地基GPS用于阿勒泰积雪深度反演研究

积雪作为主要的淡水资源,准确地监测积雪覆盖与雪深具有十分重要的意义。随着全球卫星导航系统的不断建设和新技术新应用的不断发展,地基GPS遥感积雪参数技术越来越受国内外学者的重视。本文基于阿勒泰市气象局的GPS地表环境监测站观测数据,采用GPS-MR技术开展了积雪深度反演研究。首先给出了GPS-MR技术用于积雪深度反演的基本原理,其次利用阿勒泰GPS监测站2017年1—3月的数据进行了积雪深度反演分析,最后针对不同GPS卫星高度角区间影响进行精度分析。研究结果表明地基GPS可用于阿勒泰气象站积雪深度反演,与实测雪深较差优于3 cm,且较优卫星高度角区间为5°～20°。地基GPS用于积雪深度反演具有全天候、高精度、高时间分辨率、高自动化、低成本等优点,可充分发挥现有地基GNSS气象监测站在积雪探测领域潜在的应用价值,以期地基GNSS监测站成为积雪遥感探测手段的有效补充。     

基于相位法激光测距原理的雪深传感器研究与应用

从传感器测量原理、观测方法、数据处理算法等方面介绍了一种利用相位法激光测距原理测量积雪深度的雪深传感器,并参加了中国气象局于2010/2011年在黑龙江通河、新疆阿勒泰等台站开展的积雪深度对比观测试验,与超声波传感器和人工测量积雪深度进行了对比,比较了三者之间测量结果的差异。试验结果表明:这种激光雪深传感器能够适应冬季严寒和暴雪天气条件,可以连续、自动、准确的监测雪面变化过程;与超声波雪深传感器相比,激光雪深传感器测量结果更加稳定,更加接近人工观测结果;激光雪深传感器与人工测量雪深结果之间的平均误差约为,测量精度达到《地面气象观测规范》要求。     

阿尔山地区积雪深度微波遥感反演算法的改进与验证

利用阿尔山地区多年实测雪深数据评估3种微波遥感雪深数据,即星载微波成像仪AMSR-E（Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for EOS）和AMSR-2（Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer 2）的积雪产品、国内学者建立的中国雪深数据集,在该地区的适用状况,并建立新的雪深反演算法。1981～2014年的中国雪深数据集和阿尔山站点实测雪深统计的积雪日数和最大积雪深度具有较好的一致性,尤其是在2000年以后。AMSR-E和AMSR2雪深数据年变化与实测雪深变化趋势一致,与实测雪深数据相关系数超过0.60,不过具体雪深数据变化幅度远高于实测数据,致使两者之间的均方根误差高达13.0 cm。中国雪深数据集在阿尔山地区与实测雪深相关系数超过0.65,两者之间均方根误差为6.3 cm。结合星载微波观测亮温与实测雪深建立适合阿尔山地区的雪深反演算法,验证分析显示反演结果与实测雪深相关系数为0.77,两者的均方根误差减小为4.7 cm,优于本文评估的3种微波遥感雪深数据。     

青藏高原冬春多源积雪资料年际变化尺度上的适用性分析

青藏高原冬春积雪变化具有显著的年际变化特征,其对中国东部夏季降水预测具有一定指示意义。由于特殊的复杂地形,青藏高原气象站点分布稀疏且不均匀,再分析数据和卫星数据提供的高原积雪资料的不确定性是影响和制约积雪变化及其天气气候效应研究中的一个关键问题。本文基于青藏高原台站观测、再分析（ERA5和NOAA-V3）和卫星反演（MODIS雪盖以及IMS雪盖）的多源积雪资料,采用偏差分析、均方根误差以及相关分析等多元统计方法重点检验了多源高原积雪数据在描述积雪年际变化特征方面的不确定性。通过比较不同积雪资料的时空分布和变化特征,以期提升多源高原积雪资料适用性的认知,并为相关研究提供有意义的参考。分析结果表明：（1）就再分析数据给出的积雪资料而言,ERA5雪深资料相较NOAA-V3雪深,对高原站点观测雪深的描述效果更好。除了高原中东部分站点外,ERA5雪深数据的平均偏差和平均均方根误差均较小,而NOAA-V3雪深数据的平均偏差和均方根误差在整个高原范围内均存在一定程度的高估;（2）再分析（ERA5和NOAA-V3）和卫星反演（MODIS雪盖以及IMS雪盖）积雪数据和高原站点雪深均在年际变化特征上具有较...     

GPS在高空气象探测中的应用

1 GPS概述全球定位卫星系统简称GPS,由GPS卫星星座、地面站和用户接收机组成.共有21颗工作星和3颗备用星,卫星轨道倾角55度,卫星离地面约2万米.地面站包括主控站、监测站和注入站.用户接收机分大地测量型,导航型和授时型.无论是大地测量,还是导航或授时都涉及时间基准.GPS有精度很高的时基系统,这是GPS的核心.每个GPS卫星上都带有精度很高的原子钟,30万年误差不超过1秒.GPS采用了扩频通信技术,利用直接序列扩频可测无线电信号传播的时间延迟的特性,测量GPS卫星到用户接收机的伪距,建立GPS卫星到用户接收机的球面三角方程式.由于空中至少有四颗GPS卫     

基于智能手机GNSS双频原始观测值的电离层延迟提取与分析

基于智能手机GNSS（全球导航卫星系统）观测值的研究主要集中于观测值质量分析和定位算法,在大气应用方面关注度则较为有限.本文基于全球首款支持GNSS双频信号的小米8智能手机和超短基线的Trimble Alloy测地型接收机,利用原始GNSS双频载波相位观测值,考虑连续历元间电离层变化较小从而进行观测值质量控制策略,评估了小米8智能手机电离层提取精度.研究结果表明：卫星高度角或载噪比较高的条件下,智能手机观测值可能依然是无效的,设置卫星高度角或载噪比阈值的方法进行质量控制不再适用.小米8提取的电离层延迟与测地型接收机呈现了很好的一致性,但其波动幅度略高于测地型接收机,提取精度优于0.2 TECU,表明智能手机GNSS观测值用于大气应用是可行的.     

北斗反射信号海风探测数据分析与检定

利用导航卫星反射信号(GNSS-R)进行海风海浪探测为海洋气象提供了一种新的观测手段,数据分析及有效性检定是确定系统探测能力的重要过程.在描述北斗GEO卫星进行海风探测机理的基础上,利用北斗反射信号的相关时间进行了海风的反演.同时针对国家北斗应用项目"基于北斗导航卫星的大气海洋和空间监测预警应用示范工程"在山东进行试验和试运行期间产生的风速观测数据进行分析,并通过与标准数据的对比,确定了该方法的有效性.     

卫星高光谱大气CO2探测精度验证研究进展

卫星高光谱大气CO₂遥感探测对全球气候变化研究意义重大,卫星CO₂反演产品的地基观测验证是获得产品精度评价、发现算法可适用范围和局限性的重要环节,因此地基高光谱CO₂的观测验证研究对提高卫星产品定量精度至关重要。本文综述了当前国际上大气CO₂探测卫星的研制进展,短波红外大气CO₂的反演方法进展,重点阐述了地基高光谱CO₂探测技术进展及其对卫星大气CO₂的定量探测精度验证方法和技术研究进展,并对该研究领域未来的发展提出展望。     

FY-4卫星资料在青藏高原地区积雪判识和雪深反演中的应用

青藏高原积雪监测在地球辐射平衡、全球气候变化和生态环境等方面有重要作用,对气候预测、雪灾预测等具有重要意义。FY-4(风云4号)卫星数据具有高时空分辨率的优势,基于FY-4A(风云4号A星)构建积雪监测方法与模型,不仅拓展了静止卫星应用领域,也丰富了积雪监测应用的手段。FY-4的高时间分辨率为积雪监测的研究提供了分钟级数据,对积雪与云的变化掌握的更为细致,但用于积雪监测的波段,因分辨率不高容易导致错判与漏判。本文基于2020年小时级野外地面雪深观测数据、风云3号D星积雪覆盖产品(FY-3D_SNC)数据,构建了基于归一化积雪指数(Normalized Difference Snow Index,NDSI)的FY-4A卫星积雪判识方法,提出了雪深监测模型与等级划分指标。结果表明:NDSI≥0.20是青藏高原地区FY-4A卫星积雪判识的适用阈值,无论有云或无云条件,其漏判率均低于8.0%。地面站点验证结果表明,积雪判识准确率达83.33%以上。空间范围内直接剔除云区后,积雪判识经混淆矩阵验证准确率在82.48%以上。因此,FY-4A卫星在青藏高原地区具有积雪监测的能力。虽然FY-4A卫星对超过10 cm以上雪深不具备区分能力,但可以较好地识别10 cm以下浅雪雪深,相关系数达到0.745,通过了0.001显著性水平检验。据此建立的FY-4A卫星0~10 cm雪深等级指标,总体分级精度达到87.50%。FY-4A卫星雪深反演方法在青藏高原地区对0~10 cm浅雪雪深有较好的估算能力。     

利用地基GPS数据分析北京“7〖DK〗·21”暴雨水汽特征

基于北京“7〖DK〗·21”暴雨期间北京地基GPS网全天时全天候观测数据,利用水汽反演软件得到大气可降水量（PWV：Precipitable Water Vapor）时空变化序列,通过与探空对比,显示出地基GPS技术探测对流层大气水汽具明显的高时空分辨率优势;与FY2D卫星探测的云图变化序列对比,充分反映了利用GPS观测数据反演的PWV的可靠性与一致性;与实际降雨量对比,两者高度相关性显示了地基GPS技术对暴雨监测和预警的积极意义。数据分析结果表明：在暴雨来临之前的24~36 h的PWV值持续在较高（>40 mm）的位置,已有出现暴雨征兆。在暴雨之前的几个小时PWV持续性爆发性发展（每小时PWV增加10~20 mm）,已充分具备了产生暴雨的必要条件。因此,有效地利用GPSMET技术对天气预报的准度和精度将有很大改善。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.