铁元素对海相沉积物早期成岩作用的影响

铁元素是地壳中丰度最高的元素之一,在海相沉积物成岩过程中起着非常重要的作用.铁元素作为海洋初级生产力的微营养元素,影响海相沉积物中有机质的输入,其在早期成岩阶段与硫化物和磷元素的耦合关系,可以促进或者降低有机质的保存;铁元素在海相沉积物早期成岩过程中可以改变孔隙水的化学性质,影响亚稳定碳酸盐矿物的保存,导致碳酸盐沉积物...     

济阳坳陷古近系成岩作用及其对储层质量的影响?

大量的储层分析化验资料研究表明，济阳坳陷古近系砂岩储层经历了压实、胶结等多种成岩作用。压实作用以机械压实为主，压溶作用较少。胶结作用主要有十分普遍的石英次生加大胶结、碳酸盐胶结、粘土矿物胶结。碳酸盐胶结物有早、晚两期，早期泥晶方解石主要分布在浅层，连晶方解石充填的深度分布范围大，中深部最为发育。溶蚀作用主要有碳酸盐胶结物、长石颗粒和少量岩屑溶蚀。储层孔隙经历了由原生到次生的演化过程，在成岩演化过程中，长石的溶蚀作用、碳酸盐矿物的沉淀与溶解作用是影响孔隙大小的关键因素，早期方解石的胶结有利于后期次生孔隙的发育。不同凹陷次生孔隙发育的深度不同。在济阳坳陷西部的惠民凹陷次生孔隙主要发育于1500-2400m深度，向东至东营凹陷则主要发育于1650-2450m，再向东到沾化凹陷为2300-3500m，车镇凹陷为2200-2700m。从西向东、由南向北次生孔隙的发育深度逐步增大是受盆地沉积沉降中心的迁移规律控制的。     

济阳坳陷古近系储层孔隙类型与次生孔隙成因

济阳坳陷包括东营凹陷、惠民凹陷、沾化凹陷和车镇凹陷,充填的古近系碎屑岩储层埋藏经历了早、中成岩阶段,目前大多沉积储层处于中成岩阶段A期。砂岩储层发育原生和次生孔隙,砂岩次生孔隙的形成主要是烃源岩成熟产生的有机酸对长石颗粒和碳酸盐胶结物溶蚀形成的,但在不同凹陷储层溶蚀对象存在差异。如东营凹陷储层次生孔隙的形成主要为碳酸盐胶结物溶蚀成因,长石溶蚀次之;沾化凹陷和惠民凹陷次生孔隙的形成主要为长石溶蚀成因,碳酸盐胶结物溶蚀次之;车镇凹陷储层的上部次生孔隙为长石溶蚀成因,下部为长石和碳酸盐溶蚀成因。济阳坳陷古近系垂向上2个深度段发育次生孔隙,其发育深度自西向东、由南向北加深,发育位置受控于凹陷内生油中心位置,临近生油中心的砂体内次生孔隙发育。储层综合评价表明,不同沉积凹陷的良好储层发育的地区和深度是不同的。东营凹陷北部坡陡带及中央隆起带储层主要为Ⅰ、Ⅱ类好储层,沾化凹陷孤岛、孤东和孤南层序Ⅲ及Ⅳ、Ⅴ(沙河街组沙三段上亚段至东营组东三段)的储层物性较好,车镇凹陷北部陡坡带、南部缓坡带的层序Ⅲ及Ⅳ(沙河街组沙三段上亚段至沙一段)发育良好储层,惠民凹陷中央隆起带和夏口断裂带层序Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ(沙河街组沙三段下亚段至沙二段下亚段)发育较好储层。     

页岩沉积环境对其油气潜力的影响:以中国和北美对比研究为例

页岩油气是当前全球油气勘探和研究的热点,但其潜力评价一直是难点。该文以中国和北美的四套典型页岩为例,包括北美湖相Green River组、内陆海相Niobrara组、中国环境来评价相龙马溪组和济阳坳陷湖相页岩,发现页岩沉积环境与其油气潜力具有密切关系,因此可通过分析发现这四套页岩的沉积环境都具有页岩沉积环境评价其页岩油气潜力。通过微量元素、生物标志化合物、扫描电镜、X-CT和X射线衍射等方法,发现这四套页岩都具有一定的还原性和较高的生产力,且具有差异性。内陆海相Niobrara组页岩具有弱还原的沉积环境,在四套页岩中有机碳含量较低,呈块状沉积构造,裂缝与微裂缝较少,储集空间相对有限。焦石坝海相龙马溪组页岩为还原的沉积环境,岩石以富含有机质的硅质岩为主,可观察到大量的大孔隙与少量的微裂缝。Green River页岩和济阳坳陷页岩形成于陆相咸化的强还原沉积环境,有机碳含量高,页岩以纹层状结构为主,岩石组成脆性矿物含量高,含有大量的裂缝。可见,具有强还原沉积环境的页岩通常具有较好的勘探前景。     

The“Sand-Mud” Sedimentary Record and Its Diagenetic System in Shore-shallow Lacustrine—A Case Study of Eocene Kongdian Formation in Jiyang Depression

The sand-mud sedimentary record develops widely in the shore-shallow lacustrine, which can be a good oil and gas reservoir cap combination. It has important significance in petroleum geology. This paper takes the Kongdian Fm. of Eocene in Jiyang Depression as an example to study the formation mechanism and diagenetic system of the sand-mud sedimentary record in the shore-shallow lacustrine. The study indicated that sandstone-mudstone sedimentary strata at macroscopic level includes sand-mud duality, mudstone vein and sandstone lens in the Kongdian Fm. of Jiyang Depression, and there are some transitional clastic rocks at the microscopic level (Clastic particles, clay and carbonate cements are included in the transitional clastic rocks). The sandstone-mudstone sedimentary strata mainly formed in the material transformation of the shallow-water deltas and conjugate shock in the shore-shallow lacustrine. The thickness is mainly restricted by material source and water dynamic condition, and the sand-mud transitional clastic rocks are restricted by the dynamic mechanism and sedimentary differentiation of the lake water. The sandstone-mudstone sedimentary strata is composed of a closed diagenetic system. Early compaction-drainage and differential compaction, middle and late clay mineral transformation, structural water and organic acid emissions during the diagenetic process of mudstone influence the diagenesis of sandstone. The closed diagenetic system of sand-mud transitional clastic rocks is mainly related to the structural maturity of clastic rocks.     

Calcite cementation during bacterial manganese, iron and sulphate reduction in Jurassic shallow marine carbonates

Faunally restricted argillaceous wackestones from the Middle Jurassic of eastern England contain evidence of early diagenetic skeletal aragonite dissolution and stabilization of the carbonate matrix, closely followed by precipitation of zoned calcite cements, and precipitation of pyrite. Distinctive cathodoluminescence and trace element trends through the authigenic calcites, their negative δ¹³C compositions and the location of pyrite in the paragenetic sequence indicate that calcite precipitation took place during sequential bacterial Mn, Fe and sulphate reduction. Calcite δ¹⁸O values are compatible with cementation from essentially marine pore fluids, although compositions vary owing to minor contamination with ¹⁸O-depleted ‘late’cements. Mg and Sr concentrations in the calcites are lower than those in recent marine calcite cements. This may be a result of kinetic factors associated with the shallow burial cementation microenvironments. Bicarbonate for sustained precipitation of the authigenic calcites was derived largely from aragonite remobilization, augmented by that produced through anaerobic organic matter oxidation in the metal and sulphate reduction environments. Aragonite dissolution is thought to have been induced by acidity generated during aerobic bacterial oxidation of organic matter. Distinction of post-oxic metal reduction and anoxic sulphate reduction diagenetic environments in modern carbonate sediments is uncommon outside pelagic settings, and early bacterially mediated diagenesis in modern platform carbonates is associated with extensive carbonate dissolution. High detrital Fe contents of the Jurassic sediments, and their restricted depositional environment, were probably the critical factors promoting early cementation. These precipitates constitute a unique example of calcite authigenesis in shallow water limestones during bacterial Mn and Fe reduction.     

东营凹陷下第三系深层成岩作用及次生孔隙发育特征

通过钻井取心分析测试、岩石薄片和扫描电镜观察等手段,对东营凹陷下第三系深层成岩作用和次生孔隙发育特征进行研究。结果表明,东营凹陷下第三系深部碎屑岩地层经历了强烈的压实压溶作用和胶结作用、复杂的交代作用和多期次的溶解作用,原生孔隙消失殆尽。胶结作用是降低深层孔渗性能的主要因素,方解石类、黄铁矿、高岭石、绿泥石等成岩矿物的大量析出与次生孔隙发育密切相关;溶解作用使深层碎屑岩产生粒间溶孔、溶缝、溶蚀填隙物内孔隙和铸模孔等次生孔隙。从晚成岩A期到晚成岩C期,有机质成熟过程、粘土矿物转化、烃类与硫酸盐矿物的热化学氧化还原反应等造成的酸性地层水介质,使东营凹陷下第三系深部碎屑岩储层在不同构造部位分别发育2~4个次生孔隙发育带。      

辽河滩海西部凹陷古近系碎屑岩储层成岩作用及其对储层物性的影响

辽河滩海西部凹陷古近系储层砂岩类型主要以长石岩屑砂岩、岩屑长石砂岩、岩屑砂岩及杂砂岩为主,为近源、多源沉积体系,砂岩成分成熟度及结构成熟度低。孔隙类型包括原生孔隙、次生孔隙及混合型孔隙。研究表明该区古近系储层成岩阶段处于早成岩B段至晚成岩A段,主要发育机械压实、胶结、溶解及交代等4种成岩作用。其中溶解作用为主要的建设性成岩作用,发育程度普遍较强。机械压实、胶结及交代等成岩作用为破坏性成岩作用,发育程度中等。储层物性随深度增加呈现有规律的变化,在1 400~2 600 m和2 800~3 400 m深度范围内,孔隙度和渗透率出现异常高值。成岩作用的强度和期次是影响储层孔隙发育的主控因素之一,该区的两个异常孔隙发育带是各种成岩作用综合的结果。其中第一异常孔隙发育带与有机质成熟有关,成岩环境为酸性;第二异常孔隙发育带则与碱性成岩作用有关,硅质组分的溶解对次生孔隙的形成及保存具有重大的贡献作用。     

Diagenesis of early Permian high‐latitude limestones,Lower Parmeener Supergroup,Tasmania

The Darlington (Sakmarian) and Berriedale (Artinskian) Limestones are neritic deposits that accumulated in high‐latitude environments along the south‐eastern margin of Pangea in what is now Tasmania. These rocks underwent a series of diagenetic processes that began in the marine palaeoenvironment, continued during rapid burial and were profoundly modified by alteration associated with the intrusion of Mesozoic igneous rocks. Marine diagenesis was important but contradictory; although dissolution took place, there was also coeval precipitation of fibrous calcite cement, phosphate and glauconite, as well as calcitization of aragonite shells. These processes are interpreted as having been promoted by mixing of shelf and upwelling deep ocean waters and enabled by microbial degradation of organic matter. In contrast to warm‐water carbonates where meteoric diagenesis is important, the Darlington and Berriedale Limestones were largely unaffected by meteoric diagenesis. Only minor dissolution and local cementation took place in this diagenetic environment, although mechanical compaction was ubiquitous. Correlation with burial history curves indicates that chemical compaction became important as burial depths exceeded 150 m, promoting precipitation of extensive ferroan calcite. This effect resulted from burial by rapidly deposited, overlying, thick, late Permian and Triassic terrestrial sediments. This diagenetic pathway was, however, complicated by the subsequent intrusion of massive Mesozoic diabases and associated silicifying diagenetic fluids. Finally, fractures most probably connected with Cretaceous uplift were filled with late‐stage non‐ferroan calcite cement. This study suggests that both carbonate dissolution and precipitation occur in high‐latitude marine palaeoenvironments and, therefore, the cold‐water diagenetic realm is not always destructive in terms of diagenesis. Furthermore, it appears that for the early Permian of southern Pangea at least, there was no real difference in the diagenetic pathways taken by cool‐water and cold‐water carbonates.     

黄骅坳陷三马地区中-深部储层成岩作用及主控因素分析

黄骅坳陷三马地区储集岩样品的显微特征及成岩矿物的组合关系分析结果表明，三马地区下第三系中深层储层主要处于晚成岩A期，成岩现象包括石英、长石的次生加大、碳酸盐矿物胶结作用、矿物交代作用、溶解作用和粘土矿物转化作用等。其中石英次生加大于2700m左右开始出现，随埋深增大，石英增生加强；长石次生加大现象不十分普遍；碳酸盐胶结作用包括早期自生泥晶方解石胶结作用、连晶方解石和晚期白云石(或铁方解石)的胶结作用。在扫描电镜下可见到方解石与含铁方解石集合体充填在粒间孔隙中或与石英、钠长石及粘土矿物共生，白云岩多呈菱形粒状分布于粒间；常见的交代现象主要有方解石交代长石、石英及粘土矿物，粘土矿物交代长石、石英等；溶解作用主要有长石的溶解、碳酸盐颗粒的溶解和方解石胶结物的溶解等，粘土矿物的转化主要为蒙脱石、高岭石向伊利石(或绿泥石)转化。还讨论了储层岩相、岩性特征、孔隙水中有机酸含量、早期方解石的充填、烃类早期注入等因素对储层成岩演化的控制作用。     

Very early diagenesis in a calcareous,organic-rich mudrock from Jordan

The diagenesis in the organic-rich Cretaceous to Eocene Al Hisa Phosphorite Formation (AHP), Muwaqqar Chalk Marl Formation (MCM) and Umm Rijam Chert-Limestone Formation (URC) formations of Jordan can be linked directly to the fluctuating sedimentary environment of this shelf depositional system in the Middle to Late Eocene, and its influence on the composition of the deposited sediment and the early burial diagenetic environment. Most cementation was early, mostly within the first 10 m of burial, perhaps entirely within the first 100 m of burial. We propose that the siliceous cements are derived from biogenic silica, probably of diatoms, deposited in a shelf of enhanced productivity. Volumetrically, the most important processes were the redistribution of biogenic opal-A (diatoms) and calcite to form pervasive, layered and nodular cements. The formation of the silica and carbonate cements is closely linked through the effects their dissolution and precipitation have on pore fluid chemistry and pH. The chert beds have a biogenic silica origin, formed through replacement of diatoms and radiolaria by opal-CT, and subsequently by quartz. Calcite cement has carbonate derived from microbial diagenesis of organic matter and calcium derived from seawater. The Mg for early dolomite may have been generated by replacement of opal-CT by quartz, ore dissolution of unstable high Mg calcite bioclasts. The silica and carbonate diagenetic processes are both linked to microbial diagenesis of organic matter, and are intimately linked in both time and space, with pH possibly influencing whether a silica or a carbonate mineral precipitates. The paucity of metal cations capable of precipitating as sulphides is crucial to the creation of acidic pore water favourable to silica precipitation, either as opal-CT, chalcedony or quartz. The lack of clay minerals as a sink for the Mg required for opal-CT polymerisation is the principal factor responsible for the remarkably early silica cementation. All the diagenetic processes, with the probable exception of the opal-CT to quartz transition are early, almost certainly within the first 10 m of burial, possibly much less. A paragenetic sequence is presented here based on these two cores that should be tested against a wider core distribution to see whether this diagenetic history can be generalised throughout the basin. Warm bottom water temperatures probably led to silica diagenesis at much shallower burial depths than occurs in many other sedimentary basins. Silicified layers, in turn, commonly host fractures, suggesting that mechanical properties of the strata began to differentiate at a very early stage in the burial cycle. This has wide implications for processes linking diagenesis to deformation.     

Diagenetic of the Mesozoic complex weathering crust reservoir rock in Fulin subsag,Jiyang Depression

The formation of weathering crust reservoirs and the analysis of their differences have become the current research focus of reservoir geology. The Mesozoic oil and gas exploration in the Fulin subsag of Zhanhua sag in the Jiyang Depression of Bohai Bay Basin has encountered its bottleneck. Only the weathering crust at top of the Cretaceous is currently penetrated by exploration wells and the weathering crust reservoir is characterized by complex lithology and high heterogeneity. In order to enhance exploration in the Mesozoic buried hill reservoir in the study area and even the Jiyang Depression,it's of great importance to figure out diagenetic evolution,reservoir space types and their combination relationships. The complex lithology of weathering crust reservoir rock of the Cretaceous Xiwa Formation in the Fulin subsag was studied by core and thin section observation combining with well logging data. The results show that the key lithologies of weathering crust include andesite and tuff,followed by dyke,cryptoexplosive breccia and glutenite. During the complex burial process,different tectonic units underwent the evolution of 'sag-uplift-uplift' or 'sag-uplift-sag',resulting in significant differences for diagenetic sequence and pore evolution of different reservoir rocks. The primary pore types and their genesis of igneous and clastic rocks are obviously different,but the present reservoir space is dominated by secondary pores,especially dissolution pores. The dissolved material includes porphyry,matrix and volcanic debris. The dominant fluid for dissolution is variable. In addition to the atmospheric fresh water rich in CO₂ during the uplifting and exposure,the organic acid discharged during the maturation of organic matter has a positive effect on improving reservoir quality. The formation of favorable weathering crust reservoir rock is controlled by lithology,burial evolution and diagenetic fluid. On the whole,the reservoir quality order of the Cretaceous Xiwa Formation in the Fulin subsag is as follow: Volcaniclastic rock,vesicular andesite,tuff,subvolcanic rock. Different weathering crust reservoir rocks in the study area underwent different diagenetic modification during the complex burial process.     

The petrology and diagenesis of Middle Jurassic clastic sediments, Ravenscar Group, Yorkshire

The petrology of non-marine clastic sediments from the Middle Jurassic Ravenscar Group was investigated to identify and to assess the significance of possible controls on diagenesis. Diagenetic modifications took place in three broad regimes: within the depositional groundwater (eogenesis), during burial (mesogenesis), and during uplift and erosion (telogenesis). Eogenesis involved the initial interaction of the original sedimentary assemblage with its depositional pore waters. Eogenetic processes were influenced strongly by bacterial degradation of organic matter present in the finer grained sediments. This bacterial activity caused a lowering of pore water pH, and subsequently reduced Eh. Feldspar dissolution and alteration of muscovite to kaolinite occurred. Quartz overgrowths and vermiform kaolinite precipitated in sands with oxygenated and mildly acidic pore waters, whereas chlorite and quartz overgrowths formed in sands with anoxic and neutral pore waters. This caused complete reduction of porosity in both finer-grained and texturally less-mature floodplain-facies sandstones. Channel-facies sandstones were cemented only with a thin veneer of quartz overgrowths, creating a rigid but still porous quartzose framework. Bacterial ferric-iron reduction throughout the water table subsequently established more ubiquitous conditions, raised pH, and caused rhombic siderite cementation within the remaining porosity. Mesogenetic modifications, of the mineralogy formed at the surface, occurred when pore water composition changed during burial. Bicarbonate saturated solutions migrated through the surviving porosity, precipitating replacive, poikilotopic ferroan calcite. Carbonate dissolution occurred subsequently. Carbonate dissolution was possibly caused by the same solutions which then precipitated dickite and further authigenic quartz. Telogenetic modifications took place during uplift and exposure. Groundwater reactions and subaerial exposure probably caused further carbonate and feldspar dissolution, as well as alteration of chlorite to interstratified chlorite vermiculite. It is concluded that the diagenesis of these non-marine clastic sediments reflects various factors, the complex interrelationship of which precludes the identification of any single factor as wholly controlling their diagenesis. Eogenetic modifications involved the interaction of the sediments and their pore waters. As a result of the metastability of the mineral assemblage established at this time, these modifications can still be recognized. despite the sediments' subsequent history.     

济阳坳陷富林洼陷中生界复杂岩性风化壳储集层成岩作用*

风化壳储集层成因及其差异性特征分析是当今储层地质学研究热点。渤海湾盆地济阳坳陷沾化凹陷富林洼陷中生界油气勘探遇到瓶颈,目前探井仅钻揭白垩系顶部风化壳,且风化壳储集层岩性复杂、非均质性极强,明确风化壳储集层成岩改造、储集空间类型和组合关系,对本区乃至济阳坳陷中生界潜山油气勘探至关重要。通过岩心和薄片观察,结合录井、测井等资料,对富林洼陷白垩系西洼组复杂岩性风化壳储集层开展研究。结果表明: 风化壳岩性主要为安山岩和凝灰岩,其次为脉岩、隐爆角砾岩和砂砾岩。由于不同构造单元在复杂埋藏过程中经历了“洼—隆—隆”或“洼—隆—洼”的演化过程,不同岩性储集层的成岩序列和孔隙演化差异明显。火成岩和碎屑岩原生孔隙类型和成因明显不同,但现今储集空间均以次生孔隙特别是溶蚀孔为主,被溶蚀物质包括斑晶、基质以及火山岩屑等。溶蚀作用的主导流体多变,继抬升暴露过程中富含CO₂的大气淡水之后,有机质成熟时排出的有机酸对储集层改善有积极作用。有利风化壳储集层的形成受到岩性、埋藏演化过程和成岩流体的共同控制。整体上,富林洼陷白垩系西洼组储集层质量由好到次的顺序为: 凝灰质砂砾岩,火山角砾岩,含残余气孔安山岩,凝灰岩,次火山岩;不同岩性风化壳储集层在复杂埋藏过程中,经历了不同的成岩改造。     

塔里木盆地碎屑岩优质储层特征及成因分析

塔里木盆地碎屑岩储层发育,主要分布于石炭系底部的东河砂岩,三叠系、侏罗系底砂岩和白垩系、下第三系底砂岩等。碎屑岩储层以孔隙型占绝对优势,少量裂缝型;孔隙有两种类型,中生界以上地层以原生孔为主;古生界则以次生孔为主,次生孔中以粒间溶孔和粒内溶孔为主。成岩作用类型多,但以表生淋滤作用、低成熟有机释放酸的溶蚀作用和深层热化学硫酸盐还原反应产生部分酸的溶蚀和沉淀作用对储层物性影响最大。对塔里木盆地碎屑岩深埋优质储层成因进行了探讨。认为塔里木盆地具特殊的地质条件,低的地温梯度,新第三纪后的快速沉降短期深埋,酸性地层水对岩石颗粒和基质的溶蚀,多次构造运动形成不整合面和断裂系统改善了储集层的性能,有利的沉积相带为优质储层发育提供了良好的物质基础。     

The origin and alteration of calcite cement in tight sandstones of the Jurassic Shishugou Group,Fukang Sag,Junggar Basin,NW China: implications for fluid–rock interactions and porosity evolution

The Shishugou Group, which consists of Middle Jurassic Toutunhe Formation and Upper Jurassic Qigu Formation, is currently an important hydrocarbon exploration target in the Fukang Sag of Junggar Basin, China. The Shishugou Group sandstones experienced a complex diagenetic history with deep burial (3600–5800 m) to develop low–ultralow porosity and permeability reservoir with some high-quality reservoirs found in the tight sandstones owing to the reservoir heterogeneity. This integrated petrographic and geochemical study aims to unravel the origin and alteration of calcite cement in the Shishugou Group sandstones and predict fluid–rock interaction and porosity evolution. The Shishugou Group sandstones (Q_43.8F_7.4R_48.8) have a dominant calcite cement with strong heterogeneity forming in two generations: poikilotopic, pore-filling masses that formed at an early diagenetic stage and isolated rhombs or partial grain replacements that formed at a late stage. The Shishugou Group, which are lacustrine sediments formed in low–medium salinity lake water in a semiarid–arid climatic environment, provided the alkaline diagenetic environment needed for precipitation of chlorite and early calcite cements in early diagenesis. The Ca²⁺ of the pore-filling calcite cements was sourced from weathering or dissolution of volcanic clasts in the sediment source or during transport in under oxidising conditions. The δ¹⁸O_V-PDB and δ¹³C_V-PDB values of calcite were significantly controlled by distance from the top unconformity and underlying coal-bearing stratum with carbon sourced from atmospheric CO₂, and organic matter. The early carbonate cement inhibited burial compaction producing intergranular pore spaces with enhanced reservoir properties by late dissolution under acidic conditions. Anhydrite cement reflects reaction of organic acid and hydrocarbon with the sandstones and is associated with fluid migration pathways. The fluid–rock interactions and porosity evolution of the tight deep sandstones produced secondary pores that filled with hydrocarbon charge that forms this deep high-quality reservoir.     

埋藏有机酸性流体对四川盆地东北部飞仙关组储层的溶蚀改造作用：溶解动力学实验研究

通过白云岩化鲕粒灰岩与0.1 mol/L乙酸的旋转盘溶解动力学实验,研究了深埋藏中有机质热演化过程中伴生的有机酸对鲕粒灰岩储层的改造作用机理.结果显示,白云岩化鲕粒灰岩溶解反应的速率在3.26×10-7～6.66×10-7 mol/(cm2·s)之间,并且溶蚀速率随温度和转速的增加而增大.反应前后样品表面的扫描电子显微...     

基于热模拟实验的富有机质泥页岩成岩作用及演化特征

富有机质泥页岩蕴含丰富的油气资源,但成岩研究基础薄弱,已成为制约页岩油气勘探开发进程的重要因素。通过开展成岩热模拟实验,结合扫描电镜观察、流体成分测试及有机酸测试等实验测试手段,全面描述实验过程中所发生的水-岩化学反应,试图揭示泥页岩成岩过程及成岩演化规律。研究结果显示,有机质热演化过程中存在一个较宽的有机酸生成窗口,对孔隙流体性质具有重要影响;长石和方解石存在接力溶蚀现象,长石溶蚀高峰过后紧接着出现方解石溶蚀高峰,但方解石溶蚀窗较窄,此后出现方解石重新沉淀结晶;黏土矿物转化及长石的溶蚀过程中会产生大量自生微晶石英,成链状或簇状胶结泥页岩骨架。泥页岩地层作为一个相对封闭体系,各类成岩作用之间相互关联,相互影响,构成错综复杂的成岩体系,进一步增加其成岩作用研究难度。     

湖相页岩有机储集空间发育特点与成因机制

有机储集空间是页岩的重要储集类型, 但对处于生油窗内的湖相页岩是否发育有机储集空间却缺少研究.系统采集处于生油窗范围内不同演化程度的湖相页岩样品, 利用氩离子抛光样品制备技术, 分别使用Quanta200扫描电镜及EDAX能谱仪联机和JSM-6700f冷场发射扫描电子显微镜对湖相页岩进行微观特征观察和岩石组分分析, 背散射图像和二次电子图像均显示, 页岩内大量发育呈暗色条带状的有机质-粘土-碳酸盐和有机质-粘土-硫酸盐混合体.该混合体内极易发育孔隙, 从2 500~4 000 m, 该类孔隙连续分布, 当埋深小于3 600 m时, 这类孔隙的尺度一般为微米级, 但随着演化程度增高纳米孔隙增加, 并且呈密集分布.混合体内孔隙的发育分别与页岩含油饱和度迅速增高及游离有机酸含量的增加同步, 该类孔隙的发育不仅仅取决于生烃作用, 它的形成是生烃转化和有机酸溶蚀共同作用的结果.上述结果表明, 在生油窗范围内湖相页岩中, 有机质与无机矿物作为整体共同演化且相互作用, 在生烃与溶蚀叠合作用下形成了丰富的有机质-矿物混合体内储集空间, 该储集类型对陆相页岩油气赋存具有重要意义.      

水库现代沉积过程沉积磷的早期成岩作用模型研究

在沉积磷形态分析、孔隙水化学、核素计年以及吸附解吸实验等的基础上,运用一维“反应-平流-扩散”模型,研究了红枫湖现代沉积过程中磷的沉积改造。结果表明:红枫湖现代沉积过程中,有机态磷的矿化分解和铁结合态磷的络合/溶解,是控制沉积物磷迁移转化动力学的主要机制。沉积物-水界面附近有机磷的快速降解,可能克服沉积界面上铁氧化物对溶解磷的吸附缓冲,而形成向水体的磷酸盐迁移通量;自生磷灰石的沉积改造相对不明显,沉积磷向稳定形态含磷矿物(钙氟磷灰石)的转化过程同样不能影响红枫湖现代沉积过程中磷转化的质量平衡。