Natural arsenic in Triassic rocks: A source of drinking-water contamination in Bavaria, Germany

 The aquifer system of the Upper Triassic Keuper Sandstone, an important source of drinking water in northern Bavaria, is affected by elevated arsenic concentrations. Within the study area of 8000 km², no evidence exists for any artificial source of arsenic. Data from about 500 deep water wells show that in approximately 160 wells arsenic concentrations are 10–150 μg/L. The regional distribution of arsenic in the groundwater shows that elevated arsenic concentrations are probably related to specific lithofacies of the aquifers that contain more sediments of terrestrial origin. Geochemical measurements on samples from four selected well cores show that arsenic has accumulated in the rocks. This indigenous arsenic is the source of arsenic in the groundwater of certain facies of the middle unit of the Keuper Sandstone. Received, June 1998 / Revised, January 1999, May 1999 / Accepted, June 1999     

区域地下水位监测网优化设计方法

区域地下水位监测提供了定量评价含水层地下水位持续下降及其对环境影响必不可少的信息.历史上的地下水位监测网是为了评价地下水资源或监测水源地降落漏斗而设立的,目前它们已经不能适应为流域水资源综合管理提供必需的信息.本文在综述国际地下水位监测现状的基础上,介绍了区域地下水位监测网优化设计的方法.采用地理信息系统编制的地下水动态类型图为地下水位监测井位置的选择提供了坚实的水文地质基础;克里金插值法能定量评价监测网观测值绘制的地下水位等高线的精度,因而可以用来定量设计地下水位监测网;时间序列分析和统计检验提供了优化地下水位监测频率的定量标准.这些方法已被应用于北京平原、乌鲁木齐河流域和济南岩溶泉域,其成果将在本刊分期发表.     

Estimating groundwater recharge rates in the southeastern Holstein region, northern Germany

In the southeastern Holstein region, located to the east of the metropolitan zone of Hamburg, northern Germany, a groundwater investigation program was conducted from 1984 to 2000 by the State Agency for Nature and Environment (Landesamt für Natur und Umwelt, LANU) of Schleswig-Holstein, Germany, with the aim of providing long-term, ecologically acceptable groundwater management plans for the region. The focal point of the investigation comprised the determination of groundwater recharge rates. The investigation method was based on the transfer of available lysimeter results from other regions to comparable regions within the area studied. With the help of lysimeter equations, potential amounts of percolation water were calculated. The groundwater recharge rate was then determined after subtraction of the surface runoff which was calculated for the entire area. All computations were performed with a spreadsheet program. Groundwater recharge rates were calculated for two areas. One consisted of roughly determining groundwater recharge rates for the total region (1,392 km²) of southeastern Holstein. The overall goal of these investigations was to identify potential areas of water exploitation. Areas in which groundwater recharge rates are high and groundwater outflow is low are particularly suited to water exploitation, since inflow rates into deeper aquifers are high. These areas are located on the flanks of the Elbe and Stecknitz River valleys. Subsurface groundwater runoff to these lowlands would be reduced through groundwater withdrawal. However, the resulting decline in shallow groundwater tables would be so small that it would have no detrimental ecological effects. Groundwater recharge rates were also calculated for a 110-km² area in the outskirts of Hamburg (Grosshansdorf model area) which is intensively developed for water supply. These investigations showed that the amount of groundwater recharge is already being withdrawn to a large extent. Approximately 65% of the recharge rate is currently withdrawn by the waterworks in this area, thus making further increases in exploitation rates unjustifiable from an ecological point of view. Electronic Publication     

The baryte-bearing beryl-phosphate pegmatite Plössberg—A missing link between pegmatitic and vein-type barium mineralization in NE Bavaria, Germany

Pegmatites and aplites enriched in P, Be, Nb, Ta and Li occur in the high-temperature metamorphic lithological units of the NE Bavarian Basement, SE Germany. They are accompanied by Ba mineralization, in vein-type deposits in the basement as well as in its foreland. Locally, Ba minerals are encountered in the late Variscan pegmatites and aplites too. The shallow discordant stock-like pegmatites (Hagendorf-type) are barren as to Ba, but in the tabular, concordant aplites and pegmatites Ba was concentrated (Plössberg-type). These concordant pegmatites and aplites are supposed to be the root zone of the intrusive pegmatites. In the rare case of low sulfur fugacity, Ba forms Ba–Zr–K–Sc phosphates/silicates in the pegmatites (transition of magmatic into the hydrothermal stages I/II). Under high sulfur fugacity, Ba is accommodated within the same stages in the structure of baryte. Barium is not accommodated in the lattice of phosphates during or in the immediate aftermaths of the emplacement of these Be–P–Nb–Ta pegmatites (stage III). This element shows up again in APS minerals during supergene alteration under acidic conditions (stage IV). Considering the host rocks of baryte mineralization, the Sr contents of baryte increased from the early Paleozoic to the Late Triassic. The Sr contents of baryte are a function of the depth below ground in the vein-type deposits and in the shear-zones bounding the tabular concordant pegmatites. Beryl is not only a marker mineral for the shear-zone-hosted pegmatites but can also be used as a tool for the geodynamic positioning of these pegmatites using its oxygen isotopes. A subdivision of the pegmatites into intrusive and shear-zone hosted may be achieved by its REE and minor elements.     

Results from the Big Spring basin water quality monitoring and demonstration projects,Iowa, USA

Agricultural practices, hydrology, and water quality of the 267-km² Big Spring groundwater drainage basin in Clayton County, Iowa, have been monitored since 1981. Land use is agricultural; nitrate-nitrogen (-N) and herbicides are the resulting contaminants in groundwater and surface water. Ordovician Galena Group carbonate rocks comprise the main aquifer in the basin. Recharge to this karstic aquifer is by infiltration, augmented by sinkhole-captured runoff. Groundwater is discharged at Big Spring, where quantity and quality of the discharge are monitored. Monitoring has shown a threefold increase in groundwater nitrate-N concentrations from the 1960s to the early 1980s. The nitrate-N discharged from the basin typically is equivalent to over one-third of the nitrogen fertilizer applied, with larger losses during wetter years. Atrazine is present in groundwater all year; however, contaminant concentrations in the groundwater respond directly to recharge events, and unique chemical signatures of infiltration versus runoff recharge are detectable in the discharge from Big Spring. Education and demonstration efforts have reduced nitrogen fertilizer application rates by one-third since 1981. Relating declines in nitrate and pesticide concentrations to inputs of nitrogen fertilizer and pesticides at Big Spring is problematic. Annual recharge has varied five-fold during monitoring, overshadowing any water-quality improvements resulting from incrementally decreased inputs. Electronic Publication     

地下水监测工程承压-自流监测井密封技术

针对地下水监测工程施工中面临的承压-自流监测井密封、监测、取样、洗井等紧迫难题,研发了承压-自流监测井密封技术。该技术是在监测井管口安装一个具有多个功能组件的密封不锈钢盖板来实现自流监测井长期监测的各项需求。本文介绍了承压-自流监测井密封技术原理、系统组成和安装流程及方法。通过山西忻州市地下水监测井现场示范及其他地区50余口井的工程应用,证实该技术可有效解决自流监测井井口密封、水样采集、洗井清淤和维护探头等一系列问题,具有密封效果好、不污染水质、操作便捷和成本低等优点,可实现不同特征自流监测井地下水数据长期自动采集与传输,并可为类似井的封孔工作提供解决思路。     

水文地质及灾害地质监测新仪器介绍

本文介绍了地下水监测和滑坡监测的两种新型仪器。ＷＬＴ－１０２０地下水动态监测仪器的突出特点是高分辨率、长期稳定、微功耗、全自动工作。ＨＹＪ－３００８滑坡诱发因素监测仪通过监测滑体内的水分变化来预测预报暴雨滑坡。     

The spa of Baden-Baden,Germany

The famous spa of Baden-Baden is situated in the northern Black Forest area not far from the upper Rhine valley in southwestern Germany. Its natural sodium chloride thermal water (68°C), together with its extremely mild climate and pleasant landscape, made Baden-Baden one of the most favored spas in Germany. Baden-Baden was a former capital of the German state of Baden (which means bath or spa), and its name is now included in the name of the state of Baden-Württemberg. Thus, Baden-Württemberg is the only area in Germany where a geologic phenomenon is part of the name of the state.     

西藏朗久地热田及其温泉水化学特征研究

西藏朗久地热田位于喜马拉雅——冈底斯微板块北西缘,区内构造、岩浆与变质作用强烈,在构造活动与河流的共同作用下其热储盖层遭到严重破坏,导致冷、热水发生混合。区内碳酸盐岩广布,未完全冷却的花岗岩为地热田的热源,热储平衡温度在191.11～213.85℃之间。区内地表水为HCO3-Ca型,温泉水阴离子为Cl-HCO3型,阳离子为K-Na型。温泉水TDS为2000～2300mg/L,Na+/Cl-＞1,其演化程度介于部分成熟水与未成熟水之间,水岩反应尚未达到平衡。几种典型热液矿物饱和度指数均大于零,区内热液蚀变作用对温泉水化学组成贡献较大;温泉水PCO2＞2000Pa,与背景值形成较大的梯度差,会发生强烈的CO2脱气。      

Factors governing subaqueous siliceous sinter precipitation in hot springs: examples from Yellowstone National Park, USA

Abstract Siliceous sinter precipitation within hot spring systems has been attributed to a variety of mechanisms: evaporative concentration, cooling, changes in pH and cation effects. Repetitive in situ (T, pH, alkalinity, etc.) and laboratory (major, minor and trace elemental, stable isotopic) analyses of the waters plus observations of silica precipitation on natural (e.g. twigs, pine cones) as well as artificial substrates (glass slides and copper plates) in the waters substantiate that subaqueous precipitation is occurring throughout the vent to distal end of flow in both Cistern Spring (Norris Geyser Basin) and Deerbone Spring (Lower Geyser Basin), Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, USA. Quartz and sodium–potassium geothermometers indicate that Cistern Spring is fed by a subsurface reservoir that is between 232 and 272 °C. Calculated reservoir temperatures are significantly lower at Deerbone Spring (182–197 °C). Based on a suite of measured and theoretical saturation indices, downflow changes in the system resulting from evaporative concentration (e.g. Cl increases 10%), changes in pH (e.g. 5·6–7·1) and cation effects (Al and Fe) are of negligible importance in the subaqueous precipitation of hot spring opal‐A. Similarly, at the macroenvironmental scale, potential biotic effects on opal‐A precipitation appear to be minimal. Modelling of the two active siliceous sinter precipitating systems indicates that cooling (e.g. 80–17 °C) is the predominant process governing subaqueous mineral precipitation.     

D–H evidence for the timing of kaolinization in Northeast Bavaria, Germany

The δD_SMOW values of sedimentary kaolins from the western border of the Bohemian Massif, northeast Bavaria, that did not suffer a deep burial (less than 1000 m) nor a hydrothermal overprint, change systematically from Late Triassic (−50‰) to Mid-Jurassic and Late Cretaceous (−56‰ to −66‰) to Upper Oligocene–Mid-Miocene (−77‰ to −90‰). All analyzed clays are far from hydrogen isotope equilibrium with present-day meteoric waters. Combined oxygen and hydrogen isotope data of selected samples indicate low temperatures of formation (<30°C) and no evidence for preferential D/H exchange with younger waters. The hydrogen isotopic evolution of kaolins is interpreted as reflecting a systematic isotopic change of paleo-meteoric waters in that region. This can be related mainly to the northward drift of stable Europe after the break-up of Gondwana. Increasing continentality, surface uplift and global cooling are additional factors responsible for decreasing δD_SMOW values since the Mid-Cretaceous.

Kaolinite hydrogen isotope ratios of two large residual economic deposits (Tirschenreuth: δD_SMOW=−80‰ to −76‰; Hirschau–Schaittenbach: δD_SMOW=−70‰ to −63‰) can be used in combination with additional geological evidence to constrain the timing of weathering in these areas. A late Early Cretaceous kaolinization age is suggested for the Early Triassic sandstone-hosted deposits near Hirschau–Schnaittenbach, whereas a Late Oligocene to Mid-Miocene age is indicated for the Carboniferous granite-hosted Tirschenreuth deposits.     

应用信息熵方法对地下水观测网的层次分类——以河北平原地下水观测网为例

本文主要针对目前地下水观测网存在的层次不清问题,提出了基于信息熵理论新的分类方法.文章列举了观测网层次问题的表现,原因和可能造成的后果,提出地下水观测网的层次性应该对应地下水流动系统的层次性.认为地下水观测网就是一种信号通讯网,水位信号具有可传递性、差异性以及衰减性等特征,可以运用信息熵理论中的互信息概念,定量刻画观测孔之间的信息联系,并以这种信息联系程度作为观测孔层次分类的主要依据.作者以河北平原地下水观测网为实例,研究了区域尺度和局部尺度观测网的分类,结果表明信息熵方法可以很好地解决此类问题.     

基于WebGIS 的地下水环境监测信息发布系统研究

基于WebGIS的地下水环境监测信息发布系统涉及了网络技术、地理信息系统技术、数据库技术、软件工程等。本文简要介绍了WebGIS的关键技术，并从数据库、WebGIS综合管理服务、Web服务器和Web浏览器4个方面阐述了构成地下水环境监测信息发布系统的技术框架。根据系统的设计方案进行了相应的开发和配置，并以山东省地下水环境监测数据为例，实现了基于WebGIS的地下水环境监测信息发布。     

长白山火山区温泉温室气体排放通量研究

温泉是深部岩浆活动在地表的直接表现,并且向大气圈排放大量的温室气体.然而,国内尚无火山区温泉排放的温室气体通量研究报道.我国长白山火山区水热活动强烈,主要有湖滨温泉带、聚龙温泉群、锦江温泉以及火山口外围的十八道沟温泉.本文利用数字皂膜流量计测量温泉气体排放通量,并结合前人对长白山火山区温泉气体成分的研究成果,估算了研究区温泉所排放的温室气体通量.结果表明,长白山火山区温泉排放的CO2通量为6.9×104t·a-1,CH4排放通量为428.44t·a-1,与意大利Pantelleria Island火山区温泉排放的温室气体通量规模相当.本文的测试结果表明:数字皂膜流量计在火山区温室气体排放通量估算研究中的应用是可行的.     

Determining the circulation depth of thermal springs in the southern Rocky Mountain Trench, south-eastern British Columbia, Canada using geothermometry and borehole temperature logs

Geochemical data for thermal spring waters along the southern Rocky Mountain Trench in British Columbia, Canada were examined. The range of equilibration temperatures for the thermal springs is between 24 and 59°C, assuming that there is minimal mixing with colder shallow waters that might lead to a lowering of the calculated equilibration temperature. The chalcedony geothermometer is found to be the most appropriate given the carbonate host rocks. Temperature logs from 11 boreholes in the vicinity were used to calculate representative geothermal gradients, which range from 23.8 to 55.7°C/km with an average of 24.8±8.0°C/km. Using the average gradient and the range of equilibration temperatures calculated for each spring, the minimum range for the depth of origin of the thermal waters is 0.9–2.2 km. Heat flow values range from 90.3 to 155 mW/m², with an average of 109.1±21.0 mW/m². The moderate to high heat flow and heat generation result in generally higher temperatures at shallow depths, thus offering an explanation for the occurrence of thermal springs. The alignment of the thermal springs likely relates to the preferred northwest–southeast orientation for major thrust faults along the Rocky Mountain Trench, and with waters routed from depth along deep faults.

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Resumen Se examinan datos geoquímicos de aguas de fuentes termales a lo largo de la Trinchera sur de las Montañas Rocosas en Columbia Británica, Canadá. El rango de temperaturas de equilibrio para las fuentes termales se encuentra entre 24 y 59°C, asumiendo que existe mezcla mínima con aguas someras más frías que podrían conducir a un descenso de la temperatura de equilibrio calculada. El geotermómetro de calcedonia se ha encontrado que es el más apropiado debido a las rocas encajonantes carbonatadas. Se utilizaron los registros de temperatura de 11 pozos de la zona para calcular gradientes geotermales representativos, los cuales varían de 23.8 a 55.7°C/km con un promedio de 24.8±8.0°C/km. Utilizando el gradiente promedio y el rango de temperaturas de equilibrio calculadas para cada manantial, se estimó que el rango mínimo para la profundidad de origen de las aguas termales varía de 0.9 a 2.2 km. Los valores de flujo de calor varían de 90.3 a 155 mW/m², con un promedio de 109.1±21.0 mW/m². El flujo de calor moderado a alto y la generación de calor resultan en temperaturas generalmente más altas a profundidades someras ofreciendo de este modo una explicación para la ocurrencia de fuentes termales. El alineamiento de fuentes termales posiblemente se relaciona con la orientación preferida noroeste-sureste de fallas inversas principales a lo largo de la Trinchera de las Montañas Rocosas, y con aguas ascendentes profundas que se mueven a lo largo de fallas profundas.

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Résumé Les données géothermiques de sources thermales le long de la partie sud du fossé des Montagnes Rocheuses en Colombie Britannique, Canada, sont étudiées. Léchelle des températures déquilibre des sources thermales se situe entre 24 et 59°C, en assumant quil y a un mélange minimum avec les eaux froides de surface, ce qui conduit à une sous-évaluation de la température déquilibre. La calcédoine apparaît être le géothermomètre le plus approprié vu les roches hôtes carbonatées. Les diagraphies de température provenant de 11 forages proches ont été utilisées pour calculer le gradient géothermique représentatif, gradient compris entre 23.8 et 55.7°/km avec une moyenne de 24.8°/km. En utilisant le gradient moyen et les valeurs de température déquilibre calculées pour chaque source, la profondeur minimum des eaux thermales se situerait entre 0.9 et 2.2 km. Les flux de chaleur sont évalués entre 90.3 et 155 mW/m, avec une moyenne de 109.1±21.0 mW/m. Le transfert moyen de chaleur et la génération de chaleur résulte en températures ordinairement plus élevées aux faibles profondeurs, qui ainsi offre une explication à loccurrence de sources thermales. Les alignements de sources thermales sont vraisemblablement en relation avec lorientation Nord-Sud des principales failles-vraies le long du fossé des Montagnes Rocheuses, et avec lécoulement des eaux des profondeurs le long des failles.

     

基于监测数据的全国地下水质动态变化特征

地下水质动态变化及其趋势研判是区域水资源调配决策的重要依据。本文以全国2007～2017年国家级地下水监测网水质数据为基础,结合典型地区的代表性监测组分超标特征及动态趋势,开展了地下水质动态变化过程研究,结果表明:全国地下水监测中以Ⅳ类水质点占比最大,其次为Ⅱ类水质点;Ⅰ～Ⅲ类水质点数量较少,而且占比以降低为主,Ⅳ和Ⅴ类地下水监测点逐渐增加,其中Ⅳ类水质点的比例由40.50%增加至51.45%;全国地下水质主要的超标组分为pH、总硬度、总溶解性固体、硫酸盐、氯化物、高锰酸钾指数、铁、锰、氟化物、"三氮"。以华北地区、华东地区、西南地区和西北地区为代表,分析研究典型地区地下水质的动态变化过程及其影响因素,结果显示,在地下水位变化较大的地区,地下水质状况随着地下水位变化明显,在地下水位波动较小的地区,地下水质状况也基本上变化较小。研究成果对于科学评价地下水资源、合理制定区域地下水开发利用规划、防治地下水污染等具有一定的指导作用。     

Origin and evolution of tufa mounds related to artesian karstic springs in Isona area (Pyrenees,NE Spain)

This work analyses a suite of relict tufa mounds generated by artesian karstic springs in Isona area (Spanish Pyrenees). Geological and geophysical data (seismics and vertical electrical resistivity soundings) indicate that the location of the discharge area in which the spring mounds formed was controlled by (1) a bulge in the axial zone of the anticline that affects the Areny-Montsec aquifer, with the consequent thinning of the overlying confining unit and (2) N-S and E-W trending extensional faults. These uncommon meteogene mounds occur in two stepped morphostratigraphic units that constitute the caprock of a mesa 9 km2 in area. The upper tufa complex is 47 m thick and has yielded several U/Th dates of >350 ka. The obtained U/Th ages for the mounds of lower tufa complex, 10 m thick, range from >350 to 214 ± 11 ka. The sedimentological analysis of the scarce exposures and electrical resistivity profiles show the same morphological and depositional components as those described in geothermal springs: (1) Cylindrical vents; (2) Pools fed by the vents and dammed by annular tufa barriers; (3) Tufa barriers (rimstones) constructed by overflowing waters through vertical accretion and progradation. These rimstones may have overhanging upflow sides. (4) Slope tufa facies with terracettes and microgours.     

Recharge areas and hydrochemistry of carbonate springs issuing from Semmering Massif, Austria, based on long-term oxygen-18 and hydrochemical data evidence

Oxygen-18 content and hydrochemistry of the springs issuing from Semmering Massif was intensively monitored with the aim of characterizing the recharge areas and hydrochemical evolution. The δ¹⁸O-altitude effect was determined using isotopic and hydrogeological data for small, mainly crystalline reference springs; it was approximated at –0.27 and –0.21‰/100 m respectively for the northern and southern side of the massif. Applying these values the mean recharge altitude of the springs was calculated. For the large-capacity carbonate springs it ranges between 1,100–1,410 m, compatible with the topographic and hydrogeologic frame work of the Mesozoic limestones and dolomites comprised in the Lower Austroalpine feeding the springs. Hydrochemical composition of the carbonate springs is dominated by Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, HCO₃ ^– and SO₄ ^2– ions. With respect to calcite, the springs are nearly saturated, but undersaturated with dolomite (except for some springs that seemed close to saturation). As is typical for carbon dioxide influx from soils in a mountainous region, the mean equilibrium P_CO2 is low, within 10^–3.0 and 10^–2.5 atm (0.1–0.3 vol%). On a long-term scale, the pH and the calculated SI_c, SI_d and equilibrium P_CO2 show a strong seasonality, whereas Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺ and HCO₃ ^– concentration is almost time invariant. By integrating the results of δ¹⁸O and chemical data, altitudinal variability of the chemistry of carbonate groundwater is demonstrated. Reflecting the systematic change of biotic activity and recharge conditions in the catchment areas, a negative co-variation results between the recharge altitude and P_CO2 and HCO₃ ^– concentration (HCO₃ ^– is not modified by any source/sink terms, thus rendering the change on the carbonate chemistry). P_CO2 and HCO₃ ^– drop by approx. 0.22 log units (atm) and 38.6 mg/l, respectively, for every 100-m gain in recharge altitude. Electronic Publication     

Plan for a groundwater monitoring network in Taiwan

 In Taiwan, rapid economic growth, rising standards of living, and an altered societal structure have in recent years put severe demands on water supplies. Because of its stable quantity and quality, groundwater has long been a reliable source of water for domestic, agricultural, and industrial users, but the establishment of a management program that integrates groundwater and surface-water use has been hampered by the lack of groundwater data. In 1992, the Department of Water Resources (DWR) initiated a program entitled "Groundwater Monitoring Network Plan in Taiwan." Under this program, basic groundwater data, including water-level and water-quality data, are being collected, and a reliable database is being established for the purpose of managing total water resources. This paper introduces the goals, implementation stages, and scope of that plan. The plan calls for constructing 517 hydrogeologic survey stations and 990 groundwater monitoring wells within 17 years. Under this program, water-level fluctuations are continuously monitored, whereas water-quality samples are taken for analysis only at the initial drilling stage and, subsequently, at the time when a monitoring well is being serviced. In 1996, the DWR and the Water Resources Planning Commission were merged to form today's Water Resources Bureau. Received, July 1997 · Revised, February 1998 · Accepted, January 1998     

宁夏地下水监测现状调查及对策

[目的]针对地下水监测存在问题,提出改进地下水监测工作的对策和建议。[方法]调查地下水监测历史沿革及现状,理出存在主要问题,研究应对策略。[结果]宁夏地下水监测范围小,监测层位浅,监测井标准低老化严重,井网布局和监测项目与面临任务不适应,难以满足地下水管理与开发保护要求,亟需完善地下水监测井网。[结论]做好宁夏地下水监测站网总体规划,建立稳定资金投入机制,加强与国土部门合作,逐年完善地下水监测站网,是做好地下水监测工作主要举措。