertial cascade impactor in Sfax. A fitting procedure by data inversion was applied to those data. This procedure yields accurate size distributions of aerosols in the diameter range 0.1–25 μm in two different sites. In a coastal industrial site, the mass distribution of the aerosol showed a bimodal structure; and in urban area, the lower particle mode cannot be observed. The elemental dry deposition flux was calculated as a function of particle size. The element flux size distribution increased rapidly with particle size. The modelling results indicate that the majority of the crustal and anthropogenic elements flux (>90%) was due to particles larger than 3 μm in diameter.     

Characteristics of Elemental Composition of PM2.5 in the Spring Period at Tongyu in the Semi-arid Region of Northeast China

Continuous observations of mass concentration and elemental composition of aerosol particles （PM2.5） were conducted at Tongyu, a semi-arid site in Northeast China in the spring of 2006. The average mass concentration of PM2.5 at Tongyu station was 260.9±274.4 μg m^-3 during the observation period. Nine dust events were monitored with a mean concentration of 528.0±302.7 μgm^-3. The PM2.5 level during non- dust storm （NDS） period was 111.65±63.37 μg m^-3. High mass concentration shows that fine-size particles pollution was very serious in the semi-arid area in Northeast China. The enrichment factor values for crust elements during the dust storm （DS） period are close to those in the NDS period, while the enrichment factor values for pollution elements during the NDS period are much higher than those in the DS period, showing these elements were from anthropogenic sources. The ratios of dust elements to Fe were relative constant during the DS period. The Ca/Fe ratio in dust aerosols at Tongyu is remarkably different from that observed in other source regions and downwind regions. Meteorological analysis shows that dust events at Tongyu are usually associated with dry, low pressure and high wind speed weather conditions. Air mass back-trajectory analysis identified three kinds of general pathways were associated with the aerosol particle transport to Tongyu, and the northwest direction pathway was the main transport route.     

Transformation of Aerosol Chemical Properties due to Transport Over a City

The change of the chemical composition of the near-ground level atmospheric aerosol was studied during two summer episodes by a Lagrangian type of experimental approach. Bulk and single-particle chemical analyses of ions and elements in the particulate phase were deployed. N(-III) and N(V) components were also measured in the gas-phase. The measurements were completed by particle size distributions.Secondary inorganic aerosols (SIA) and fine particles of ≈0.2–0.4 μm size were still elevated 50 km downwind of the city. The direct comparison of transport over the city in contrast to transport over the surrounding areas showed that SIA was formed from emission from the city within less than 3 h. Relative increases, i.e., enrichment during transport were observed for primary and secondary aerosol components. The degree of mixing on the individual particle level increased significantly during transport in the area. In particular, newly emitted carbonaceous particles became internally mixed within hours with pre-existing sulphate particles. Mostly due to secondary aerosol formation the average particle size (mass median diameter) of major constituents of the aerosol was significantly decreased while being transported over 13 h. Given recent insights which link fine particles number and mass concentrations with health risks, the results suggest that rural populations in areas which frequently are located within an urban plume might run an elevated health risk relative to populations in areas not affected by urban plumes.     

Elemental and Single Particle Aerosol Characterisation at a Background Station in Kazakhstan

Aerosol sampling in Kazakhstan was performed at a remote astronomical observatory in the Tien Shan mountain region. The background character of the site was considered by comparing the elemental concentrations, obtained by Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence (EDXRF), with those reported for other remote stations. On the basis of the variability of the elemental concentrations and the source of origin, the elements could be classified into two main groups. These findings, complemented with enrichment factor calculations revealed the first group of elements to be originating mainly from local sources, and the second group to be related to long-range transport of anthropogenic aerosol. Automated individual particle analysis by electron probe X-ray microanalysis (EPXMA) and subsequent cluster analysis resulted in the identification of 12 distinct aerosol particle types. Relative particle type abundances were converted to absolute abundances by estimating the particle number concentrations for the detected particles, exploring the seasonal particle variation. Based on the absolute abundances, a strong seasonal pattern was found for Si-Al-Fe-, Si-, Ca-S-Si-, Ca-Si-, Fe-Si- and Ti-Si-rich particles. These particle types can mainly be attributed to the local soil source. For most of the remaining particle types, a completely different seasonal trend was found, which can be related to anthropogenic emissions. Their abundance in winter can be related to long-range transport of anthropogenic aerosols. As a result, these data can be representative for the Tien Shan site and may be useful to climate modellers and environmentalists.