干旱内陆流域生态需水量及其估算──以黑河流域为例

在干县内陆流域生态需水量概念与分类的基础上,以黑河流域为例,讨论了生态需水量估算的方法。采用两种半经验潜水蒸发公式和直接植物蒸腾估算等三种方法,以1995年为基准,分别对流域中游防护林生态体系需水量和下游荒漠绿洲生态需水量进行了初步估算,结果表明:黑河流域中游人工防护林生态需水量约为2.1× 10⁸~2.16×10⁸ m³,下游荒漠绿洲生态需水量为5.23×108~5.7×10⁸ m³;为维持或稳定流域下游额济纳现有绿洲规模,狼心山断面过水流量不应小于5.8×10⁸m³。     

黄淮海平原河道基本环境需水研究

针对我国北方地区水环境中最突出的污染问题,以满足河流最基本的稀释自净功能为目的,提出了一种计算河道基本环境需水量的方法,即月(年)保证率设定法,并以黄淮海平原为例,进行实证分析。结果是黄淮海平原总的河道环境需水最小为2176亿m³,约占多年平均径流量的15%,其中海河流域309亿m³、黄河下游52亿m³、淮河流域片1347亿m³。通过Tennant法验证,说明计算结果可靠。本文的研究不仅丰富了生态(环境)需水的理论内涵,为河道生态(环境)需水的进一步研究打下了良好的基础,同时为研究区水资源规划、水环境保护提供了有力的依据     

气候变化背景下尼雅河流域生态基流研究

流域生态基流是河流生态系统健康稳定的关键,以新疆尼雅河流域为研究区域,根据民丰县气象站1958—2018年的气象数据与尼雅河4个水文监测断面1978—2018年的水文数据,运用趋势拟合、Tennant法、相关性分析和回归模型等分析流域气候变化、确定生态基流并探究其时空分异与保证率变化,揭示生态基流对气候变化的响应。结果表明：61 a来流域气温以0.22 ℃·(10a)^-1的速度增加,年降水量以3.8 mm·(10a)^-1的速度增加;尼雅水库、八一八渠首、尼雅水文站和尼雅渠首的年生态基流推荐值分别为：1.989 m³·s^-1、2.188 m³·s^-1、1.755 m³·s^-1、1.702 m³·s^-1;生态基流年际最大值出现在2010年,最小值在1980年,年内最大值在7月,最小值在1月或12月;空间上表现为上游高下游低,以八一八渠首处最高,尼雅渠首处最低;各站多年平均生态基流保证率分别为：50%、45%、50%、45%,且表现出汛期明显高于非汛期;逐年、逐月生态基流与气温、降水量均在0.01水平上显著相关,但在春夏季对气温敏感,秋冬季对降水量敏感,各水文监测断面的回归模型耦合效果相似,流域整体回归方程R²=0.365,且生态基流对气候变化响应具有整体性和衰减性。研究结果可为尼雅河流域生态调水和水生态修复提供参考。     

园林水景生态环境需水量的研究

基于生态环境需水量的研究方法,探讨了园林水景生态环境需水量的计算方法,将生态环境需水量引入到园林水景设计中,采取定性与定量相结合的方法,对园林水景的生态环境需水量进行研究。指出了水景中生态环境需水量的影响要素,并展开了对水景需水量的计算方法研究,以实现最小生态环境需水量,为园林水景设计者提供了科学的参考依据和方法。以朝阳公园水景为例,在不考虑公共用地取水量时,朝阳公园最大生态环境需水量为193.71万m³,中等需水量为189.81万m³,最小生态环境需水量为178.11万m³。如果朝阳公园公共用地取水来源于公园中的水体,最大需水量为404.99万m³,中等需水量为401.09万m³,最小需水量为389.39万m³。     

酒额铁路酒泉至东风段典型沙害区段风沙环境特征

酒额铁路(酒泉至额济纳旗铁路)酒泉至东风段沿线冲洪积戈壁广布,沙源丰富,风沙危害严重。为实现铁路风沙危害的精准防治,对酒额铁路酒泉至东风段沿线风沙环境进行了监测分析。结果表明：(1)酒额铁路酒泉至东风段以戈壁风沙路基为主,起沙风向以NW、W、NNW和WNW为主,存在偏东风起沙风向(ENE、E和NE),年起沙风频率5.58%～18.44%;(2)沿线输沙势31.4～176.2VU,均为低风能环境、中比率风况。从金塔至额济纳旗方向输沙势依次增大,且输沙势集中于春季;(3)根据2021年8月至2022年5月一个风季的观测,酒额铁路酒泉至东风段沿线输沙量1.3～3.5 m³·m^-1。根据铁路走向,主害风输沙量(偏西风)0.9～2.4 m³·m^-1,次害风输沙量(偏东风)0.5～1.5 m³·m^-1。     

基于生态水文过程的塔里木河下游 植被生态需水量研究

根据2005年塔里木河下游8个断面25眼地下水位观测井和25个植物样地野外采集的数据,运用DPS统计软件计算植被物种多样性指数,进而对地下水、土壤水与植被的关系进行了分析,结果表明地下水位、土壤含水量与植被多样性之间都有极强的相关性,在此基础上确定出塔里木河下游潜水蒸发的极限埋深是5 m。并采用阿维里扬诺夫公式和群克水均衡场公式对塔里木河下游天然植被的月潜水蒸发量进行计算,将两者计算结果加以算术平均得到塔里木河下游不同埋深对应的潜水蒸发量;采用两种方法对植被面积进行分类,在此分类基础上计算生态需水量,将两个结果再次平均,得到天然植被全年最低需水量约为3.2×10⁸ m³。通过对月生态需水量的分析发现4月到9月的生态需水量占全年的81%,尤其是5、6、7三个月占全年总需水量的47%,是生态需水的主要时期。     

黄河下游生态需水量及其估算

通过分析黄河下游1958－2000年实测生态可用水，探讨生态需水量内涵，根据黄河特殊性及黄河生态需水量的研究现状，将维持和保护河流功能的黄河下游生态水量分为污期输运水量和非汛期生态基流量，在平滩流量输运能力最强的前提下，估算黄河下游汛期输运水量为80－120亿m^3，根据实测资料估算作为黄河下游水量控制断面花园口水文站和作为河口地区水量控制断面利津水文站的非汛期生态基分别为80－100亿m^3和50－60亿m^3，同时指出对黄河下游水沙调控和黄河流域水资源“准市场”的形成，是黄河下游生态需水量实现的保证。     

黄河内蒙古段淤积泥沙洪水冲刷效应

为了探讨黄河内蒙古段淤积泥沙的洪水冲刷效应,于2012年对其三湖河口水文站河道监测断面汛期（7-10月）流量、悬移质泥沙含量以及洪水期间（2012年8月20日-2012年10月1日）悬移质泥沙含量、粒度百分含量的垂直变化特征与流量的关系进行了统计和分析。结果表明：（1）该次洪水具有峰高量大、洪峰过程在河段内持续时间长、洪水起涨和消退缓慢、峰形矮胖的特点;（2）洪水过程中,小于0.05 mm的细颗粒泥沙在2 000 m³·s^-1左右的流量下就能输移通过,在2 000～2 400 m³·s^-1时输沙强度最大,对河道淤积泥沙可以达到输沙最优的效果;而粒径大于0.05 mm的泥沙输移的效果不好。     

1766 年以来黄河中游与永定河汛期径流量的变化

利用清代志桩涨水尺寸和雨分寸记录、近现代器测水文与降雨数据等多种资料,重建/修正了永定河卢沟桥断面和黄河三门峡断面1766-2004 年的汛期径流量(m³/s),其在夏秋汛期的多年平均径流量分别为109.0 m³/s 和5121.1 m³/s。并依据多年径流量平均值±1 个标准差值得出了新的丰-枯水发生年表。小波分析显示两者具有较为明显的30~40 年周期,1920 年之后,永定河持续性的枯流使河流水量变化周期消失,黄河中游的高频周期则更加发育。两者在1780-1900 年存在20 年尺度上的变化同步性现象,而1840-1860 年代和1890-1910 年代两者出现了明显的反相位现象。从1766 年以来的情况分析,中国东部季风区进入20 世纪暖期之后,黄河中游与永定河卢沟桥以上流域的汛期降雨基本为反相关关系。     

疏勒河下游生态保护研究

通过对河西地区疏勒河下游的生态环境的恶化,终端湖泊的后退,湿地萎缩,生物多样性减少,土壤盐渍化及土地沙漠化扩展的主要原因的调查分析研究,提出了生态环境保护的关键问题,并对最低水资源需求量及未来水资源保证状况进行了预测。研究结果表明,为保护和维系现存林地、草地、湿地、湖泊等生态环境不继续恶化,约需水2.92亿m³,其中安西1.5217亿m³,敦煌1.4306亿m³。但昌马水库只能提供2.4058亿m³的生态用水,还缺0.52亿m³,需通过流域实施农业节水和全面建立节水型社会解决。     

近60年黄河水沙变化及其对三角洲沉积的影响

In order to find out the variation process of water-sediment and its effect on the Yellow River Delta, the water discharge and sediment load at Lijin from 1950 to 2007 and the decrease of water discharge and sediment load in the Yellow River Basin caused by human disturbances were analyzed by means of statistics. It was shown that the water discharge and sediment load into the sea were decreasing from 1950 to 2007 with serious fluctuation. The human activities were the main cause for decrease of water discharge and sediment load into the sea. From 1950 to 2005, the average annual reduction of water discharge and sediment load by means of water-soil conservation practices were 2.02×109 m3 and 3.41×108 t respectively, and the average annual volume by water abstraction for industry and agriculture were 2.52×1010 m3 and 2.42×108 t respectively. The average sediment trapped by Sanmenxia Reservoir was 1.45×108 t from 1960 to 2007, and the average sediment retention of Xiaolangdi Reservoir was 2.398×108 t from 1997 to 2007. Compared to the data records at Huanyuankou, the water discharge and sediment load into the sea decreased with siltation in the lower reaches and increased with scouring in the lower reaches. The coastline near river mouth extended and the delta area increased when the ratio of accumulative sediment load and accumulative water discharge into the sea (SSCT) is 25.4–26.0 kg/m3 in different time periods. However, the sharp decrease of water discharge and sediment load into the sea in recent years, especially the Yellow River into the sea at Qing 8, the entire Yellow River Delta has turned into erosion from siltation, and the time for a reversal of the state was about 1997.     

Estimating the fluvial sediment input to the coastal sediment budget: A case study of Ghana

Knowledge of fluvial sediment supply to the coastal sediment budget is important for the assessment of the impacts on coastal stability. Such knowledge is valuable for designing coastal engineering schemes and the development of shoreline management planning policies. It also facilitates understanding of the connection between rivers in the hinterland and adjoining coastal systems. Ghana's coast has many fluvial sediment sources and this paper provides the first quantitative assessments of their contributions to the coastal sediment budget. The methods use largely existing data and attempt to cover all of Ghana's significant coastal rivers. Initially work was hindered by insufficient direct measured data. However, the problem was overcome by the application of a regression approach, which provides an estimated sediment yield for non-gauged rivers based on data from gauged rivers with similar characteristics. The regression approach was effective because a regional coherence in behaviour was determined between those rivers, where direct measured data were available. The results of the assessment revealed that Ghana's coast is dissected by many south-draining rivers, stream and lagoons. These rivers, streams and lagoons supply significant amounts of sediment to coastal lowlands and therefore contribute importantly to beaches. Anthropogenic impoundment of fluvial sediment, especially the Akosombo dam on the Volta River, has reduced the total fluvial sediment input to the coast from about 71 × 10⁶ m³/a before 1964 (pre-Akosombo dam) to about 7 × 10⁶ m³/a at present (post-Akosombo dam). This sharp reduction threatened the stability of the east coast and prompted an expensive ($83 million) defence scheme to be implemented to protect 8.4 km-long coastline at Keta. Sections of Ghana's coast are closely connected to the hinterland through the fluvial sediment input from local rivers. Therefore, development in the hinterland that alters the fluvial sediment input from those local rivers could have significant effects on the coast. There is the need, therefore, to ensure that catchment management plans and coastal management plans are integrated or interconnected.     

Groundwater fluctuations induced by ecological water conveyance in the lower Tarim River,Xinjiang, China

Data from 40 monitoring wells across 9 sections of the lower Tarim River from 2000 to 2006 were analyzed to investigate the relationship between the transmission loss per unit river length and the change in groundwater depth. The relationship between the rise of the groundwater table (y) and the distance from the main river reach (x) was then assessed through regression analysis. We concluded that the maximum affected area was 1933 m away from the main river reach in the Alagan section, and the minimum affected area was 576 m away in the Kaogan section. In addition, after 8 water deliveries, the volume for recharging the groundwater was 78 248.7 × 10⁴ m³. Using the Yingsu section as an example, we found that the volume for recharging the groundwater decreased with additional periods of delivery except after the second and sixth water delivery The results revealed that the beneficial effect of an ecological water conveyance project on the ecosystem in the lower Tarim River is a long-term process. These findings may be useful for guiding studies on instream flow requirements and provide a scientific basis for implementing similar ecological projects in other areas.     

长江来沙锐减与海岸滩涂资源的危机

利用小波分析方法对1951~2004年大通站系列水、沙和流域降水资料进行周期性和趋势性分析,利用Arc-GIS软件对长江三角洲海图进行滩涂面积计算和冲淤剖面分析,并于2002年5月~2005年7月在长江三角洲前缘的南汇岸段进行逐日潮滩高程测量,以进行三峡水库蓄水前后滩面冲淤的对比。结果表明：尽管气候变化导致流域平均降水量以及大通径流量和输沙率存在2~3年和8~9年的波动周期 (P < 0.05),但大通输沙率从1960年代末开始出现明显的下降趋势 (P< 0.001),三峡工程运行后的2003年 (6月开始蓄水) 和2004年连续2年创历史新低,流域水库的修建是导致这一下降趋势的根本原因。长江来沙量的锐减正在导致三角洲前缘滩涂从淤涨向侵蚀转化。预测认为：流域人类活动还将继续导致长江入海泥沙量的下降,今后几十年的大通输沙率将从目前的 1.5×10⁸ ~2×10⁸ t/a下降到1×10⁸ t/a左右;泛长江三角洲海岸滩涂资源将面临严峻挑战。     

Factors driving riverbed scouring and sedimentation in the Bayangaole to Toudaoguai reaches of the Upper Yellow River

The Inner Mongolia reaches of the Yellow River face problems of severe sedimentation caused by a variety of complex factors. The sedimentation process in those reaches has been characterized using the sediment balance method, and the key factors affecting the process have been analyzed using the correlation analysis method. The results show that during the period 1952–2012 the Bayangaole (Bayan Gol) to Toudaoguai reaches in Inner Mongolia have undergone successive processes of accumulative sedimentation, then relative balance, and then accumulative sedimentation once again. The total annual sedimentation is 12.0341×10⁸ m³, of which accumulations from July to October account for 95.1% and the reaches from Sanhuhekou to Toudaoguai account for 98.5%. The main factor affecting scouring and sedimentation of the Bayangaole to Sanhuhekou reaches is the combined water and sediment condition. The critical conditions for equilibrium are an incoming sediment coefficient < 0.007 kg·s·m^–6 and a flow discharge > 700 m³·s^–1. The main factor affecting scouring and sedimentation of the Sanhuhekou to Toudaoguai reaches is the incoming sediment from the tributaries on the south bank and the combined water and sediment condition of the main stream. The critical conditions of the main stream for maintaining equilibrium status are a flow discharge of the main stream exceeding 800 m³·s^–1 and a comprehensive incoming sediment coefficient < 0.005 kg·s·m^–6. The incoming sediment from the tributaries has little impact on the main stream when the annual sediment load is less than 0.1×10⁸ t. The incoming sediment coefficient of the main stream and the incoming sediment from the tributaries both play vital roles in the riverbed evolution of the Inner Mongolia reaches, but the latter contributes the most.     

坡面径流冲刷及泥沙输移特征的试验研究

通过室内放水冲刷试验,对坡面细沟侵蚀发生的临界条件、细沟发展过程中的侵蚀产沙特征、以及影响细沟侵蚀产沙的因素进行了分析研究,得出了试验土条件下产生细沟的临界流量与坡面坡度的关系式.在分析产沙变化的基础上,探讨了细沟侵蚀量随径流量和坡面倾斜度的变化规律.     

长江宜昌-武汉河段泥沙年冲淤量对水沙变化的响应

运用泥沙收支平衡 (Sediment budget) 的概念确定长江中游宜昌-武汉河段的泥沙冲淤量,并运用数理统计方法,研究了泥沙冲淤过程对水沙变化的响应。研究表明,所研究河段的输沙具有“多来多排”的特性,在平均的意义上,年输入沙量为年输出沙量的1.1345倍,由此求得总净来沙中有11.85%淤积在河道中。河段出口输出沙量随时间而增大,大致在1980年达到峰值,然后再减小。1980年以前河段出口输出沙量的增大,与3口分沙减少 (等价于河段净来沙增多) 和下荆江人工裁弯 (使河道输沙能力增大,因而可以将更多的泥沙输送到河段出口以下) 有关,1980年以后的减少,则与宜昌站来沙量的显著减少有关。建立了1980~1997年间宜昌-汉口#河段年冲淤量与宜昌站年来沙量之间的回归方程,通过该方程估算出使宜昌-汉口河段不淤的宜昌站临界来沙量为3亿t/a。为了定量评价宜昌站的来水量和来沙量以及3口分水比和分沙比、宜昌站洪峰流量的变化对于河段冲淤量的相对贡献,我们以1980~1997年和1955~1997年两个时间系列的数据分别建立了多元回归方程。1980~1997年间的方程表明,宜昌站的来水量和来沙量以及3口分水比和分沙比、宜昌站洪峰流量的变化对宜昌-汉口河段年冲淤量的贡献率分别为6.23%、31.56%、25.77%、32.71%和3.73%。     

渭河(陕西段)河道自净需水量研究

建立了河段自净最小需水量计算模型。为了使研究区段内的水质达标,该区段内的自净需水量应该是从区段内所有河段最小需水量中取其最大量。应用该方法分达标排污和现状排污对渭河(陕西段)河道自净需水量做了计算。结果分析表明:渭河河道自净需水量随年径流流量变化不大,自净缺水严重,主要出现在非汛期,达标排污较于现状排污,自净需水量大幅度下降,自净缺水主要出现在1,2,12三个月。     

Influence of averaging interval on shear velocity estimates for aeolian transport modeling

Recent investigations of aeolian transport have focused on increasingly short time scales because of growing recognition that wind unsteadiness is a major factor in the dynamics of sediment transport. However, the statistical reliability of shear velocity (u_*) estimates becomes increasingly uncertain as averaging interval is decreased. This study provides an empirical assessment of the influence of averaging interval on the reliability of u_* estimates. The data consist of 15-min wind-speed profiles (1 Hz sampling) collected at four coastal sites. Each profile was subdivided into progressively shorter fixed-length time intervals, and estimates of u_* and the 95% confidence interval for u_* were determined for each time-block using standard statistical techniques.The logarithmic model accurately represents the measured wind-speed profiles, even with relatively brief averaging intervals. Mean r² values remain robust down to block lengths as short as 10–20 s, typically retaining better than 98% of the r² value found for the full-length data sets. Fewer than 2% of the individual 10-s blocks had r² values less than 0.9. However, mean confidence intervals typically expanded by 70–80% of the full-record value as block length decreased from 900 to 10 s. For highly log-linear profiles, this amounted to an absolute increase from about ±8% to only ±14% of u_*, so that the additional information gained through the use of shorter averaging intervals may outweigh the increase in statistical uncertainty. Nevertheless, given that rates of aeolian transport are generally modeled as a function of u_*³, this increase in uncertainty may be significant for transport modeling. Thus, very short averaging intervals should be used with caution when predicting aeolian sediment flux. It is proposed that transport modeling should incorporate the shear velocity confidence interval as an indicator of the potential error associated with this source of uncertainty.