http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674987111000764

The Jinding Zn-Pb deposit has been generally considered to have formed from circulating basinal fluids in a relatively passive way,with fluid flow being controlled by structures and sedimentary facies,similar to many other sediments-hosted base metal deposits.However,several recent studies have revealed the presence of sand injection structures,intrusive breccias,and hydraulic fractures in the open pit of the Jinding deposit and suggested that the deposit was formed from explosive release of overpres-sured fluids.This study reports new observations of fluid overpressure-related structures from underground workings(Paomaping and Fengzishan).which show clearer crosscutting relationships than in the open pit.The observed structures include:I) sand(±rock fragment) dikes injecting into fractures in solidified rocks:2) sand(±rock fragment) bodies intruding into unconsolidated or semi-consolidated sediments;3) disintegrated semi-consolidated sand bodies;and 4) veins and breccias formed from hydraulic fracturing of solidified rocks followed by cementation of hydrothermal minerals.The development of ore minerals(sphalerite) in the cement of the various clastic injection and hydraulic fractures indicate that these structures were formed at the same time as mineralization.The development of hydraulic fractures and breccias with random orientation indicates small differential stress during mineralization,which is different from the stress field with strong horizontal shortening prior to mineralization. Fluid flow velocity may have been up to more than 11 m/s based on calculations from the size of the fragments in the clastic dikes.The clastic injection and hydraulic fracturing structures are interpreted to have formed from explosive release of overpressured fluids,which may have been related to either magmatic intrusions at depth or seismic activities that episodically tapped an overpressured fluid reservoir.Because the clastic injection and hydraulic structures are genetically linked with the mineralizing fluid source,they can be used as a guide for mineral exploration.     

Deepwater fold and thrust belt classification,tectonics, structure and hydrocarbon prospectivity: A review

Deepwater fold and thrust belts (DWFTBs) are classified into near-field stress-driven Type 1 systems confined to the sedimentary section, and Type 2 systems deformed by either far-field stresses alone, or mixed near- and far-field stresses. DWFTBs can occur at all stages of the Wilson cycle up to early stage continent continent collision. Type 1 systems have either weak shale or salt detachments, they occur predominantly on passive margins but can also be found in convergent-related areas such as the Mediterranean and N. Borneo. Examples include the Niger and Nile deltas, the west coast of Africa, and the Gulf of Mexico. Type 2 systems are subdivided on a tectonic setting basis into continent convergence zones and active margin DWFTBs. Continent convergence zones cover DWFTBs developed during continent–arc or continent–continent collision, and those in a deepwater intracontinental setting (e.g. W. Sulawesi, Makassar Straits). Active margins include accretionary prisms and transform margins. The greatest variability in DWFTB structural style occurs between salt and shale detachments, and not between tectonic settings. Changes in fold amplitude and wavelength appear to be more related to thickness of the sedimentary section than to DWFTB type. In comparison with shale, salt detachment DWFTBS display a lower critical wedge taper, more detachment folds, long and episodic duration of deformation and more variation in vergence. Structures unique to salt include canopies and nappes. Accretionary prisms also standout from other DWFTBs due to their relatively long, continuous duration, rapid offshore propagation of the thrust front, and large amount of shortening. In terms of petroleum systems, many similar issues affect all DWFTBs, these include: the oceanward decrease in heat flow, offshore increase in age of mature source rock, and causes of trap failure (e.g. leaky oblique and frontal thrust faults, breach of top seal by fluid pipes). One major difference between Type 1 and Type 2 systems is reservoir rock. High quality, continent-derived, quartz-rich sandstones are generally prevalent in Type 1 systems. More diagenetically reactive minerals derived from igneous and ophiolitic sources are commonly present in Type 2 systems, or many are simply poor in well-developed turbidite sandstone units. However, some Type 2 systems, particularly those adjacent to active orogenic belts are partially sourced by high quality continent-derived sandstones (e.g. NW Borneo, S. Caspian Sea, Columbus Basin). In some cases very high rates of deposition in accretionary prisms adjacent to orogenic belts, coupled with uplift due to collision, results in accretionary prism related fold belts that pass laterally from sub-aerial to deepwater conditions (e.g. S. Caspian Sea, Indo-Burma Ranges). The six major hydrocarbon producing regions of DWFTBs worldwide (Gulf of Mexico, Niger Delta, NW Borneo, Brazil, West Africa, S. Caspian Sea) stand out as differing from most other DWFTBs in certain fundamental ways, particularly the very large volume of sediment deposited in the basins, and/or the great thickness and extent of salt or overpressured shale sdetachments.     

川西上侏罗统遂宁组沉积相特征

川西地区在晚侏罗世遂宁期处于稳定坳陷阶段,构造活动相对较弱,主要沉积一套稳定的鲜紫红色泥（页）岩夹长石岩屑细-粉砂岩地层,构成了一个相对独立和完整的沉积旋回。根据不同级次基准面旋回分析,川西遂宁组可划分出1个长期层序、3个中期层序（对应于遂宁组的3个岩性段）和十余个短期层序。以各中期层序的上升和下降相域为编图单元编制的沉积相图表明：遂宁期川西地区以广泛发育被湖湾分隔的曲流河三角洲沉积体系为特征,并形成各自相对独立的储、盖组合和油气聚集成藏条件。遂宁期沉积演化具明显受基准面旋回控制的继承性,遂宁期早期（遂宁组一段沉积时期）,基准面不断上升,沉积作用以进积→加积为主,沿龙门山前缘发育有小型冲积扇或带状剥蚀区,向前分别在丰谷、新都、回龙镇各发育1套大且稳定的三角洲;遂宁期中期（遂宁组二段沉积时期）,随着基准面由缓慢上升转为下降,沉积作用由加积→退积→加积演化,遂宁期早期形成的3个三角洲分裂成4～5个发育较均衡的三角洲;遂宁期晚期（遂宁组三段沉积时期）,随着基准面不断下降,沉积作用由加积→进积演化,三角洲不断向湖推进,同时,由于受陆源物质供给不均衡的影响,该时期川西地区三角洲发育有较大变化,除在德阳发育1个较稳定的三角洲外,在新都发育的三角洲逐渐消亡,而在新津则由浅湖沉积逐渐演变为大型三角洲沉积。     

准噶尔盆地腹部超压顶面附近深层砂岩碳酸盐胶结作用和次生溶蚀孔隙形成机理

准噶尔盆地腹部深层超压顶面附近(现今埋深4400~6200m, 温度105~145℃) 砂岩中广泛出现的碳酸盐胶结作用和次生溶蚀孔隙与超压流体活动关系密切.由于超压封闭和释放引起其顶面附近砂岩中的孔隙压力和水化学环境的周期性变化可导致碳酸盐沉淀和易溶矿物溶解过程交替出现.根据腹部地区超压顶面附近深埋砂岩成岩作用、碳酸盐胶结物含量、储集物性、碳酸盐胶结物碳、氧同位素和烃源岩热演化模拟等资料的综合研究表明: 含铁碳酸盐胶结物是主要的胶结成分, 长石类成分的次生溶蚀孔隙是主要的储集空间类型, 纵向上深层砂岩碳酸盐胶结物出现15%~30%含量的地层厚度范围约在邻近超压顶面之下100m至之上大于450m, 碳酸盐胶结物出现大于25%含量高值带分布在靠近超压顶面向上的250~300m的地层厚度范围, 超压顶面附近砂岩中碳酸盐胶结物含量高值的深度范围也是次生溶蚀孔隙(孔隙度10%~20%) 发育带的范围; 因晚白垩世以来深部侏罗纪煤系有机质生烃增压作用, 导致在超压顶面附近砂岩晚成岩作用阶段深部富含碳酸盐的超压流体频繁活动, 所形成的碳酸盐胶结物受到了明显的与深部生烃增压有关的超压热流体和有机脱羧作用的影响; 超压流体多次通过超压顶面排放, 使得超压顶面附近砂岩遭受了多期酸性流体溶蚀作用过程, 形成了次生溶蚀孔隙发育带.      

中国云南金顶铅锌矿碎屑灌入体和水力压裂构造的观察及流体动力学分析

金顶铅锌矿曾被认为是形成于相对被动地受构造与沉积相控制的盆地流体,类似于许多其他沉积岩容矿的金属矿床。然而,一些近期研究显示在金顶矿区露天采场存在砂岩灌入体、侵位角砾岩和水力压裂构造,说明矿床可能形成于超压流体的爆发性释放。文中报道在地下坑道（跑马坪和峰子山）中新观察到的与超压流体有关的构造,这些构造显示比露天采场有更...     

Fluid pressure and effective stress in sandbox models

We have done a series of simple tests on sandpacks, involving upward flow of compressed air through the pores and its effect on the yield strength. The ultimate objective is to model deformation coupled with fluid flow in sedimentary basins. For all tests, we used a single batch of Fontainebleau sand, sieved to a grain size between 0.200 and 0.315 mm, poured into a cylindrical container and then fluidized. The density of this sand was 1.585 g/cm³, irrespective of sand thickness. The lithostatic pressure was proportional to the thickness of the sandpack. A yield envelope was obtained by shearing the sandpack horizontally. Compressed air entered the base of the sandpack and flowed upwards through the pore spaces. For 69 measurements on air flow without shearing, a plot of discharge velocity versus gradient of fluid pressure is close to a straight line, verifying Darcy's law and yielding an intrinsic permeability of about 1.7 darcy for the sand. For 72 tests on simultaneous shearing and fluid flow, the estimated effective stress (lithostatic stress minus estimated pore fluid pressure) ranged from 0 to 1600 Pa and the pore fluid ratio (between air pressure and lithostatic pressure) from 0.0 to 1.0. A plot of shear stress versus effective stress at failure is almost linear, verifying Terzaghi's principle of effective stress. The best-fit slope (coefficient of internal friction) is about 0.55 and the intercept on the shear stress axis (cohesion) is less than 85 Pa. The tests show that it is feasible to use compressed air within sandpacks, as a means of modelling deformation coupled with fluid flow. The next step will be to build sandbox models of layered sequences and to investigate detachments caused by abnormal fluid pressures.     

中国东部箕状断陷湖盆扇三角洲与辫状河三角洲对比研究

中国东部箕状断陷湖盆短轴方向,常常发育扇三角洲和辫状河三角洲,二者均可形成良好的油气储集体,但在岩芯以及地球物理资料的识别上常常容易混淆。通过对它们沉积特征、地球物理资料特征、含油气性和控制因素的对比研究和分析认为:扇三角洲是陡坡带冲积扇直接入湖形成,地震反射特征为楔形前积,沉积物成分成熟度和结构成熟度均低于辫状河三角洲,沉积特征反映重力流和牵引流双重作用;辫状河三角洲是缓坡带辫状河入湖形成的三角洲,向湖盆方向推进较远,地震反射特征为叠瓦前积,沉积特征反映牵引流作用。扇三角洲易形成构造-岩性油气藏和岩性油气藏,有利相带为扇三角洲前缘水下分流河道、席状砂以及前扇三角洲容易发育的滑塌浊积扇;辫状河三角洲易形成地层-岩性油气藏和岩性油气藏,有利相带为辫状河三角洲平原辫状分流河道,辫状河三角洲前缘水下分流河道、河口坝、席状砂以及半深湖中的浊积岩体。古气候变化、构造-古地貌以及湖平面变化速率三者共同作用于扇三角洲和辫状河三角洲的沉积特征,其中构造-古地貌是主控因素。结合二者沉积特征差异,建立了中国东部箕状断陷湖盆扇三角洲和辫状河三角洲沉积模式图,以期能对相似构造背景下扇三角洲和辫状河三角洲的分析与研究提供一定的指导作用。     

河床底部沙火山特征、演化及其研究意义

沉积后尚未固结的砂体在外部动力的干扰下容易发生液化,形成沙火山、液化砂岩脉等沉积构造,地震是触发液化的最常见动力.在河床现代沉积中发现大量的沙火山构造,其产生过程虽受人为活动影响,形成条件却在盆地特殊构造部位可以满足,分析其特征、演化及动力可以为震积岩及其他成因软沉积变形研究提供参考.研究结果显示,不同规模及对应特征的...     

Ice‐marginal forced regressive deltas in glacial lake basins: geomorphology,facies variability and large‐scale depositional architecture

This study presents a synthesis of the geomorphology, facies variability and depositional architecture of ice‐marginal deltas affected by rapid lake‐level change. The integration of digital elevation models, outcrop, borehole, ground‐penetrating radar and high‐resolution shear‐wave seismic data allows for a comprehensive analysis of these delta systems and provides information about the distinct types of deltaic facies and geometries generated under different lake‐level trends. The exposed delta sediments record mainly the phase of maximum lake level and subsequent lake drainage. The stair‐stepped profiles of the delta systems reflect the progressive basinward lobe deposition during forced regression when the lakes successively drained. Depending on the rate and magnitude of lake‐level fall, fan‐shaped, lobate or more digitate tongue‐like delta morphologies developed. Deposits of the stair‐stepped transgressive delta bodies are buried, downlapped and onlapped by the younger forced regressive deposits. The delta styles comprise both Gilbert‐type deltas and shoal‐water deltas. The sedimentary facies of the steep Gilbert‐type delta foresets include a wide range of gravity‐flow deposits. Delta deposits of the forced‐regressive phase are commonly dominated by coarse‐grained debrisflow deposits, indicating strong upslope erosion and cannibalization of older delta deposits. Deposits of supercritical turbidity currents are particularly common in sand‐rich Gilbert‐type deltas that formed during slow rises in lake level and during highstands. Foreset beds consist typically of laterally and vertically stacked deposits of antidunes and cyclic steps. The trigger mechanisms for these supercritical turbidity currents were both hyperpycnal meltwater flows and slope‐failure events. Shoal‐water deltas formed at low water depths during both low rates of lake‐level rise and forced regression. Deposition occurred from tractional flows. Transgressive mouthbars form laterally extensive sand‐rich delta bodies with a digitate, multi‐tongue morphology. In contrast, forced regressive gravelly shoal‐water deltas show a high dispersion of flow directions and form laterally overlapping delta lobes. Deformation structures in the forced‐regressive ice‐marginal deltas are mainly extensional features, including normal faults, small graben or half‐graben structures and shear‐deformation bands, which are related to gravitational delta tectonics, postglacial faulting during glacial‐isostatic adjustment, and crestal collapse above salt domes. A neotectonic component cannot be ruled out in some cases.     

东营凹陷古近系沙四上亚段滩坝储层特征及次生孔隙展布模式

东营凹陷沙四上亚段滩坝砂体广泛发育,平面上呈带状分布。滩坝砂体储层中次生孔隙是形成有效储层的重要条件,研究区存在的次生孔隙主要包括碳酸盐溶蚀孔隙和石英溶蚀孔隙两种类型,分属于两种不同流体成因。根据对不同滩坝沉积区储层次生孔隙和成岩作用的研究发现东营凹陷不同构造位置次生孔隙的成因类型不同,这是由于滩坝砂体中储层的固体和流体性质存在差异。固体性质的差异一般是由于沉积体距离物源的远近和沉积环境的不同造成的,而流体性质的差异主要是沉积体附近断层的连通性和活动性造成的。因此滩坝砂体的次生孔隙成因在横向上也相应地呈现出带状分布的特征:砾质滩坝主要为酸性成岩作用主导次生孔隙发育带,近岸滩坝主要属于酸碱共同作用次生孔隙发育带,远岸滩坝和中央共振带滩坝主要是碱性成岩作用次生孔隙发育带。     

Characteristics and Genetic Mechanisms of Overpressure in the Depressions of Bohai Bay Basin, China

The distribution and genetic mechanisms of abnormal pressures in the Bohai Bay Basin were systematically analyzed. Abnormal pressures are widely developed in the Bohai Bay Basin, primarily in the Paleogene E2s4, E2s3, Es1, and Ed formations. From the onshore area of the Bohai Bay Basin to the center of the Bozhong area, the top depth of the overpressured zone in each depression increases gradually, the overpressured strata in each depression gradually move to younger formations, and the pressure structure successively alters from single-bottom- overpressure to double-bottom-overpressure and finally to double-top-overpressure. The distribution of overpressured area is consistent with the sedimentary migration controlled by the tectonic evolution of the Bohai Bay Basin, which is closely related to the hydrocarbon-generation capability of active source rocks. The overpressured strata are consistent with the source-rock intervals in each depression; the top of the overpressured zone is synchronous with the hydrocarbon generation threshold in each depression; the hydrocarbon generation capability is positively correlated with the overpressure magnitude in each formation. Undercompaction was the main mechanism of overpressure for depressions with fluid pressure coefficients less than 1.2, whereas hydrocarbon generation was the main mechanism for depressions with fluid pressure coefficients greater than 1.5.     

孟加拉盆地东部褶皱带差异构造变形及成因

基于野外地质调查和地震资料分析,证实了孟加拉盆地东部褶皱带发育底部和中部两套滑脱层。底部滑脱层在整个褶皱带均发育,而中部滑脱层仅发育于北段—中段的陆上和陆架区,在中段的陆坡-洋盆区及南段则不发育。中部滑脱层的发育受古陆坡富泥沉积控制。北段—中段主要发育滑脱褶皱及被断层突破的滑脱褶皱,而南段主要发育泥底辟和泥火山构造。孟加拉盆地东部褶皱带滑脱层系及构造样式的差异变形特征主要受区域挤压作用、沉积作用以及地层流体超压等方面存在着差异的共同影响。     

差异胶结作用引起的储层物性差异成因分析：以白音查干凹陷达尔其扇三角洲为例

扇三角洲为陆相沉积盆地中的一个重要沉积体系,多数具有良好的油气储集能力。通常情况下,盆地中发育的扇三角洲具有相近的物性,扇三角洲前缘分流河道储层物性好,席状砂物性较差。然而,达尔其油田相邻的2个扇三角洲的物性出现了较大差异,达尔其西扇三角洲出现了分流河道物性差异与相控储层理论相悖的现象。利用偏光显微镜镜下薄片观察、岩芯物性分析与测井等资料,研究了该区储层岩石的孔隙类型以及成岩过程中压实和胶结作用对储层物性的影响,分析2个相邻扇三角洲储层物性差异及达尔其西扇三角洲河道物性差的原因,认为干旱气候和地壳抬升作用、盐湖沉积阶段和盐类沉积时间差异是形成2个扇三角洲物性差异的关键因素。研究成果为解释达尔其油田2个扇三角洲储层物性剧烈变化和差异提供了重要依据。     

Geochemical characteristics of mud volcano fluids in the southern margin of the Junggar basin,NW China: implications for fluid origin and mud volcano formation mechanisms

Mud volcanoes can provide important information about the underlying strata, hydrocarbon accumulation, and recent neotectonic movements in an area. The fluids erupting from mud volcanoes provide important information about their formation and evolution. The ion concentration and the hydrogen and oxygen isotopes of the fluids that were erupted from the three mud volcano groups, Baiyanggou, Aiqigou, and Dushanzi, and nearby rivers in the southern margin of the Junggar basin, northwestern China, are studied. The concentrations of Na and Cl in mud volcano fluids are clearly elevated, displayed as the Na-Cl type. The δD and δ18O values of the fluids are similar between the Baiyanggou and Dushanzi mud volcanoes, which are mainly from ancient sedimentary pore water. However, the Aiqigou mud volcano is depleted in dissolved Cl and shows lower δ18O values with mixed sources, including deep pore and local meteoric water. Two types of mud volcanoes are proposed in this study. One type is low-energy mud volcanoes with a low volume of fluid of deep origin on the hillcrest, which display as mud pool/pie/hole. The other type is high-energy mud volcanoes having mixed fluid origin in the valley and formed in the shape of a mud cone (dome).     

莱州湾凹陷垦利油区沙三上亚段辫状河三角洲沉积特征表征

渤海湾盆地莱州湾凹陷垦利油区沙三上亚段是目前中深层油气勘探开发的重点主力含油层系。综合研究区沉积背景,以三维地震资料、岩心及测井资料为依托,结合地震沉积学研究,开展了垦利油区沙三上亚段辫状河三角洲沉积特征及演化规律研究。结果表明,莱州湾凹陷垦利油区沙三上亚段沉积期,发育以莱北低凸起、垦东凸起及潜在物源区潍北低凸起供源形成的辫状河三角洲沉积体系。研究区辫状河三角洲平原砂体以细—中砂岩为主,前缘砂体以粉—细砂岩为主,分选性中等较好。牵引流性质的沉积构造十分发育,多见生物扰动构造,反映三角洲前缘动荡的水体环境。顺物源方向发育斜交前积反射地震相,垂直物源方向识别出多期丘状反射地震相。综合古地貌、沉积特征及振幅属性切片,明确研究区沙三上亚段以北部物源莱北低凸起供源为主导,沉积中块及沉积东块为主体沉积区,莱北低凸起供源的三角洲呈后退趋势,其展布面积大（95~130 km2）。沉积西块及东块为多物源供给区,来自垦东凸起的三角洲前缘沉积逐渐萎缩,来自潍北低凸起的三角洲区前缘沉积逐渐向湖盆中央推进。上述沉积展布及演化规律为进一步精细勘探开发提供了沉积地质基础。     

评述异常压力研究中的石油地质学新思想

在对异常压力的认识不断深化的过程中,凝结出许多新的概念和思想,为现代石油地质学理论注入了新的内容。关于超压生成与有机质成熟-生烃的关系虽有争议,但大多数主张超压对有机质成熟和生烃起抑制作用;在超压的背景下,生烃、排烃以及烃类的运移和聚集常呈现出幕式的特征;压力驱动是流体活动和油气运移的重要动力;动态运移通道是油气运移的新型通道;通常压力过渡带是油气聚集的有利场所;在超压的含油气盆地中,可能发现的非传统油气聚集有异常压力的气饱和封存箱、水力破裂-泥岩裂缝油气藏、烃水倒置的油气藏等。异常压力的储层具有相对独立性。     

Sediment supply: The main driver of shelf-margin growth

Despite the obvious importance of sediment supply to shelf-margin architecture and to the potential of margins to contain and bypass deep-water sands, the role of supply in shelf-margin growth has received limited attention. High cross-shelf sediment flux is critically important for the occurrence of deep-water sands, not least on Greenhouse or rapidly subsiding margins where the impact of eustatic sea-level fall may be insufficient to drive sediment delivery out across the shelf into deep-water areas. To draw greater attention to the supply parameter we review a number of shelf margins that have grown chiefly through supply by shelf-edge deltas and associated sediment-gravity flows. Based on structural style and water depth, we recognize two broad types of shelf-margin. Moderately deep-water margins produce clinoforms < 1000 m high and show rates of shelf-edge progradation < 60 km/My and aggradation < 270 m/My, and consequently, infill their basins relatively rapidly, and develop more progradational architectures with morphologically smooth and relatively undeformed slopes. Very deep-water margins produce clinoforms > 1000 m high and generally show rates of shelf-edge progradation < 40 km/My and aggradation < 2500 m/My, and therefore infill their basins more slowly and develop more aggradational architectures with much gravity-driven slope deformation, proneness to failure and ponded architectures (salt or shale driven). On both margin types, long-term (> 1 My) rates of shelf-edge progradation of several tens of km/My tend to be linked to the delivery of relatively large volumes of sand into the deep-water basin. Delivery of this sand beyond the shelf-edge happens despite Greenhouse conditions and is likely recurrent and periodic (delivery cycles in the order of 100′s ky). Such prominent margin growth is a strong indication that sediment influx was relatively high and we refer to these margins as “supply-dominated” shelf margins. The Gulf of Mexico margin is a well-known and data-rich example of a “supply-dominated” shelf-margin during certain times (e.g., Paleocene). In contrast, on both margin types, low rates of shelf-edge progradation are linked to diminished (or even non-existent) and less frequently recurrent deep-water sediment delivery suggestive of relatively low sediment influx. Occurrence of deep-water sand delivery under low sediment influx probably requires fall of relative sea level. The differences between rapidly and slowly prograding margins indicate that sediment supply (and not sea level) is likely to be the key limiting factor on the growth of shelf margins and that sediment supply, as interpreted through progradation rate, can therefore be used to make a first-order prediction of relative amounts of sand passed to deep-water areas.     

准噶尔盆地侏罗纪含铀岩系的层序划分与对比

为对比分析准噶尔盆地侏罗纪含铀岩系的特征,在盆地北部、东部、南部筛选了3个钻透中下侏罗统西山窑组(J_2x)和八道湾组(J_1b)的钻孔,以岩性组合、沉积特征和测井曲线为基础,结合层序地层学原理和前人研究成果,对其含铀岩系进行了划分与对比。选择12个铀矿化异常孔编制了层序沉积连井模式图,讨论了层序充填及演化特征。结果表明:盆地不同位置地层层序差异较大,北缘从侏罗系下统三工河组到侏罗系上统齐古组(J_1s—J_3q)发育了3个三级层序和7个体系域。盆地东缘从侏罗系下统八道湾组到上统齐古组(J_1b—J_3q),发育了5个三级层序和12个体系域,整体经历了一个较为完整的湖侵过程,4个次级的湖侵湖退使湖平面达到最高位。南缘从侏罗系中统西山窑组到上统齐古组(J_2x—J_3q)发育了3个三级层序和7个体系域,经历一次构造隆升作用造成了大规模湖退事件和一次完整的湖侵事件。八道湾期至齐古期至少经历了两次完整的湖退、湖侵事件,整体上经历了一个先退积、后进积、再退积的过程。头屯河期湖退过程中形成的扇三角洲、辫状河砂体是主要的铀储层,也标志着一次重要的构造隆升事件。研究区岩相主要有辫状河、辫状河三角洲、湖泊、湖泊三角洲和扇三角洲5种沉积相类型和10种沉积亚相,含铀岩系亚相主要有辫状河道、扇三角洲平原、湖泊三角洲平原。西山窑组(J_2x)含煤建造上下发育2个区域性平行不整合面,界面之下发育大规模湖泊三角洲相的粘土层圈闭了上下两侧的砂体,是寻找砂岩型铀富集的有利区带。这些认识,不仅提高了准噶尔盆地侏罗系层序地层的对比划分的精度,而且对盆地控铀要素和形成环境研究及全面开展铀矿找矿工作意义重大。     

Barrier-island genesis: evidence from the central atlantic shelf,eastern U.S.A.

Since most barrier systems appear to have retreated into their present positions from further out on the continental shelf, the continental shelf is a logical place in which to investigate barrier genesis. The Middle Atlantic Bight of North America, one of the best known shelf sectors, does not appear to contain any drowned barriers. Instead, a series of terraces bear on their surfaces a discontinuous carpet of lagoonal sediments beneath a discontinuous sand sheet formed by erosional barrier retreat. Scarps separating terraces are the lower shorefaces of stillstand barriers whose superstructures were destroyed when shoreface retreat resumed. Thus the “origin” of most barriers is that they have retreated in from the position of their immediate predecessors. Barrier genesis, in the classic sense of large-scale, coastwise spit progradation or mainland-beach detachment, could only have occurred at Late Wisconsin lowstand, when the sense of sea-level displacement was reversed. The relative roles of coastwise spit progradation and mainland-beach detachment depend on coastal relief and slope, with steep, rugged coasts favoring spit progradation at the expense of mainland-beach detachment. Since most major barrier systems form on flat coastal plains, it would appear that mainland-beach detachment is the more important mode of barrier formation.During stillstands or periods of reduction in the rate of sea-level rise, coasts can more nearly approach their climax configuration, in which the shoreline is relatively straight, and the shoreface is well developed and of maximum possible slope. Coastal adjustments during such periods may require localized mainland-beach detachment and coastwise spit progradation, in order to attain such a configuration.     

泥火山的全球分布和研究进展

本文系统介绍了泥火山的全球分布特征、分类、成矿、成因特征和机制、生物地球化学和地质灾害。泥火山是盆地地层深部含水的泥质物在高压作用下喷出地表形成的锥状沉积体,主要发育在沉积速率较快和有横向挤压构造作用的盆地中。全球陆地有超过40个泥火山发育区,海底有超过20个泥火山发育区,每个发育区有几座到200多座泥火山不等,陆地和浅海区共有2000多个泥火山。各地泥火山有不同的喷发周期,喷发物也各有不同的形态、成分、来源和年龄。尽管泥火山的成因机制尚颇有争议,但较快的沉积速率和活动大陆边缘横向构造挤压作用无疑是两个最为关键的因素。由于泥火山对大地构造属性、油气勘探、生物地球化学、地质灾害和全球气候变化等问题的研究有着重要的意义,已逐渐成为地球科学一个新的研究热点。