红层软岩结构特征与工程评价初探

通过研究红层软岩风化程度、完整性、饱和单轴抗压强度、结构灵敏性、分散性、胶结系数、崩解性、不同尺度结构类型等工程参数与岩土体结构的关系,提出了岩土"结构稳定性"的工程概念与分析思路,初步建立了由结构类型、风化系数、完整性系数、坚硬程度、崩解模式、结构灵敏度、分散度、胶结系数等工程参数组成的红层岩土结构稳定性综合判别标准,将红层岩土分为结构稳定性强、结构稳定性中等、结构稳定性差三类,为理解红层岩土工程性能、工程安全设计等提供了参考。     

Geological causes and geomorphological precursors of the Tsaoling landslide triggered by the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake, Taiwan

The Tsaoling landslide, one of the largest landslide areas in Taiwan, has been affected by catastrophic events triggered by rain or earthquakes six times since 1862. These landslides, including that caused by the 1999 earthquake, have essentially not been reactivated old slides, but were sequential new ones that developed upslope, retrogressively. The landslide area is underlain by Pliocene sandstone and shale to form a dip slope with a bedding plane, dipping uniformly at 14°. The slip surface of the 1999 landslide was smooth and planar, parallel to the bedding plane with a slightly stepped profile; it formed within thinly alternated beds of fine sandstone and shale with ripple lamination or in a shale bed. The shale is weathered by slaking and probably by sulfuric acid, which is inferred to be one of the major causes of the intermittent retrogressive development of the landslides. The weathering was likely accelerated by the removal of overlying beds during earlier landslides in 1941 and 1942. The top margin of the 1999 landslide, in plan view, coincided with a V-shaped scarplet, which can be clearly recognized on aerial photographs taken before the landslide. This geomorphological feature indicates that this landslide had already moved slightly before its 1999 occurrence, providing precursory evidences.     

红山窑膨胀红砂岩湿化特性试验研究

针对红山窑膨胀红砂岩具有微膨胀、易软化、易风化的特点,采用扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射仪、MTS815.03岩石力学刚性电液伺服试验机等先进的设备为测试手段,对3种不同风化程度的膨胀红砂岩湿化过程进行观察和机理分析,从试验和机理两方面探讨膨胀红砂岩的湿化性,从而进一步阐明红砂岩膨胀性、裂隙化具有本质的区别。试验结果表明：(1) 中风化红砂岩干燥时抗压强度为5.85 MPa,饱和试样为0.20 MPa,岩石本身强度随吸水率增加而明显下降,具有强烈的软化作用;(2) 膨胀红砂岩的湿化性随胶结系数的减小而愈加强烈,与红砂岩风化程度(埋深)无关。这些研究成果对红山窑水利枢纽工程红砂岩地基开挖易裂以及边坡表层溜坍预治具有较大的指导意义。     

Study on the physical disintegration characteristics of Subang claystone subjected to a modified slaking index test

Some instability problems were found on natural or engineered slopes mostly lying on Subang claystones. The instability problems included excessive erosion, slumps and rock falls. The field performance surveys of the problems suggested that the claystones physically weather rapidly so that the rock properties they exhibit during excavation often change to properties with a more characteristic of soil. Such a phenomenon is generally known as a slaking process. In order to gain better understanding about the slaking of Subang claystones, a series of experimental laboratory studies were carried out involving a modified slaking index test. Claystone samples used in this study were obtained from their exposures along the Northern West Java area of Indonesia. Petrographic analysis was correspondingly performed to identify mineral and texture/fabric, and in turn, to determine the inherent factors of the rocks which might affect the slaking process. The stssudy results indicated that the claystones were characterized by high to very high slaking properties having a maximum slaking index (I_s) of 57.4% and a mean I_s of 43.8%. Major dispersion slaking on sample surfaces and high cracking in response to excessive swelling were recognized as main slaking modes within the claystones. All samples lose progressively less material through the five wet–dry cycles of a slaking index test, indicating a decelerated slaking rate. It was evident that the main inherent factors controlling the slaking process were expandable clay mineral smectite, non-clay mineral pyrite and soluble mineral calcite. Moreover, a quite important of inherent bonding material and stress release energy in the slaking characteristics of the claystones was revealed by a closure phase of an initial hairline crack during unloading.     

泥质膨胀岩崩解物粒径分布与膨胀性关系试验研究

崩解性是膨胀岩最基本的特性之一,但在膨胀岩膨胀性的快速判别指标中少见关于崩解性及崩解物的定量指标。因此,有必要开展膨胀岩崩解物粒径分布特征和崩解性与膨胀性之间关系的研究,以对膨胀岩的快速判别进行补充。以浙江台州黑洞、蛇蟠岛和新疆大阪隧洞泥质岩样品为例,进行了干燥饱和吸水率和干燥饱和崩解试验,并分析了干燥崩解物粒径分布特征、耐崩解性指数及其与基于干燥饱和吸水率的膨胀性判别结果之间的关系。结果表明,膨胀岩膨胀性的强弱与其崩解物的最大含量粒组颗粒粒径、有效粒径和耐崩解性指数呈反相关关系。膨胀岩崩解物粒径分布的差异性对其膨胀性具有一定的指示意义。     

干湿循环条件下红砂岩软弱夹层微结构与剪切强度的关联性

极旱极涝频繁交替的极端气候事件会加剧岩土风化,降低强度,影响岩土工程结构稳定。采用直剪试验和扫描电镜技术,研究了对顺层红砂岩边坡稳定性起控制作用的软弱夹层在常温状态、干湿循环条件下（60℃风干）的力学特性及微观结构变化规律,通过相关分析、逐步回归方法得到了影响强度的微结构显著变量,构建了反映二者关联性的回归方程。研究表明：红砂岩软弱夹层剪切强度及黏聚力在1～5次循环过程中急剧降低,5次后变化趋缓,循环次数对内摩擦角变化影响微小;干湿循环次数增加,平均面积、平均直径、平均周长、定向概率熵等4个微结构参数减小,并与黏聚力呈现正相关关系;颗粒个数、平均形状系数、形态分布分形维数3个微观参数与黏聚力呈现负相关关系;分析认为,干湿循环过程中宏观力学特性蜕化及微观结构参数变化之间显著相关,干湿循环造成的岩土颗粒胀缩、碎裂、结构破坏是导致红砂岩软弱夹层剪切强度蜕化的主要原因。     

Effect of Mine Water on the Stability of Underground Coal Mine Roadways

The basic objectives of mine roadways are to provide sufficient cross sections to accommodate equipment, transport, personnel travel and ventilation. However, many roadways become damaged to the extent of needing maintenance, generally dinting, and in some cases requiring re-ripping. Strata conditions play important effects on stability of roadways and other mining activities. Weak rocks cause excessive roadway closures, and water softens some rocks and worsens the closure problem. Therefore, study on effect of mine water on the stability of underground coal mine roadways is important for underground coal mine development. A scientific discussion on the effect of water on the stability of roadways is given on the basis of results obtained by means of field investigation and laboratory tests. Based on analysis, rock in saturated condition has only between 0.19 to 0.49 of its compressive strength and 0.17 to 0.59 of its tensile strength in dry condition. Among the coal measures rock in research area, water has the most obvious effect on the strength reduction of shale. The slaking behavior of shale has also been the worst among the other. Field investigation of roadway driven in shale shown vertical closure in the wet and dry condition area reached 40–60 and 5–15 cm respectively, in 30 days after the drivage. Among the measures, drainage is considered to be the most economical and simplest method to reduce the water content in the rocks or the rock masses.     

循环冻融条件下岩石物理特性的试验研究

新鲜岩石和风化岩石的力学性质有着较大的区别,特别是当岩石的风化程度很深时,岩石的力学性质会明显下降,而在实际工程中又常常将风化岩石作为工程的基础,因此,研究和认识风化岩石的力学特性是有必要的.温度的变化是引起岩石风化的主要原因之一,尤其是循环温度变化更容易使岩石风化.将采自焦作的大理岩和砂岩分成干燥和饱和两组岩样,进行了循环冻融试验来模拟岩石的风化.在冻融前、每10次循环冻融后,量测岩样的质量,利用NM-4B非金属超声检测分析仪对各岩样进行超声纵波无损检测,总共进行50次循环冻融.分析了循环冻融对岩石质量损失的影响并就纵波波速的改变进行了比较,据此归纳出岩石材料受风化影响的物理特性.     

Change of black shale organic material surface area during oxidative weathering: Implications for rock-water surface evolution

Black shale oxidative weathering plays a significant role in a variety of processes including acid mine drainage and atmospheric CO₂ control. The modeling of weathering is highly dependent on reactive surface area. In this study it is shown that black shale oxidative weathering is regulated mainly by the external, geometrical surface area of rock polyhedrons and the organic matter’s (OM) internal surface area. The internal rock surface area decreases dramatically during OM dissolution from ∼15 m²/g to ∼5 m²/g. A linear relationship was found between the decrease of internal rock surface area and quantity of OM dissolved. Optical roughness analyses of black and bleached shale surface area reveal the formation of macropores due to the dissolution of mesoporous and probably microporous OM. However, due to deconsolidation, the geometrical external rock polyhedron surface area increases during weathering. Black shale polyhedrons show a doubling of their external surface area as OM decreases. This provokes an increase of the shale volume which is easily accessible by fluids. The increase of the external rock surface area seems to be self-accelerating during weathering. The upscaling of external and internal rock surface area evolution during weathering presented in this study demonstrates the possible application of these results to the improved understanding of a chemical transport in a variety of natural systems.     

红层软岩崩解性路用控制方法研究

采用灰色关联度分析法对红层软岩的矿物成分、化学成分、崩解试验等数据进行了分析。分析表明, 水理特性不稳定的粘土矿物始终是影响软岩崩解的主要因素之一, 而不同的化学成分对红层软岩崩解性的影响程度不同。通过以纯水、MgCl2, FeCl3, NaCl, CaCl2盐溶液作为红层软岩岩块浸泡液的崩解试验, 说明纯水浸泡下软岩的崩解性最强, 而所选3种盐溶液对所选红层软岩样品的崩解性均有抑制作用, 其中又以CaCl2抑制作用最强。在此基础上提出公路施工中填筑前以浇水作为加快红层软岩崩解, 填筑压实中以掺入石灰作为抑制软岩崩解路用控制方法。     

岷江上游某水电站工程边坡软岩的崩解特性研究

工程边坡内软岩分布较广,可区分为泥化夹层、煤、炭质页岩、泥质粉砂岩等4种典型岩组。软岩的发育特征、空间展布形态、崩解特性直接关系到边坡整体稳定性和支护措施的方案设计。在重点研究F3断层、L9、L10、Lc、L11等软带内所发育的几种典型软岩岩组的崩解特性后,获知该类软岩极易吸水,遇水后发生泥化、软化和崩解。通过循环崩解试验,发现工程区内软岩的崩解度与泥质含量和崩解次数具有很好的相关性。同时,根据崩解度与崩解物形态,对软岩进行定性划分,分别定出Ⅴ类崩解岩和5种崩解破坏形式。最后就崩解机理作进一步地深入探讨。该成果为指导类似的工程边坡软岩的崩解性试验研究提供新的思路。     

塔里木盆地中高氮天然气的成因及其与天然气聚集的关系

塔里木盆地塔北和塔中地区的海相腐泥型天然气,N2含量较高,尤其是湿气,N2含量分布在10.1%～36.2%,而干气的N2含量则低于10%,即湿气的N2含量高于干气的N2含量。同是下古生界寒武-奥陶系来源的海相腐泥型天然气,为什么湿气和干气的氮气含量相差如此之大?根据与氮气相伴生的烃类气体、非烃气体及稀有气体的组份及同位素特征,认为塔里木盆地的中高氮天然气属于有机成因,来源于下古生界海相烃源岩。文章还提出塔北和塔中地区湿气和干气N2含量差异与源岩的演化程度和圈闭的捕获条件有关。     

Slake durability study of shaly rock and its predictions

More than 35% of the earths crust is comprised of clay-bearing rocks, characterized by a wide variation in engineering properties and their resistance to short term weathering by wetting and drying phenomenon. The resistance to short-term weathering can be determined by slake durability index test. There are various methods to determine the slake durability indices of weak rock. The effect of acidity of water (slaking fluid) on slake durability index of shale in the laboratory is investigated. These methods are cumbersome and time consuming but they can provide valuable information on lithology, durability and weather ability of rock. Fuzzy set theory, Fuzzy logic and Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) techniques seem very well suited for typical complex geotechnical problems. In conjunction with statistics and conventional mathematical methods, a hybrid method can be developed that may prove a step forward in modeling geotechnical problems. During this investigation a model was developed and compared with two other models i.e., Neuro-fuzzy systems (combination of fuzzy and artificial neural network systems) and artificial neural network system, for the prediction of slake durability index of shaly rock to evaluate the performance of its prediction capability.     

Geochemistry of red residua underlying dolomites in karst terrains of Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau: II. The mobility of rare earth elements during weathering

The aim of this study is to characterize the evolution of the rare earth elements (REE) in the Pingba red residua on karst terrain of Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau. The in-situ weathering and the two-stage development of the profile had been inferred from REE criterions. The REE were significantly fractionated, and Ce was less mobilized and separated from the other REEs at the highly enriched top of the profile. This is consistent with the increase of oxidation degree in the regolith. And it is also suggested that the wet/dry climate change during chemical weathering caused Ce alternative change between enrichment and invariance in the upper regolith. Chondrite-normalized REE distribution patterns for samples from dolomites and the lower regolith are characteristic of MREE enrichment and remarkable negative Ce-anomalies patterns (similar to the convex-up REE patterns). The following processes are interpreted for the patterns in this study: (1) the accumulation of MRRE-rich minerals in dolomite dissolution, (2) water–rock interaction in the weathering front, and (3) more leaching MREE from the upper part of the profile. The latter two explanations are considered as the dominant process for the formation of the REE patterns. Samples from the soil horizon exhibit typical REE distribution patterns of the upper crust, i.e., La_N/Yb_N=10 and Eu/Eu*=0.65. All data indicate that the leaching process is very important for pedogenesis in this region. The experiments demonstrating that abnormal enrichment of REE at the upper regolith–bedrock interface is caused by a combination of volume change, accumulation of REE-bearing minerals, leaching of REE from the upper regolith, and water–rock interaction during rock–soil alteration processes. Our results support the conclusion that the weathering profile represents a large, continental elemental storage reservoir, whereas REE enrichment occurs under favorable conditions in terms of stable tectonics, low erosion and rapid weathering over sufficiently long time.     

广饶潜山下古生界差异侵蚀对油气富集的控制作用

广饶潜山是东营凹陷南缘一个典型下古生界古风化壳型潜山,含油气规模较大,但油气富集规律复杂。结合勘探实践,本文利用大量钻测井、岩石矿物及油气测试资料阐明了广饶潜山差异性侵蚀特征及其对油气富集规律控制作用。岩性组合差异及内幕断裂带导致岩体结构弱化,从而下古生界呈现差异性侵蚀。高泥质含量岩性组合单元的差异侵蚀易形成粘土充填沟谷,对油气沿古风化壳侧向运移具有良好遮挡作用;沿内幕断裂带差异侵蚀的沟谷对油气侧向运移没有区域遮挡能力,但明显控制多个潜山带的油气独立富集。下古生界差异侵蚀与油气富集规律密切相关,这对该领域研究具有很好的借鉴意义。     

Mid-Paleocene event at Gabal Nezzazat,Sinai, Egypt: planktonic foraminiferal biostratigraphy,mineralogy and geochemistry

The Qreiya Beds that record the ‘mid-Paleocene event’ at Gabal Nezzazat occur within the Igorina albeari (P3b) Zone and constitute part of a 14-m thick shale succession that ranges in age from Early to Late Paleocene. They are composed of four alternating dark grey and brown shale beds, which are thinly laminated, phosphatic, organic-rich and extremely sulphidic. They are characterized by distinct enrichment and high peak anomalies in chalcophiles (Zn, Co, Ni, Cu and Pb) and organic association elements (V and Cr), especially within the brown organic-rich beds. It is concluded that these elements are incorporated into the phosphatic debris, sulphides and organic matter. In contrast, the grey beds are enriched in clay minerals and quartz. Clay mineral assemblages indicate alternating periods of warm/humid climate (high kaolinite) and dry climate (low kaolinite) during the formation of the grey and brown beds, respectively. The sediments of the Qreiya Beds yield lithological, biotic, geochemical and mineralogical data indicative of suboxic/anoxic marine environments as a result of high productivity and/or upwelling. The top metre of the succession below the Qreiya Beds is characterized by a progressive change from faunas dominated by praemurcurids to faunas dominated by Morozovilids, and by a progressive upward decrease in δ¹³C_carb and δ¹⁸O_carb values. The foraminiferal faunal change may reflect shallowing and warming preceding deposition of the Qreiya Beds. The change in isotopic values is inferred to be the result of surface weathering, fluvial input and diagenesis with no evidence of any primary change that could support presence of a hyperthermal event.     

The impact of landslides and salt weathering on Roman structures at high latitudes—Conway Castle, Great Britain: a case study

Conway Castle is an immense historical structure, dating back to 1289 AC. It was built on highly dipping thickbeds of indurated shale (argillite) and sandstone. It is surrounded by Conway Bay, railway lines, and tall dense forests indicating high relative humidity and rainfall in this coastal area. The castle suffers from weathering noted as honeycomb, black crust, exfoliation, and discoloration with white salt efflorescence at some parts; these are diagnostic features for salt weathering as confirmed by the laboratory investigations using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), point XRD, and hydrochemical analysis. The salt is found to be from three sources, namely, water spray from Conway Bay that is part of the Irish Sea, chemical alteration of the mortars carbonate content into sulfate salts by acid rain, and wet deposition of air pollutants on the surface of the stone. The cracks noted in the southwestern tower of this castle are a result of landslides in this area that resulted from three factors: (a) high dip angle of the indurated sandstone and shale thickbeds (about 60–65° to the south) under this castle, (b) undercutting of these beds in the dip direction by the surface water of Conway Bay, and (c) seismic waves generated by the trains passing close to this castle. All these factors result in land sliding even at a low rate; however, the net result is cracks in the tower close to these factors.     

我国红层分布特征及主要工程地质问题

我国中新生代红层分布总面积约826 389km2,是工程建设中不可避免的岩土体。南方地区红层约占红层总面积的60%,以西南、中南地区红层分布较广,多为裸露型红层,受降雨等因素影响滑坡、风化等问题突出;北方地区红层约占40%,以甘肃以及蒙宁晋陕交界红层分布相对较多,多为埋藏型红层,工程地质问题具有隐蔽性。红层分布受控于分布区的区域断裂带,岩体结构破碎,水文网络发育,渗流、软化等问题突出。由于砂岩、泥岩、页岩、蒸发岩、杂色岩等多种软硬岩层互层结构和工程活动等因素的影响,沿着软弱结构面易发生滑坡、差异风化等工程地质问题。由于时代较新,岩土体的胶结性差,物理力学性能相对较差,岩石多属于软岩类别。稳定性差,易崩解软化。蒸发岩和红层岩土体中可溶成份在水作用下,容易发生岩溶、腐蚀、渗流等物理化学问题。建议在工程建设中将红层作为特殊岩体对待。     

Moisture expansion as a deterioration factor for sandstone used in buildings

The expansion processes that develop in building stones upon changes of moisture content may be an important contributing factor for their deteriorations. Until recently, few data could be found in the literature concerning this parameter and weathering processes. Moreover, the processes that may be responsible for the moisture related expansion of natural building stones are not yet completely understood. To further elucidate this process, extensive mineralogical, petrophysical and fabric investigations were performed on eight German sandstones in order to obtain more information regarding the weathering process and its dependence on the rock fabric. The analysed sandstones show a wide range of pore size distributions and porosities. A positive correlation with the fabric and the pore space can be found for all studied petrophysical parameters. The intensity of the expansion and related swelling pressure cannot be attributed only to the swelling of clay minerals. The investigations suggest that the micropores and the resulting disjoining pressure during wet/dry cycles also play an important role. The results obtained suggest that the mechanism is related to the presence of liquid water within the porous material.     

卢氏膨胀岩在干湿循环作用下的胀缩特性研究

为研究卢氏膨胀岩的胀缩特性,开展了干湿循环作用下膨胀岩的胀缩特性试验研究,并在膨胀岩经历干湿循环后利用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）和氮吸附试验（NA）,从微观的角度分析了膨胀岩吸水膨胀失水收缩的现象,并解释了胀缩特性改变的原因。研究结果表明：卢氏膨胀岩膨胀率随干湿循环次数增加而增大,绝对膨胀率增加25%;收缩曲线出现明显的“收缩拐点”,一般在收缩总时间的20%时出现,这时膨胀岩失水状态由自由水的散失转变为结合水的散失;在膨胀岩第1次胀缩过程中出现裂缝,裂缝为贯通状;在之后的胀缩过程中出现的裂缝较浅且随干湿循环次数的增加裂缝发育逐渐稳定;在干湿循环次数达到6～8次后,卢氏膨胀岩胀缩率达到稳定值,绝对膨胀率稳定在17%,绝对收缩率稳定在9%;微观方面随干湿循环次数的增加,膨胀岩的微观结构中黏土颗粒聚集形态由紧密状态转变为松散状态。此外,试样的孔隙特征随干湿循环次数的增加表现出孔隙总体积逐渐增大、孔径逐渐减小、比表面积逐渐增大的规律。