北太平洋鱿鱼渔场浮游植物种类组成和数量分布

分析了北太平洋鱿鱼渔场浮游植物种类组成、分布特点及其与环境、中心渔场的关系.初步鉴定出36属129种,种类组成以暖水性种类居多(占58.9%),虽然冷水性占种类比例较少(占10.9%),但在细胞数量上占明显优势(占总量的68.05%),出现热带、亚热带与亚寒带区系共存的局面;其平面分布不均,平均总量为54.60×103个/m3;冷暖水系对浮游植物种类组成及数量分布均有显著的影响;中心渔场的形成与浮游植物高值区有着密切的关系.     

夏季外海水入侵对大亚湾浮游植物群落结构的影响

夏季大亚湾存在由粤东沿岸上升流所引起的外海水入侵现象,且入侵强度存在年际差异,作者利用大亚湾2004～2017年历年夏季航次调查数据,将弱入侵年份与强入侵年份进行对比分析,以探讨外海水入侵对大亚湾浮游植物群落结构的影响。结果显示,当外海水入侵由弱变强时,湾内水体理化特征发现显著变化,水体由高温低盐转变为低温高盐,N、P等营养盐含量出现下降。海水理化性质的改变导致了浮游植物群落结构的变化,硅藻、甲藻种类数以及浮游植物Shannon-wiener指数均出现升高;浮游植物总丰度和硅藻丰度下降,甲藻丰度变化不明显;常见浮游植物种类伪菱形藻属(Pseudo-nitzschiasp.)、角毛藻属(Chaetocerossp.)和叉角藻(Ceratiumfurca)丰度出现下降,而中肋骨条藻(Skeletonemacostatum)和菱形海线藻(Thalassionemanitzschioides)丰度出现升高;优势种由单一硅藻种类向硅藻和甲藻共为优势转变。此外,外海水入侵还会通过改变海水理化因子的空间分布以及湾内上层水体流向来影响浮游植物群落结构的空间分布。     

Size scaling patterns of species richness and carbon biomass for marine phytoplankton functional groups

Phytoplankton assemblages were clustered into associations according to functional taxonomic (diatoms, dinoflagellates and coccolithophores) and “ataxonomic” unimodal (nanoplankton, microplankton and macroplankton) size‐based criteria. Scaling relations of species richness‐cell size were performed in terms of histogram and log‐transformed data analyses for both taxonomic and ataxonomic groups. Frequency distribution histograms were fitted to a negative power function, which was strongly unimodal and right skewed and invariant across taxonomic and ataxonomic units. Regression analyses of the log‐transformed data were fitted to negative linear curves, which had common patterns and they were independent of taxonomic or ataxonomic affiliation. Species carbon biomass–cell size spectra produced by log transformation of the relevant data yielded positive slopes for both taxonomic and ataxonomic groups. In contrast, comparisons of the relative cell abundance, cell volume and carbon biomass levels showed large differences among these variables across taxonomic and ataxonomic groups. This work demonstrates that phytoplankton taxonomic and ataxonomic functional group relationships should be considered when developing future models of phytoplankton community structure.     

2010年胶州湾网采浮游植物种类组成与数量的周年变化

为了研究胶州湾网采浮游植物的种类组成与数量变化,作者根据2010年的胶州湾调查资料,对调查区浮游植物丰度、优势种类和季节变化进行分析研究。结果表明,胶州湾浮游植物主要由硅藻和甲藻两大类组成,硅藻占据绝对优势地位。除了7月以外,甲藻/硅藻比均0.2。生态类型主要以近岸广布种和暖温带种为主,在不同季节也出现了少数暖水种和外洋种。浮游植物丰度表现为明显的"双周期",冬、春两季较高,夏、秋两季较低。2月为全年最高峰,数量为1108×104个/m3,10月为夏、秋两季的高峰,数量为458.7×104个/m3。浮游植物群落的多样性指数平均为1.9。     

大鹏湾海水环境要素与浮游植物增殖的灰色模型研究

通过浮游植物的增殖态势与理化因子的友关联比较,以空间理论数学为基础,按规范性、偶对称性、整体性、接近性和光滑离散函数等原则,并定义灰导数和灰微分方程,由此建立灰色动态模型,研究大鹏湾浮游植物增殖与海水环境要素间的关系结果表明,浮游动物、Fe、Mn和溶解氧对浮游植物增殖密度有比较重要的影响.     

Influence of sedimentological features on the distribution of trace metals in marine sediments

The most important parameters influencing trace metal distribution in sediments are reviewed. The accent is put on sedimentation rate, grain size distribution and the knowledge of past events through sedimentological and mineralogical parameters. It is concluded that chemical data must be compared to sedimentological data before being interpreted.     

海洋浮游植物的脂肪酸:组成、功能及其生态学意义

脂肪酸在海洋生物的各种生理和生态过程中发挥着重要作用.浮游植物是海洋中脂肪酸的主要生产者,并通过各种过程被各级海洋生物利用.本文综述了浮游植物不同类群中脂肪酸的组成特点,各种环境因素对浮游植物胞内脂肪酸含量和组成的影响,以及海洋微藻中脂肪酸对浮游植物细胞及海洋其他生物的作用及意义;并探讨了浮游植物的脂肪酸组成在浮游植物...     

The distribution of phytoplankton size and major influencing factors in the surface waters near the northern end of the Antarctic Peninsula

The waters near the Antarctic Peninsula have always been a study hot spot because of their variable and unique oceanographic conditions.To determine the distribution and possible influencing factors on phytoplankton size and abundance near the Antarctic Peninsula,a large-scale survey was conducted during the austral summer of2018.Samples were collected in 27 stations located in the Drake Passage(DP),South Shetland Islands(SSI),and South Orkney Islands(SOI).Phytoplankton communities were described using chlorophyll a(Chl a),flow cytometry and light microscopy to cover a size range from pico-to microphytoplankton.Nanophytoplankton,especially small nanophytoplankton(2-6 μm) with abundance ranging from 0.66 ×10~3 cells/mL to 8.46 ×10~3 cells/mL,was predominant throughout the study area.Among different regions,there was an obvious size shift.The proportion of picophytoplankton near the Elephant Island(EI) and DP was higher than other regions,and larger cells were found mainly in east of SOI.The distribution of phytoplankton abundance detected by flow cytometry was not completely consistent with Chl a concentrations due to the contribution of larger cells to Chl a.Possible influencing factors on the phytoplankton size distribution were discussed.The properties of water masses such as temperature and salinity can influence the phytoplankton size distribution.Correlation analysis revealed that only picophytoplankton is significantly correlated with salinity.Light and Fe availability might affect phytoplankton abundance and size distribution especially near the waters of SSI and EI in this study.It was also speculated that the abundance of cryptophytes is possibly related to ice melting.     

Adaptive management,international co-operation and planning for marine conservation hotspots in a changing climate

The aim of this study is to predict changes in the distribution and extent of habitat forming species defined as “Priority Marine Habitats” (PMHs) in the North-East (NE) Atlantic under future scenarios of climate-induced environmental change. A Species Distribution Modelling method was used for each PMH to map the potential distribution of “most suitable” habitat. The area and percentage cover was calculated within each country׳s Exclusive Economic Zone for the baseline (2009) and the projected (2100) years. In addition, a conservation management score was calculated based on the number of PMHs that co-occur in assessment units. Overall, this study reveals the potential for movement and/or change in the extent of some PMHs across the NE Atlantic under an increased ocean temperature scenario (4 °C) by 2100. There are regional differences in the predicted changes and some countries will experience greater/different changes than others. The movement of biodiversity hotspots (where one or more PMHs occur in the same broad area) provides both opportunities and risks for conservation management that are discussed. Co-operation between neighbouring countries and marine regions will require substantial enhancement in order to provide a robust adaptive management strategy going forward.     

Measurement of vertical distribution of isoprene in surface seawater, its chemical fate, and its emission from several phytoplankton monocultures

Concurrent measurements of isoprene (2-methyl-1,3-butadiene) in seawater together with atmospheric concentrations in the Gulf Stream off the Florida coast were made. Florida Straits surface water concentrations of isoprene varied between 9.8 and 50.8 pmol 1⁻¹. Surface water isoprene concentrations showed a positive correlation with measured chlorophyll fluorescence, consistent with the biogenic origin of this non-methane hydrocarbon. Depth profiles showed a maximum in isoprene concentration similar to that of biological productivity as indicated by chlorophyll fluorescence. Daytime atmospheric mixing ratios of isoprene were never above 11 parts-per-trillion (pptv) and eight of eleven samples taken were below the ˜ 5 pptv detection limit. Using an estimated value of the Henry's law constant (K_H ˜ 3.1) a supersaturation of surface seawater of 2 to 3 orders of magnitude is estimated.Laboratory grown monocultures of several common phytoplankton species showed production of isoprene. Processes controlling the isoprene concentration in the photic zone of the ocean and the marine boundary layer are discussed. A calculation using a simple time dependent photochemical box model confirmed that isoprene is rapidly consumed by its reaction with the OH radical in the marine atmosphere.     

2011年南黄海辐射沙脊群海域浮游植物种类组成和密度的时空变化

于2011年2～12月,在南黄海辐射沙脊群海域设置6个采样站位,每逢双月份调查1次,研究该海域浮游植物密度及优势种的时空变化.调查共获得浮游植物87种,以硅藻种类最多.浮游植物密度呈周年双峰变化,分别在4月和8月成峰,4月峰值最大,水样浮游植物平均密度为1.59×104cells/dm3,网样浮游植物平均密度为2.71×106cells/m3,8月峰次之,水样浮游植物的平均密度为1.28×104cells/dm3,网样浮游植物平均密度为7.38×105cells/m3;浮游植物密度在2月和4月,北高南低,6月和8月中部高,外围较低,10月和12月南部高北部低.2月和4月,中肋骨条藻（Skeletonema costatum）为第一优势种,6月和12月虹彩圆筛藻（Coscinodiscus oculus-iridis）为第一优势种,8～10月琼氏圆筛藻（Coscinodiscus jonesianus）为第一优势种,枯水期（2月）铁氏束毛藻（Trichodesmium thiebautii）在局部海域形成优势.     

冬季海南岛五个海湾浮游植物光合色素分布的比较研究

为了研究海南岛周边海湾浮游植物群落分布特征,于2010年12月在海南岛周边5个海湾(海口湾、澄迈湾、洋浦-新英湾、陵水新村湾、三亚大东海)进行生态调查,分析了调查区域表层水的光合色素分布特征、浮游植物群落结构以及环境因素,对浮游植物不同类群的影响。本次调查共检出17种光合色素,岩藻黄素和叶绿素a是含量最高的两种色素,平均值分别达到0.410?g/L和0.278?g/L。CHEMTAX分析表明,调查海湾浮游植物类群主要包括硅藻、甲藻、蓝藻、青绿藻、隐藻等;浮游植物类群以硅藻为主,其次是隐藻与青绿藻。海南岛北部3个海湾(海口湾、澄迈湾、洋浦-新英湾)的硅藻比例低于南部2个海湾(陵水新村湾、三亚大东海),但其隐藻比例高于南部海湾。RDA结果显示,不同门类的浮游植物受环境因子影响的模式不同:定鞭藻、金藻、蓝藻与盐度、温度呈较强正相关,而与硅酸盐呈较强负相关;硅藻与盐度、温度呈较强正相关,与DIN、硅酸盐、磷酸盐呈负相关;甲藻、绿藻与DIN、磷酸盐呈较强正相关并与其他环境因子相关性较小;隐藻、青绿藻与硅酸盐呈较强正相关,与盐度、温度呈极强负相关。     

珠江口及其邻近海域赤潮物种的生物多样性研究进展

珠江口是中国长江以南最大的河口,毗邻港珠澳地区,海域内营养盐含量丰富,浮游植物物种多样性高.伴随着珠江沿岸地区经济的飞速发展,珠江口海域富营养化问题日趋严重,导致赤潮灾害频发.许多研究学者已经对珠江口海域浮游植物,特别是赤潮物种进行了全面的调查研究.为了系统解读珠江口海域赤潮物种的组成和相对丰度的变化,本文利用公开发表...     

Longitudinal patterns of spring-intermonsoon phytoplankton biomass, species compositions and size structure in the Bay of Bengal

Vertical distributions of phytoplankton biomass, compositions and size structure were investigated during the spring-intermonsoon (April 22 to 30) of 2010 along transact 10°N of the Bay of Bengal, northern Indian Ocean. Surface phytoplankton biomass (Chl a) was (0.065§0.009) μg/L, being greater than 80% of which was contributed by pico-phytoplankton (<3 μm). The Chl a concen- tration vertically increased to the maximal values at deep chlorophyll maximum (DCM) layer that shoaled eastwards from 75 to 40 m. The Chl a biomass at DCM layer generally varied between 0.2 and 0.4 μg/L, reaching the maximum of 0.56 μg/L with micro-phytoplankton cells (>20 μm) accounting for 58% and nano- (3-20 μm) or pico-cells for 15% and 27%, respectively. In particular, the cells concentration coupling well with phosphate level was observed at middle layer (75-100 m) of 87° to 89°E, dominated by micro-cells diatoms (e.g., Chaetoceros atlanticus v. neapolitana, Chaetoceros femur and Pseudonitzschia sp.) and cyanobacteria (i.e., Trichodesmium hildebrandtii), with the cells concentration reached as high as 4.0×10⁴ and 4.3×10⁴ cells/L. At the rest of the trans- act however, dino°agellates (e.g., Amphisdinium carterae and Prorocentrum sp.) were the dominant species, with the cells concentration varying from 0.3×10³ to 6.8×10³ cells/L. Our results also in- dicate that the regulation of large cells (micro-, nano-) on phytoplankton biomass merely occurred at DCM layer of the Bay.     

罗源湾和闽南—台湾浅滩海域浮游植物的光合参数

本工作采用~(14)C示踪法,于1987～1989年现场测定了罗源湾和闵南-台湾浅滩渔场浮游植物碳同化速率。结合叶绿素和细胞含碳量的测定,描述了浮游植物光合参数的季节变化,探讨温度对同化系数和碳比积累速率的影响。结果表明,罗源湾碳比积累速率平均为0.64d~(-1),闽南-台湾浅滩渔场碳比积累速率平均为0.85d~(-1),这反映了两个海区初级生产力的差别。温度对碳比积累速率的影响可以采用Goldman和Carpenter的模式来描述。     

春季黄海浮游植物生态分区:物种组成

Phytoplanktonic ecological provinces of the Yellow Sea(31.20°–39.23°N, 121.00°–125.16°E) is derived in terms of species composition and hydrological factors(temperature and salinity). 173 samples were collected from 40 stations from April 28 to May 18, 2014, and a total of 185 phytoplanktonic algal species belonging to 81 genera of 7phyla were identified by Uterm?hl method. Phytoplankton abundance in surface waters is concentrated in the west coast of Korean Peninsula and Korea Bay, and communities in those areas are mainly composed of diatoms and cyanobacteria with dominant species of Cylindrotheca closterium, Synechocystis pevalekii, Chroomonas acuta,Paralia sulcata, Thalassiosira pacifica and Karenia mikimotoi, etc. The first ten dominant species of the investigation area are analyzed by multidimensional scaling(MDS) and cluster analysis, then the Yellow Sea is divided into five provinces from Province I(P-I) to Province V(P-V). P-I includes the coastal areas near southern Liaodong Peninsula, with phytoplankton abundance of 35 420×10~3–36 163×10~3 cells/L and an average of 35 791×10~3 cells/L, and 99.84% of biomass is contributed by cyanobacteria. P-II is from Shandong Peninsula to Subei coastal area. Phytoplankton abundance is in a range of 2×10~3–48×10~3 cells/L with an average of 24×10~3cells/L, and 63.69% of biomass is contributed by diatoms. P-III represents the Changjiang(Yangtze River) Diluted Water. Phytoplankton abundance is 10×10~3–37×10~3 cells/L with an average of 24×10~3 cells/L, and 73.14% of biomass is contributed by diatoms. P-IV represents the area affected by the Yellow Sea Warm Current.Phytoplankton abundance ranges from 6×10~3 to 82×10~3 cells/L with an average of 28×10~3 cells/L, and 64.17% of biomass is contributed by diatoms. P-V represents the cold water mass of northern Yellow Sea. Phytoplankton abundance is in a range of 41×10~3–8 912×10~3 cells/L with an average of 1 763×10~3 cells/L, and 89.96% of biomass is contributed by diatoms. Overall, structures of phytoplankton community in spring are quite heterogeneous in different provinces. Canonical correspondence analysis(CCA) result illustrates the relationship between dominant species and environmental factors, and demonstrates that the main environmental factors that affect phytoplankton distribution are nitrate, temperature and salinity.     

Ecohydrographic constraints on biodiversity and distribution of phytoplankton and zooplankton in coral reefs of the Red Sea,Saudi Arabia

An integral concept of ecological research is the constraint of biodiversity along latitudinal and environmental gradients. The Red Sea features a natural example of a latitudinal gradient of salinity, temperature and nutrient richness. Coral reefs along the Red Sea coasts are supported with allochthonous resources such as oceanic and neritic phytoplankton and zooplankton; however, relatively little is known about how the ecohydrography correlates with plankton biodiversity and abundance. In this article we present the biodiversity of phytoplankton and zooplankton in Red Sea coral reefs. Oceanographic data (temperature, salinity), water samples for nutrient analysis, particulate organic matter, phytoplankton and zooplankton, the latter with special reference to Copepoda (Crustacea), were collected at nine coral reefs over ~1500 km distance along the Red Sea coast of Saudi Arabia. The trophic state of ambient waters [as indicated by chlorophyll a (Chl a)] changed from strong oligotrophy in the north to mesotrophy in the south and was associated with increasing biomasses of Bacillariophyceae, picoeukaryotes and Synechococcus as indicated by pigment fingerprinting (CHEMTAX) and flow cytometry. Net‐phytoplankton microscopy revealed a Trichodesmium erythraeum (Cyanobacteria) bloom north of the Farasan Islands. Several potentially harmful algae, including Dinophysis miles and Gonyaulax spinifera (Dinophyceae), were encountered in larger numbers in the vicinity of the aquaculture facilities at Al Lith. Changes in zooplankton abundance were mainly correlated to the phytoplankton biomass following the latitudinal gradient. The largest zooplankton abundance was observed at the Farasan Archipelago, despite high abundances of copepodites, veligers (Gastropoda larvae) and Chaetognatha at Al Lith. Although the community composition changed over latitude, biodiversity indices of phytoplankton and zooplankton did not exhibit a systematic pattern. As this study constitutes the first current account of the plankton biodiversity in Red Sea coral reefs at a large spatial scale, the results will be informative for ecosystem‐based management along the coastline of Saudi Arabia.     

The influence of hydrography on the distribution of phytoplankton in the southern Taiwan Strait

During the period August 1985 to May 1986, phytoplankton in the southern Taiwan Strait was collected and studied for distributional variability in relation to hydrography. The results indicated that maximum standing crops of phytoplankton occurred in October and May due to the outgrowth of certain species of diatoms and blue-green algae. The majority of phytoplankton appeared in the water in the top 25 m and occurred in distinct clusters under the influence of water movement. Multivariate analysis indicated that hydrographic parameters, which accounted for the variability of phytoplankton distribution, varied seasonally. Vertical, spatial and temporal variabilities were also apparent. The close relationship between hydrography and algal distribution justifies the use of variations in the phytoplankton population as a useful tracer of water movement.