我国空间物理研究进展

经过多年的建设与努力,我国日地空间物理与空间天气领域的研究呈现蓬勃的发展态势.《地球物理学报》以空间物理为专辑,集中在2014年11期刊发38篇文章,涵盖了基于"子午工程"观测数据分析在内的空间物理和空间天气方面的一批最新研究成果.这些工作涉及电离层、中高层大气、地磁与磁层、太阳及太阳风等学科方向,还有两篇工作涉及行星空间环境.本文将从这五个学科方向简要地介绍收入专辑的这些工作.     

地磁活动指数的过去、现在和未来

地磁活动性是范围广、分量多、种类繁、形态异、频谱宽、原因复杂的时变过程.面对如此复杂的地磁活动性,除了分门别类逐一进行深入研究之外,根据实测资料,用简便易行的分类和简单明了的指标,对地磁活动性进行总体检阅和形态学描述也是非常必要的.于是,各种地磁活动指数应运而生.地磁指数不仅是表征地磁活动现象的重要参数,其应用范围逐渐扩展到日地能量耦合计算、电离层一磁层一太阳风空问环境状态描述、空间环境监测、空间天气预报等许多相关领域."地磁活动指数化"的思想正在向别的领域扩展,其构建原理和量算方法也在不断改进和完善.本文将现有的约50种地磁活动指数分两大类型,综述其提出背景和发展过程,分析其使用范围和优缺点,探讨地磁活动指数未来发展的趋势.     

第8届全国日地空间物理学术讨论会在宜昌举行

第8届全国日地空间物理学术讨论会暨国家自然科学基金重大项目“日地系统能量传输过程的研究”成果交流会,于1997年9月16日─22日在湖北宜昌召开,来自16个单位的88位代表参加了会议,其中35岁以下的代表有29人,占总数33％。会议收到论文118篇,内容包括太阳大气、日球层、磁层、空间等离子体、电离层、中高层大气、日食观测、空间观测与探测、空间环境、日地关系与空间天气学、小卫星应用等方面的最新成果,是对近几年来我国日地空间物理领域研究工作的一次检阅。这些论文反映了近年来我国广大空间物理科技工作者在空间物理基础研究和应…     

超低频波与带电粒子的非线性相互作用

超低频波在日地能量传输和磁层—电离层耦合过程中都扮演着十分重要的角色,其在调节整个太阳—地球系统的能量流方面的研究一直是空间物理领域最重要的研究方向之一.超低频波是带电粒子在内磁层辐射带中加速和扩散的主要原因之一,磁层中的带电粒子具有典型的垂直于磁场的漂移运动和平行于磁场的弹跳运动,超低频波的频率范围能够覆盖带电粒子的...     

中国地磁台网观测与研究进展

引言从地心至磁层边界的空间范围内统称为地磁场,它能够灵敏地反映上至太阳,磁层,电离层,下至地球内部乃至地核的电磁信息及其变化的物理过程。因此,对地磁场的观测是进行地球物理和空间物理研究的重要基础。１９５７年苏联成功发射第一颗人造地球卫星是人类进入空间时代的里程碑。在太阳活动的直接影响下,经常引起磁扰等各种大气扰动,严重影响着高空和地面上的技术系统,同时危及人类的健康与生命,因而,监测、预报“空间天气”已成为科学家和工程师的攻坚目标。地磁观测对航天、航空、导航、通讯、矿产资源调查、供电、输油及地震…     

第十五届全国日地空间物理学研讨会纪要

正2013年6月9日至12日,第十五届全国日地空间物理学研讨会在湖北省十堰市举行.此次研讨会由中国空间科学学会空间物理学专业委员会主办,武汉大学承办,来自全国25所高等院校和科研单位总计200余名科研人员参加,共同就国内近两年空间物理学研究进展展开深入探讨和交流,涉及的主要内容包括:太阳风、行星际物理,磁层物理,电离层物理,中高层大     

日冕磁场测量

磁场把太阳的各层大气耦合在一起,并主导着其中的各种物理过程,磁场的演化引发包括太阳爆发在内的活动现象,进而影响着地球的空间环境和人类的生存条件.要理解发生在太阳大气中的各种活动现象,离不开对其磁场的完整认知.然而目前对太阳高层大气尤其是日冕的磁场测量仍然严重缺失,这大大限制了人类对太阳活动的研究,制约了太阳物理和空间天...     

地球磁层软X射线信号的辐射特性研究

太阳风-磁层耦合和地球空间的动力学过程是空间天气的基本驱动要素,在系统尺度上认知这些过程对于空间物理和空间天气的研究至关重要.太阳风电荷交换(solar wind charge exchange, SWCX)机制的提出,为磁层大尺度特性研究提供了一种全新的探测方式,即地球磁层的软X射线成像. SWCX发生在太阳风中的高价态重离子(例如C⁶⁺、N⁷⁺、O⁷⁺、O⁸⁺等)和中性原子或分子(例如地球空间中的中性氢原子,日球层中的中性氢原子和氦原子,彗星和其它行星上的水分子、CO₂等)发生碰撞时.太阳风离子得到一个或多个电子后进入激发态,随后在回到基态的过程中释放出一个或多个软X射线波段的光子.地球磁层的SWCX软X射线辐射主要发生在日侧的磁鞘和极尖区,因此利用软X射线大范围成像技术可以对磁层进行远距离全景成像,从而在大尺度上认知太阳风-磁层相互作用的基本模式.在此背景下,中欧联合空间科学卫星计划太阳风-磁层相互作用全景成像卫星(Solar wind Magnetosphere Ion...     

地球磁层的磁场模型

1958年卫星探测发现了磁层,至今已有半个世纪,对磁层电场、电流体系、磁场、粒子分布和等离子体波的探测研究构成了空间物理的重要内容,其结果是各种磁层模型的出现.本文简要综述磁层磁场建模的基本原理、方法和发展历史,对十几种重要的磁层模型的特点、局限性和适用范围进行了对比分析,以Tyganenko模型为例,讨论了磁层模型发展的趋势.     

第6届全国日地空间物理学术讨论会在苏州举行

1992国际空间年的前夕,1991年12月4日—10日在苏州召开了第6届全国日地空间物理学术讨论会,来自中国科学院、国家教委、航空航天部及其它部委系统的代表130人参加了大会。 会上宣读论文180篇,张贴10多篇。内容广泛,包括:中高层大气结构、形态、模式,中高层大气的火箭、气球和卫星探测,空间环境及应用;电离层常规形态、模式,电离气体、电波传播,电离层探测;地磁脉动、哨声;磁层物理,宇宙线,行星际物理;太阳活动区物理、耀斑、日冕;空间等离子体物理;南极考察等方面。这些论文全面反映了三年来我国日地空间物理研究工作的进展,诸如日冕质量抛射事件的数     

Quantitative description of zircon morphology and its dynamics analysis

The morphology of zircon can be divided into three independent parts: prism habit consisting of 100 and 110, pyramid habit consisting of 211 and 101, and elongation habit consisting of prism and pyramid. Hence, prism index, pyramid index and elongation index are presented in order to describe the morphology of zircon quantitatively. Because these indexes can be used not only for describing the external morphology of zircon, but also for revealing the morphological evolution throughout the history of zircon growth, the theory of crystal growth dynamics can be applied to studying the typomorphism of zircon by means of this method. Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 49672103, 49632080).     

Correlation assessment and monitoring of the potential pollutants in the surface sediments of Pyeongchang River, Korea

The study provides a baseline for the assessment of the organic and inorganic pollution specially, heavy metal contamination in the surface sediments of Pyeongchang River,South Korea.The assessment of the study areas was done with respect to metal pollution load,ecological risk and geoaccumulated risk.Based upon the used indices,a priority index(P_index) was used to rank the utmost contaminated sites.Though the concentrations of mercury in all sediments were below the guideline, the significant enriched contamination was observed by all applied indices.As expected,the values of pollution load index（PLI）,ecological risk index（RI） and geoaccumulation risk index(I_geo) demonstrated lower heavy metal contamination in upstream areas compared to the downstream. Admittedly,sediments were unpolluted to slightly-polluted according to PLI while high to extremely high ecological risks were observed in several sediment samples.Furthermore,all the samples were uncontaminated as per I_geo.After simplification of I_geo,the P_index,showed the utmost contaminated sediments with a value of 2.537.Notably,protective measures should be taken to the highly contaminated areas which are prioritized by P_index Admittedly,the maximum concentrations of total organic carbon,total nitrogen,inorganic nitrogen,total phosphorous,inorganic phosphorous,calcium, magnesium,sodium and potassium were significantly observed as 7.8×10⁴,3,185,36,1,032,3.7, 1,5163,2,881,669 and 4,076mg/kg accordingly.     

全球电离层TEC起伏特性分析

利用全球电离层TEC地图（GIMs）数据,在已经建立TEC气候学模式的基础上,计算了1998年以来固定UT时间的全球TEC起伏指数σ_DGEC．采用偏相关分析方法对σ_DGEC与太阳活动（F107指数）及其起伏（dF107）、地磁活动（Ap指数）、季节变化因子（太阳偏置角）等因素,以及上述因素的非线性组合等的相关性进行分析,发现σ_DGEC与F107、Ap指数具有最强的相关性,与F107指数和半年变化因子的交叉项F107×S、F107指数的二次方具有较好的相关性,同时,与F107指数与年变化因子的交叉项F107×A及F107扰动指数偏离值（dF107）的二次方也具有一定的相关性．据此,以这些因子作为驱动量,建立了σ_DGEC的多元回归模型．鉴于σ_DGEC反映全球范围内电离层TEC起伏的平均特性,并与太阳活动F107指数、地磁活动Ap指数具有良好的相关性,为此我们建议,将全球TEC相对起伏指数σ_DGEC作为描述全球电离层扰动状态及电离层天气特征的一个新参量．     

Comparison of ten notable meteorological drought indices on tracking the effect of drought on streamflow

ABSTRACT

Ten notable meteorological drought indices were compared on tracking the effect of drought on streamflow. A 730-month dataset of precipitation, temperature and evapotranspiration for 88 catchments in Oregon, USA, representing pristine conditions, was used to compute the drought indices. These indices were correlated with the monthly streamflow datasets of the minimum, maximum and mean discharge, and the discharge monthly fluctuation; it was revealed that the 3-month Z-score drought index (Z3) has the best association with the four streamflow variables. The Mann-Kendall trend detection test applied to the latter index time series mainly highlighted a downward trend in the autumn and winter drought magnitude (DM) and an upward trend in the spring and summer DM (p = 0.05). Finally, the Pettitt test indicated an abrupt decline in the annual and autumn DM, which began in 1984 and 1986, respectively.     

X射线衍射和红外光谱法分析高岭石结晶度

用X射线衍射和红外光谱法研究了浙江临安纤岭一带高岭石样品（A,B,C,D四个样品）的结晶度,并考察两种方法分析结果的相关性.分析结果表明B样品的Hinckley指数为1.28、红外结晶指数为1.57,结晶度最好.两种方法相关性较好,均可用来分析高岭石结晶度.     

Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination of Wetland Soils from a Typical Aquatic–Terrestrial Ecotone in Haihe River Basin,North China

Surface soils were collected in the aquatic–terrestrial ecotone (ATE) of Yongnianwa wetland, downstream of Haihe River basin of North China in June of 2007. Samples were subjected to a total digestion technique before they were analyzed for total concentrations of Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn to investigate their pollution levels in the ATE. The contamination index, integrated contamination index, geoaccumulation index, toxic units, and sum of toxic units were adopted to assess the heavy metal contamination levels and ecotoxicity, respectively. The results showed all the selected element concentrations in upland soils of the ecotone were relatively higher than those in the lowland soils. No Cr pollution was observed in all soil samples, but almost all samples were slightly polluted by Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn except for Site 1. The contamination indexes and geoaccumulation indexes consistently presented no contamination for Site 1 and slight contamination for other sites. The ΣTUs increased from lowland to upland, but the whole level of toxicity in this ecotone was relatively low.     

基于鱼类生物完整性指数的广东鉴江流域环境质量评估

根据鉴江流域21个观测点鱼类调查所收集的数据,结合历史资料的记录,初步构建基于鱼类生物完整性评价的26个初选指标,并根据指标属性分类进行初筛,对10个通过的候选指标进行分布范围、判别能力和Pearson相关性分析,确定了由总的种类数占期望值的百分比、鲤科鱼类占总种类数的百分比、鳑鲏亚科鱼类占总种类数的百分比、耐受性强鱼类占总种类数的百分比和产漂流性卵鱼类占总种类数的百分比共5个主评指标组成的生物完整性指数体系,并用于鉴江流域部分河段的生态健康评价.结果表明,凌江鱼类完整性相对较好,罗江一般,平定水、袂花江和鉴江干流较差,小东江最差;鉴江流域大多数河段的综合健康状态处于较差状态,需要对鉴江流域进行生态修复以达到相对健康状态.评价结果与河流受人为干扰的实际情况相吻合,研究构建的评价体系可供周边地区使用和借鉴.     

A new fish-based multi-metric assessment index for cyprinid streams in the Iranian Caspian Sea Basin

A major issue for water resource management is the assessment of environmental degradation of lotic ecosystems. The overall aim of this study is to develop a multi-metric fish index for the cyprinid streams of the Caspian Sea Basin (MMICS) in Iran. As species diversity and composition as well as population structure in the studied streams are different to other regions, there is a substantial need to develop a new fish index. We sampled fish and environmental data of 102 sites in medium sized streams. We analysed human pressures at different spatial scales and determined applicable fish metrics showing a response to human pressures. In total, five structural and functional types of metrics (i.e. biodiversity, habitat, reproduction, trophic level and water quality sensitivity) were considered. In addition, we used 29 criteria describing major anthropogenic human pressures at sampling sites and generated a regional pressure index (RPI) that accounted for potential effects of multiple human pressures.For the MMICS development, we first defined reference sites (least disturbed) and secondly quantified differences of fish metrics between reference and impaired sites. We used a Generalised Linear Model (GLM) to describe metric responses to natural environmental differences in least disturbed conditions. By including impaired sites, the residual distributions of these models described the response range of each metric to human pressures, independently of natural environmental influence.Finally, seven fish metrics showed the best ability to discriminate between impaired and reference sites. The multi-metric fish index performed well in discriminating human pressure classes, giving a significant negative linear response to a gradient of the RPI. These methods can be used for further development of a standardised monitoring tool to assess the ecological status and trends in biological condition for streams of the whole country, considering its complex and diverse geology and climate.     

不同太阳活动及地磁条件下的电导率分布变化

电离层电导率在不同的太阳活动和地磁条件下会发生变化. 本文通过中性大气经验模式NRLMSISE_00（Neutral Atmosphere Empirical Model_2000,简称NRLMSISE_00）和电离层经验模式IRI_2001（International Reference Ionosphere_2001,简称IRI_2001）计算电离层的电子、离子碰撞频率以及电导率,并简要讨论了120 km和300 km高度上的电导率在不同季节、不同太阳活动和地磁指数下的经纬分布. 结果显示,电导率的分布与日照密切相关,且随太阳活动的变化而变化. 磁暴时电导率随地磁活动的变化相对于随太阳活动的变化要小,在120?km高度,磁暴期间电导率在低纬地区和高纬地区发生不同变化,且Pedersen电导率和Hall电导率变化趋势相反,向两极靠近,电导率变化幅度略有增长;在300?km高度上,磁暴对低纬地区和高纬地区电导率的影响要比120?km处大,Pedersen电导率和Hall电导率变化趋势相同,且越向两极靠近电导率的变化幅度越大.     

三峡库区人居环境气候适宜性

运用GIS技术,在充分考虑气温、湿度、风速以及日照等条件下,计算了1995年1月至2010年12月三峡库区22个气象站点的温湿指数和风效指数及其时空分布,对三峡库区人居环境气候适宜性的总体分布趋势进行分析.并以2003年6月三峡工程一期蓄水作为时间中点,分析了三峡工程蓄水前后库区人居环境气候适宜性变化,同时对库区水位与气象要素的相关性进行定量分析.结果表明:从11月到翌年3月,库区气候偏冷,属于较不舒适人居环境;夏季的6-9月,整个库区气候偏热,属于较不舒适的人居环境;库区年均温湿指数和风效指数均呈现明显的地区差异,整体表现为由库区中部向东西递减的趋势;库区气候适宜性指数在三峡工程前后变化明显,库区水位与气候适宜性因子在2003年6月以前没有显著的相关性,在2003年6月以后,与温湿指数呈显著正相关,而与风效指数呈显著负相关.