北祁连造山带两种构造基底岩块及成矿系统

北祁连造山带中存在“南方型”和“北方型”构造基底岩块。“南方型”构造基底岩块和柴达木古陆相似 ,“北方型”构造基底岩块则和华北古陆相似。两种不同的构造基底岩块随着祁连洋的消失而相遇于北祁连造山带 (缝合带 )中。在祁连洋的俯冲过程中 ,形成了不同的成矿系统 ,与“北方型”构造基底岩块有关的成矿系统为加里东期活动大陆边缘成矿系统———白银、清水沟铜及多金属成矿组合 ;与“南方型”构造基底岩块有关的成矿系统为中、新元古代活动大陆边缘弧后裂解成矿系统———镜铁山—柳沟峡铁成矿组合 ,加里东期活动大陆边缘与俯冲作用有关的成矿系统———岩浆热液钨成矿组合及铅锌成矿组合。两种构造基底岩块的确认 ,可为北祁连缝合带的成矿系统的建立及找矿工作 ,提供新的思路 ,也为北祁连造山带性质的认定 ,提供成矿作用信息方面的限制。     

全球早古生代造山带(Ⅰ):碰撞型造山

自新元古代罗迪尼亚超大陆裂解以来,早古生代是板块构造运动活跃时期,具有板块运动速度较快、构造格局不稳定、块体之间相互作用复杂多变等特征,造山带演化极其复杂,导致全球早古生代古大陆重建现今仍较模糊。特别是,早古生代末450~400 Ma存在全球性准同时的造山运动,已经出现俯冲增生、碰撞、陆内3种类型的全球尺度造山带。本文侧重论述全球早古生代碰撞类型造山带的特征,总结典型碰撞造山带最新的年代学、变质、变形和岩浆作用特征及其时空分布。早古生代全球碰撞型造山带主要分布在南半球的泛非造山带和北半球的加里东期造山带,分别与南方冈瓦纳大陆和北方劳俄古陆的初步集结密切相关,早古生代碰撞造山主要体现在大陆块之间的碰撞作用为特征。这些早古生代碰撞造山带具有近似的碰撞年龄,大致相同的演化过程。其中,南方大陆主体碰撞完成于540 Ma,而北方大陆主体集结完成于420 Ma,从全球构造意义上可能意味着全球一个420~400 Ma的超大陆初步形成。     

准噶尔盆地西北缘红山嘴及邻区构造变换带与油气成藏关系

准噶尔盆地西北缘冲断带普遍发育构造变换带,其对沉积和油气成藏有重要的控制作用。通过对红山嘴及其邻区断裂展布与组合方式特征的研究,将该区构造变换带分为横向、纵向变换带两种。研究区沉积体系分布研究和砂体厚度统计表明横向变换带部位为盆缘水系入盆通道,控制了宏观沉积物分布;纵向变换带叠覆区则控制了局部沉积物富集。对油气成藏和构造变换带的匹配关系研究可知冲断席之间的横向变换带是油气最富集的部位,横向断裂在油气运移、成藏过程中起关键作用;冲断席内部纵向变换带则易形成有利圈闭,在局部范围内控制油气聚集。     

中国各大陆块在寒武纪全球构造中的位置及意义

者根据近年来所获的古地磁数据及板块构造的研究成果,对中国各大陆块在寒武纪全球构造中的位置进行了再造。笔者认为寒武纪全球存在三大洋、四大陆域。其中,中国大陆中的扬子、塔里木、柴达木等均属冈瓦纳大陆域,华北陆块则属介于冈瓦纳与劳亚两个大陆域之间的一个中间陆块。且当时华北与扬子两陆块的南、北位置与现在的位置正好相反。而介于二者之间的秦、祁古洋盆在当时是一个位于南半球赤道附近的径向洋。     

根据形成地质作用对中国大陆岩石圈作构造分区

在综合评述前人关于大陆板块内部大地构造单元划分的基础上,讨论了以大陆岩石圈地质作用序列对亚欧大陆板块内部二级大地构造单元划分的准则与方法。相邻单元之间地壳生成演化作用序列不同,造成地层和岩石圈构造属性不同。基于板块运动的规律,可以根据地层和构造属性不同特征推断构造单元演化作用序列,并依据岩石测年资料划分大陆岩石圈构造单元。据此,大陆板块可划分为四个二级构造单元,包括克拉通、大陆碰撞造山带、大陆俯冲增生带和叠复构造单元。中国大陆板块的克拉通包括华北、扬子、塔里木和华夏四个;大陆碰撞造山带包括天山—西拉木伦河、昆仑—秦岭—大别、喜马拉雅、萍乡—江山—绍兴和台湾五个。大陆俯冲增生带包括吉黑、准噶尔、柴达木祁连、羌塘—拉萨—松潘和江南五个。这种分区同时把形成时代和区域构造形成地质作用作为区划的主要根据,体现了构造单元的基本属性。     

中国大陆“十字构造”形成演化及其大陆动力学意义

东亚大陆是由许多分别亲劳亚或亲冈瓦纳的中小陆块经过复杂拼合而成的最为复杂的大陆,而中国大陆地处东亚的核心位置,是研究东亚大陆形成演化的关键。控制中国大陆形成演化的最主要的构造格架是"十字构造",即东西向的中央造山系和南北向的贺兰-川滇南北构造带。前者自东而西包括秦岭造山带、祁连造山带和昆仑造山带,是南方和北方陆块群历经古生代-印支期拼合形成中国大陆主体的构造结合带,并遭受中新生代陆内造山改造,构成了中国大陆地质地理、生态环境、人文经济等南北分野;后者不同区段继承了前寒武纪板块构造记录,逐步转化为古亚洲洋或古特提斯构造域大陆边缘,尤其是新特提斯构造运动,形成青藏高原隆升-扩展变形的东部边界,控制了晚中生代-新生代中国大陆东西反转演化。以"十字构造"为坐标系,中国大陆四个象限的地质、地球物理结构、自然资源、生态环境、人文经济等存在明显差异。      

东亚与全球地震分布分析

现代地震学是一门年轻的学科,但人类对地震现象的观察、记录和思索已有数千年历史。特别是在中国,很早就有灾害性地震的详细历史记载。最近40多年,我国、东亚及世界其他大陆地区的多次大地震的发生,推动了地震构造研究的发展,加深了对地震分布规律性及其地球动力环境的认识。从地质背景和发生机制看,全球地震构造可分为三大类:第一是太平洋海底地壳与陆缘地壳浅、中、深俯冲构成的地震带;第二是南半球离散地壳块体对北半球大地块边缘碰撞浅俯冲带;第三是全球三大洋脊张裂转换构造带。地球北半部内陆的中纬度地带有4个多震密布区,它们都处于N25°～55°的纬向大陆带内,与大陆会聚所造成的陆内变形有关。4个多震密布区的东半部则是相对少震区,显示出相对稳定的地壳结构。全球表壳GPS矢量场和北南两个极区各有不同,北半球欧亚大陆是向北呈弓字形运动;南半球是南美、非洲、阿拉伯、印度、澳大利亚等5块离散的大陆块,除南美大陆,其他4块大陆都是向NE和NNE方向运动。这4块大陆都是依次运动加速,澳大利亚陆块运动最快,向NNE方向约10 cm/a;同时从南太平洋南部沿NWW方向左型转换断层的运动也是高速的,这两个方向运动的交叉相碰,现已处在全球最为强烈的地震活动区域。北冰洋内群岛GPS站点向阿留申岛弧推进;南极冰陆的9个GPS站点则呈现旋扭状彼此相差约90°,可能表明北/南半球彼此有明显的1/4左右表壳的扭动。从卫星重力数据推测的地球的形状、全球热流的和地内热散失量的分布、地球磁场的西漂以及大地震引起的地球振荡特征等证据推测,地球的内部结构具有一定程度的非对称性和非均匀性,它们对全球板块运动、板块变形以及大地震的空间分布可能有一定的控制作用。     

中国南方海相石油地质特征及勘探潜力

中国南方及邻区的基本构造格架可概括为五个陆缘造山带、三个较稳定地块、一个加里东构造域和一个陆内基底拆离造山带。基本地层层序格架可归纳为六个一级层序及相应的沉积构造旋回,沉积构造格架及多旋回构造演化史决定了南方海相石油地质的基本特征。自震旦纪至中三叠世在南方发育了两个世代的海相原型沉积盆地,均在南北两大陆边缘发育了丰富的优质烃源岩,包括四套区域主力烃源层和六套地区性烃源岩,并形成五套好的区域性盖层以及包括风化壳、裂缝、礁滩及白云岩等多种储集体。印支—早燕山造山期原型大陆边缘盆地和前陆盆地,曾形成五个原始超油气系统,后期的高热演化,使其在现今多转化为含气系统。现实的含气系统只能残留赋存于现今有效保存单元之内,具有多源多期成烃、晚期复合成藏等基本特点。近期油气资源评价认为,南方海相资源量为8.2882×10~(12)m~3气当量,油气勘探潜力大。今后的有利勘探方向包括鄂西渝东地区及川东北地区等七个区块。     

特提斯域的演化和油气分布

特提斯域可划分为北、中、南三个带。①北带介于原始特提斯缝合带至古特提斯缝合带之间,它是劳亚大陆在古生代时的拼合增生部分;②中带介于古特提斯缝合带和新特提斯缝合带之间,它是中生代时海槽洋盆与大陆碎块或海台交替并最终拼合的地带,现今则构成阿尔卑斯—喜马拉雅褶皱系;③南带则是新特提斯发育过程中冈瓦纳大陆北缘的大陆架区。认为中带是严格意义上的特提斯域,北带和南带则可分别视为劳亚大陆和冈瓦纳大陆的大陆架被海侵的部分。将特提斯域在东半球的部分自西向东划分为欧洲—北非段、西亚段、中亚段和东南亚段四段。各带和各段的油气分布差别极大。所谓特提斯域油气特别丰富的说法是有条件的,其主要依据是南带中东油区占有世界1/3以上的油气探明储量,而一旦将中东和北非划归为南方的冈瓦纳域,则上述说法无法成立。如果再将北带的年轻地台区划归北方的劳亚大陆域,那么,剩下来的严格意义上的特提斯域则反而为一条贫油气带。中国地处劳亚、冈瓦纳、太平洋三大构造域的交汇处,地质演化相当复杂,不能以“特提斯域油气丰富”的笼统概念来评价我国的含油气潜力。各地质单元的盆地保持特性如何,特别是第三纪以来是否仍为盆地,才是对油气聚集的潜力起决定性作用的控制因素。     

北山北带地质构造特征

甘肃北山地区主体属塔里木板块的北缘,其内部可划分出北、中、南三个构造带.北带主体为加里东期岛弧带.北山地区于古生代经历了弧一盆体制及裂陷槽的活动大陆边缘的发展,总体上经历了前寒武纪古陆壳形成阶段、加里东期岛弧及陆缘裂陷一闭合阶段、海西期岛弧期后构造一岩浆活动及陆壳再次裂陷一闭合阶段和中、新生代差异断块升降阶段.     

湖北宜昌黄花场中/下奥陶统界线附近几丁虫组合及其地层学意义

对宜昌黄花场大湾组下段牙形石 Oepikodus evae带至 Baltoniodus triangularis带系统采集与分析几丁虫样品 ,共发现几丁虫 6属 12种 ,其中包括 1个相似种、1个未定种 ,它们是 Conochitina raymondii,C.ordinaria,C.primitiva,C.langei,C.brevis,C.poumoti,C.decipiens,Belonechitina cf.micracantha,L agenochitina esthoni-ca,L.sp.,Eremochitina baculata和 Cyathochitina dispar等。根据上述几丁虫的地质和地理分布特征 ,自下而上可划分为 Conochitina langei带和 Eremochitina baculata带 ,讨论并指出了他们与相关笔石、牙形石生物带的关系     

Variation in peak P–T conditions across the upper contact of the UHP terrane,Dabieshan, China: gradational or abrupt?

The Southern Dabieshan Terrane (SDT) has previously been divided into high‐pressure (HP) and ultrahigh‐pressure (UHP) terranes, and its regional extent and the tectonic nature of its boundaries are hotly debated topics. In this study, an eclogite‐bearing area of 100 km² near Taihu is mapped in detail, and divided into Northern, Middle and Southern Zones on the basis of lithological characteristics. The Northern Zone consists of epidote‐biotite gneiss and eclogite blocks, the Middle Zone includes granitic gneiss, biotite gneiss, eclogites and amphibolite, and the Southern Zone is composed mainly of garnet‐bearing mica schist. The eclogites occur mainly as lens or blocks in the Northern and Middle Zones. The peak P–T conditions for 61 eclogite samples across the area are estimated using the Grt‐Cpx Fe²⁺‐Mg thermometers and the Grt‐Cpx‐Phe barometers. The results indicate three different P–T regions: 2.82–4.09 GPa/759–942 °C in the Northern Zone, and 2.00–3.54 GPa/641–839 °C in the granitic gneiss and 1.38–2.36 GPa/535–768 °C in the biotite gneiss from the Middle Zone. Combined with the spatial distribution of eclogites across the area, the P–T values for eclogites increase continuously from the south to the north, defining a reference ‘geotherm’ of 5 °C km^?1. However, some unreasonable apparent gradients can be established along two south–north profiles across the area, and display a P–T difference between the Northern and Middle zones. On the basis of the average P–T data for eclogites across the area, a gap of at least 0.3 GPa/20 °C exists between the Northern and Middle zones. By contrast, the P–T values of eclogites from the Middle zone show a coherent pattern with transitional characteristics from HP in the south to UHP in the north. We suggest that the SDT was a coherent slab during subduction, and was broken up by a major fault during exhumation, which was formed under UHP metamorphic conditions.     

Conodont Biostratigraphy of the Middle Cambrian through Lowermost Ordovician in Hunan, South China

Since 1985, samples with a total weight of more than 14,000 kg, mainly from three key sections in western and northwestern Hunan, South China, have been processed for conodonts. In strata older than the late Late Cambrian paraconodonts have proved useful for stratigraphic subdivision and correlation. Thirteen conodont zones are proposed in the Middle Cambrian through lowermost Ordovician. The correlation between these zones and those of North China, western U. S.A., western Newfoundland, Canada, and Iran is discussed. In ascending order, these 13 zones are as follows: The Gapparodus bisulcatus-Westergaardodina brevidens Zone, Shandongodus priscus-Hunanognathus tricuspidatus Zone, Westergaardodina quadrata Zone, Westergaardodina matsushitai-W. grandidens Zone, Westergaardodina lui-W. am Zone, Westergaardodina cf. calix-Prooneotodus rotundatus Zone, Proconodontus tenuiserratus Zone, Proconodontus Zone, Eoconodontus Zone, Cordylodus proavus Zone, Cordylodus intermedius Zone, Cordylodus lindstromi Zone, and     

云南墨江共埂中二叠统坝溜组地层剖面及地层划分

简要介绍云南墨江共埂中二叠统坝溜组地层剖面,对采集的蜓化石进行了生物地层研究,根据蜓化石在剖面上的垂直分布,建立了4个蜓化石带:Pseudodoliolina ozawai富集带,Schwagerina ex gr.cushmani-Pseudofusulina radioflucta合带,Pseudofusulina...     

Palaeobiogeographic implications of Late Bajocian-Late Callovian (Middle Jurassic) dinoflagellate cysts from the Central Alborz Mountains, northern Iran

The Dalichai Formation with an age of Late Bajocian-Late Callovian was sampled in Central Alborz Mountains of northern Iran and studied for palynological, palaeobiogeographical and palynocorrelation purposes. Palynological studies revealed diverse and well-preserved dinoflagellate cyst assemblages and lead to identification of three zones i.e., Cribroperidiniumcrispum (Late Bajocian), Dichadogonyaulaxsellwoodii (Bathonian to Early Callovian) and Ctenidodiniumcontinuum (Early to Middle Callovian) Zones. Subzone a of the D. sellwoodii Zone (Early to Middle Bathonian) was also differentiated. This biozonation corresponds to those recognised in Northwest Europe. Furthermore, the ammonoid families recorded including Phylloceratidae, Oppeliidae, Reineckeiidae, Perisphinctidae, Haploceratidae, Parkinsoniidae and Sphaeroceratidae, which confirm the Late Bajocian to Late Callovian age, are quite similar to those of Northwest Europe and the northwestern Tethys. The close similarities of the dinoflagellate cyst assemblages and ammonite fauna of northern Iran with those of Northwest Europe and the northwestern Tethys during the Middle Jurassic indicate direct but episodic marine connection and faunal exchange between the two areas.     

The Cauvery Shear Zone, Southern Granulite Terrain, India: A crustal-scale flower structure

The Cauvery Shear Zone (CSZ) is a crustal-scale shear system within the Southern Granulite Terrain along the southern margin of the Archaean Dharwar craton. Structural interpretation of satellite data and field observations reveal four major shear zones within the CSZ system. They show dextral shear kinematics synchronous with a major Neoproterozoic tectono-metamorphic event (D2) associated with intracrustal melting and migmatisation. The disposition, geometry and contemporaneity of shear fabrics of the CSZ system are modelled in terms of a crustal-scale flower structure akin to transpressional and collisional orogens. In the light of recent seismic evidence for a displaced Moho structure and a mid- to lower-crustal low velocity zone, the flower structure across the CSZ may extend to mantle depths.     

Tectonic zoning of Wrangel Island,Arctic region

The Northern, Central, and Southern zones are distinguished by stratigraphic, lithologic, and structural features. The Northern Zone is characterized by Upper Silurian–Lower Devonian sedimentary rocks, which are not known in other zones. They have been deformed into near-meridional folds, which formed under settings of near-latitudinal shortening during the Ellesmere phase of deformation. In the Central Zone, mafic and felsic volcanic rocks that had been earlier referred to Carboniferous are actually Neoproterozoic and probably Early Cambrian in age. Together with folded Devonian–Lower Carboniferous rocks, they make up basement of the Central Zone, which is overlain with a angular unconformity by slightly deformed Lower (?) and Middle Carboniferous–Permian rocks. The Southern Zone comprises the Neoproterozoic metamorphic basement and the Devonian–Triassic sedimentary cover. North-vergent fold–thrust structures were formed at the end of the Early Cretaceous during the Chukchi (Late Kimmerian) deformation phase.     

Early Paleozoic Evolution of the NW Gondwanaland: Data from Southern Turkey and Surrounding Regions

The Lower Paleozoic rock-units in the Eastern Mediterranean can be separated into two distinct zones: the Northern Zone (Carpathian-Balkan, Istanbul, Zonguldak and Main Range terranes) and the Southern Zone (Tauride-Anatolide, SE Anatolian-Arabian, and Central Iranian terranes). A Gondwanan /Perigondwanan origin can only be properly indicated for the Southern Zone, whereas the Early Paleozoic paleogeographic positions of smaller terranes (e.g. Istanbul Terrane) of the Northern Zone remains questionable.During the Infracambrian-Early Cambrian time in the Southern Zone, the Pan-African consolidated NW Gondwanan pericratonic margin was rifted by back-arc extension or transtension, which is represented by the deposition of fault-controlled continental sediments.The late Early Cambrian-Late Cambrian period in the Southern Zone is designated by a regional transgression from northeast suggesting a rapid subsidence in the area to the northwest of Arabian-Tauride platform and hence opening of a relatively deep basin to the north.The Lower Ordovician in the Southern Zone comprising the Tremadoc and Arenig Series is characterized by a monotonous siliciclastic deposition. Towards the end of Early Ordovician shallowing upward sequences and formation of NW-SE trending highs were noticed. The stratigraphic hiatuses, unconformities and irregular distribution of the Caradoc-Ashgill deposits in the Southern Zone has been ascribed to glacio-eustatic sea-level changes.The Early Silurian (Aeronian-Telychian) deepening and deposition of black shales that follows the regression around the Ordovician-Silurian boundary in the Southern Zone is also very probably related to the relatively rapid global sea-level rise. To the north of the Tauride-Anatolide Platform, Wenlock and Late Silurian are represented by deep marine (basinal) sediments with oceanic basalts.The generation of an accretionary complex in the northern margin of the Taurides together with the regional regression in the southern Taurides and SE Anatolia at the uppermost Silurian-Lower Devonian boundary and the regional unconformity at Lower Devonian (Middle Lochkovian) is very probably related to the closure of a “Paleotethyan” oceanic basin to the north of the Perigondwanan terranes.     

Crustal architecture of central Victoria: results from the 2006 deep crustal reflection seismic survey

A ～400 km long deep crustal reflection seismic survey was acquired in central Victoria, Australia, in 2006. It has provided information on crustal architecture across the western Lachlan Orogen and has greatly added to the understanding of the tectonic evolution. The east-dipping Moyston Fault is confirmed as the suture between the Delamerian and western Lachlan Orogens, and is shown to extend down to the Moho. The Avoca Fault, the boundary between the Stawell and Bendigo Zones, is a west-dipping listric reverse fault that intersects the Moyston Fault at a depth of about 22 km, forming a V-shaped geometry. Both the Stawell and Bendigo Zones can be divided broadly into a lower crustal region of interlayered and imbricated metavolcanic and metasedimentary rocks and an upper crustal region of tightly folded metasedimentary rocks. The Stawell Zone was probably part of a Cambrian accretionary system along the eastern Gondwanaland margin, and mafic rocks may have been partly consumed by Cambrian subduction. Much of the Early Cambrian oceanic crust beneath the Bendigo Zone was not subducted, and is preserved as a crustal-scale imbricate thrust stack. The seismic data have shown that a thin-skinned structural model appears to be valid for much of the Melbourne Zone, whereas the Stawell and Bendigo Zones have a thick-skinned structural style. Internal faults in the Stawell and Bendigo Zones are mostly west-dipping listric faults, which extend from the surface to near the base of the crust. The Heathcote Fault Zone, the boundary between the Bendigo and Melbourne Zones, extends to at least 20 km, and possibly to the Moho. A striking feature in the seismic data is the markedly different seismic character of the mid to lower crust of the Melbourne Zone. The deep seismic reflection data for the Melbourne Zone have revealed a multilayered crustal structure that supports the Selwyn Block model.     

从GPS水平矢量场对中国及全球地壳运动的新认识

利用中国GPS矢量场和IERS公布的全球矢量场,对中国及全球地壳水平运动的状态进行了从全球到局部不同空间尺度的构造运动的描述和理解,其要点如下：①GPS矢量场定量地显示了中蒙构造区是全球大陆内变动最强的地区;②中蒙构造区（或中蒙次板块）内部可分出三级各具特色的构造区块、条块和地块;③中蒙西部区块呈大"",3条边缘带都是地壳厚度陡变带,是结构性地震带,控制了全球大陆内 2／3以上的 8级地震;④中蒙东部构造区块是挤压型和伸展型大陆边缘最典型地区,GPS矢量场展现了现今向东的伸展蠕散运动;⑤中国西部2001年在昆仑山发生的 8．1级地震与西部从GPS矢量场算得的视应变场中高应变带相关;⑥全球GPS矢量场揭示 N／S半球之间存在明显的运动不协调带,该带（B带）直接表现为13条左列的走滑兼挤压断裂带,该带控制的强震活动与环太平洋俯冲带（A带）控制的地震自1897年以来交替活动已有七幕。讨论提出：①全球 4个构造系（环太平洋构造系、洋脊构造系、北半球大陆高原构造系和环赤道构造系）是否与地球的 N／S半球、0～180°半球的双重非对称有关？②全球GPS矢量场所描述的板块运动可否作为约束推算地幔三维运动的表层条件？