一种土壤氡浓度测量的校正方法及其应用

通过对土壤氡浓度测量校正模型的应用和分析,初步建立了根据残留气体的土壤氡浓度校正方法,并在实际应用中论证了方法的可参考性及实用性。     

土壤氡测量在温家梁地区砂岩型铀矿勘查中的应用

通过处理温家梁地区土壤氡放射性活度浓度测量数据,划分出土壤氡放射性活度浓度异常范围,在测区内重点成矿预测区圈定了2条EW向土壤氡放射性活度浓度异常带：边家渠—徐家梁—先锋3队—温家湾—皮匠壕和农胜4队—色连3队异常带。证明区域土壤氡放射性活度浓度测量可实现快速评价北方中新生代盆地寻找砂岩型铀矿的目的。     

Dependence of radon concentration in natural gas on the geological and physical parameters of the gas reservoir

Pressure of natural gas in its rock reservoir determines the final radon concentration in this gas after its decompression to normal conditions. In this investigation, radon contents of 62 natural gas samples were measured and a simple physical model of the gas reservoir was applied. The model takes into account an additional dependence of radon concentration on the natural gas pressure and on the porosity of the rock reservoir. The influence of the gas pressure on the value of the radon emanating power is discussed. The mean ²²⁶ Ra content in the source rock needed for generation of ²²² Rn concentrations observed in gas is also calculated. The calculations are made with the help of regression analysis.     

Determining the spatial scale of variation in soil radon concentration

Increasing concern about possible links between emissions of radon and certain types of malignant disease has led to local and regional surveys to measure radon concentrations in the soil and in dwellings. The spatial scale at which radon varies is largely unknown, and so efficient sampling schemes and methods of mapping cannot be selected. To determine the spatial scale of radon variation in the English Midlands we measured radon in the soil using solid-state nuclear track detection in three areas of different geological complexity. In two of them we used an unbalanced multistage sampling scheme with seven stages of nesting: the Hereford survey covered distances from 10 m to 7.5 km, and the Buxton survey distances from 1 m to 3.75 km. The results from the nested surveys suggested that geology exerts a strong control on the variation. Finally radon was measured every 20 m along a 2-km long transect which crossed several lithologies close to Nottingham. The soil radon values changed in an erratic way along the transect. The sample variogram of radon has a substantial nugget variance, suggesting that much of the variation occurred for distances less than the sampling interval. The structure at the longer scale seems to be controlled by the underlying geology. These results have implications for designing further surveys and for selecting a method of mapping. Stratification based on lithology might be the only feasible solution to sampling, estimating and mapping radon concentrations over large areas. Where the locally erratic component of variation is large, estimation by kriging, for example, would confer little additional benefit compared with that by classification.     

北京平原区隐伏断裂与氡浓度响应关系

北京地区隐伏断裂发育,NW及NE向断裂相互交汇,成为未来可能发生地震的构造。为了研究活动断裂与土壤氡浓度的响应关系,本次对北京平原区NW和NE向2条剖面进行了氡浓度测量。通过测试分析,基本查明了隐伏构造与土壤氡浓度的对应关系以及影响土壤氡浓度的相关地质因素。研究表明,活动断裂存在的区域氡浓度明显高于周边区域,且在构造复杂与活动性强的断裂区域氡浓度值变化更为明显;新生界厚度对氡的散逸强度存在一定的制约,北京地区新生界厚度与氡浓度水平成正相关;不同成土母质核素比活度不同,对区域氡浓度背景值亦存在影响。本次研究成果确定了隐伏断裂与土壤氡浓度的对应关系,以及新生界厚度和不同成土母质土壤对土壤氡浓度的影响,为今后在平原区开展隐伏断裂调查及氡浓度研究工作有重要借鉴和指导意义。     

土壤氡测量技术在新疆塔什库尔干县地热资源勘查中的应用

土壤氡测量技术是地热地质勘查的一种有效方法,目的是确定隐伏断层和地热流体富集部位。本次笔者在研究区进行了点状网度控制和剖面线状追索两种方法的土壤氡测量工作,野外共采集1904组数据。根据松散堆积地层物质来源的不同,对数据采用了分区和分段处理方法,发现区内不同地层土壤氡值背景有很大差异:变质岩碎屑堆积背景值为392.1 Bq/m3,花岗岩碎屑堆积为1930.2 Bq/m3,正长岩和花岗岩混杂堆积为1571.1 Bq/m3。统计了数据的离散程度,确定了异常下限判断标准,在此基础上分析了区内土壤氡分布特征。研究表明:土壤氡高值分布对隐伏断裂位置和地热异常具有较好的指示意义。     

土壤氡浓度日变化影响因素研究

地表壤氡可以反映地下深部的水文、地质、矿产、热源等信息,但土壤氡浓度有年变和日变的特点。为了研究土壤氡浓度日变化规律及其影响因素,采用α能谱测氡仪对土壤氡进行连续测量。结果表明:土壤氡浓度呈单峰型日变化特征,最大值出现在19:00~22:00,最小值出现在11:00~14:00,土壤温度是影响土壤氡浓度的关键因子,土壤氡浓度与土壤温度呈正相关。降雨对土壤氡浓度有显著的影响,降雨后土壤氡浓度出现双峰型日变化特征,其变化与土壤湿度和空气温度等气象因素有关。     

广东温泉水-汽转化过程对室内氡浓度的影响

研究了广东省四家温泉宾馆室内温泉水及其使用过程中对氡浓度的影响。利用RAD-7测氡仪和NR667A测氡义连续测量室内外氡浓度和水氡浓度,发现室内氡浓度受地基土壤、建筑物类型、利用方式(是否洗浴、洗浴时间长短等)、通风状况等诸多因素的影响。无人入住时宾馆室内氡浓度的变化说明土壤氡的渗入是底层房间室内氡的重要影响因素。当在浴室内使用温泉水洗浴时,浴室内平均氡浓度比没有用温泉水时高出1～8．3倍,客房内氡浓度比没有用温泉水洗浴时高出1．2～8．3倍。在使用温泉水时,某些宾馆室内氡浓度超标,可能对宾馆工作人员造成潜在的健康危害,应采取管理措施或技术手段降低其暴露水平。     

花岗岩、氡气与人类肺癌

氡作为唯一具有放射性的惰性气体,其危害性被医学研究所证实。世界卫生组织研究报告表明,氡气及其放射性子体的吸入是除吸烟因素之外人类肺癌的第一大致病因子,全球不同国家中大概3%到15%的肺癌是由氡气辐射造成的,氡气与吸烟的协同效应还会使得吸烟者患肺癌的几率大增。此外,过量氡气吸入还能破坏人的神经系统,造成白细胞减少,导致血凝增加和高血糖症状。氡是U-238衰变而来,而花岗岩是U主要赋存岩石之一。花岗岩是大陆地壳主要成分,约占地壳体积的22%。花岗岩的成因在地质学界研究较多,但花岗岩与人类肺癌的关联却没有引起地质工作者足够多的关注;医学界对氡的危害了解较多,但对氡的来源和花岗岩的关系却知之甚少。本文致力于阐明花岗岩与氡气形成的内在逻辑关系,并为公众科普氡气及其危害。     

氡气测量在工程地质中的应用--以西南某水电站右坝肩稳定性研究为例

本文分析了氡气测量的原理和氡气异常与不同地质现象的关系 ,提出了氡异常的判据与特征 ,并结合工程实例探讨了氡气测量在工程地质中的重要作用。     

Some Measurements of Radon in Soils and in Stream-Water in County Durham

Radon is a radioactive gas emanating naturally from uranium rich granites and shales. It may be emitted from the ground surface into the atmosphere as a gas, or it may be dissolved into stream water and transported over distance. The levels of radon gas in soils at ground surface depend on a number of factors relating to the source of the gas and to its transmission. Igneous rocks contain the highest mean concentrations of radium and uranium. The depth of cover is relevant also. Surveys over the years by the National Radiological Protection Board (NRPB) and others have indicated that the highest concentrations in the United Kingdom occur in Cornwall, Devon and northeast Scotland. However, recent reports have indicated that high concentrations of the gas may be detected in small pockets in counties outside of those considered at high risk. This survey relates to a series of measurements taken in and around Darlington, County Durham. The results showed the presence of small areas with strong concentrations of radon in soil gas, but only minor levels of dissolved gas in stream waters.     

广东省温泉宾馆室内氡来源分析

利用RAD7便携式测氡仪和NR-67A型连续测氡仪测量了广东省一些温泉宾馆室内外氡浓度。从无人入住的宾馆房间内氡浓度的变化来看，土壤氡的渗入是底层房间氡的主要来源。当在浴室内使用温泉水洗浴时，客房内平均氡浓度水平比没有用温泉水时高出10．9％～813％，浴室内氡浓度比没有用温泉水洗浴时高出13．8％～489％。宾馆室内使用温泉水有较高的氡转换系数。某些宾馆室内氡浓度超标。可能对宾馆工作人员造成潜在健康危害，应采取一些管理措施或技术手段降低其暴露水平。     

某铀矿山环境空气中氡污染现状调查

介绍了2005～2008年期间,用REM-III型氡析出率仪和DHZM-I型氡及其子体连续监测仪对某铀矿山的工作场所和居民区分别进行土壤(岩石)氡析出率和环境空气中氡浓度的测量,并应用适当的估算模式估算氡吸入所致公众年有效剂量。结果表明,随着对辐射环境治理工作的加强和人们环保意识的提高,在所监测的工作场所中,大部分监测点的氡浓度没有超过国家规定的限值;在居民区,也没有发现任何监测点的个人剂量超过核工业辐射环境质量评价规定的限值。     

土壤氡测量在马家滩——新上海庙地区砂岩型铀矿勘查中的应用

在鄂尔多斯盆地马家滩-新上海庙地区进行了土壤氡浓度测量的网度试验研究,其结果显示在区域土壤氡测量中,测线线距采用2～3km,同时提出了测区北部苏家井-东湾-鸳鸯湖一带、测量点距为200-400m,可对盆地进行快速评价,中南部石槽村-张家庙子-马家滩一带、中西部碎石井（满闸坑-猫头梁）一带可作为重点成矿区进一步开展研究工作,为该盆地成矿区预测和砂岩型铀矿找矿提供依据。     

广东中山地区土壤氡浓度填图研究

为了研究区域土壤氡填图的方法,利用RAD7电子测氡仪和RADON-JOK土壤气体渗透率仪在广东省中山市进行了面积为1 800 km2的测量工作,有效测点数为67个。中山市的平均土壤氡浓度为(100.41±154.64)kBq/m3;最大值和最小值分别为0.74 kBq/m3和1 199.24 kBq/m3。土壤气体渗透率测量结果表明,在风化花岗岩地区,高渗透率和中渗透率占优势;而第四纪沉积物地区大部分土壤气体渗透率较低。基于此,结合研究区土壤氡浓度和土壤气体渗透率,对研究区土壤氡风险进行了分级评价。为土壤氡风险分级的方法研究提供了有参考价值的研究实例。     

Matrix-independent Fe isotope ratio determination in silicates using UV femtosecond laser ablation

UV femtosecond laser ablation coupled to MC-ICP-MS provides a promising in situ tool to investigate elemental and isotope ratios by non-matrix-matched calibration. In this study, we investigate Fe isotope composition in siliceous matrices including biotite, hornblende, garnet, fayalite and forsterite (San Carlos Olivine), and an oceanic Fe–Mn crust using the iron reference material IRMM-014 for calibration. To test the accuracy of the laser ablation data, Fe isotope compositions were obtained independently by solution ICP-MS after chromatographic separation of Fe. Sample materials with low Cr content, i.e. biotite, hornblende, fayalite and the Fe–Mn crust, reveal δ^56/54Fe and δ^57/54Fe values that agree with those from solution ICP-MS data within the measured precision. For high Cr concentration (⁵⁴Cr/⁵⁴Fe >0.0001), i.e. in the garnet and forsterite sample, δ^56/54Fe and δ^57/54Fe values were derived from ⁵⁷Fe/⁵⁶Fe ratios as correction of the isobaric interference of ⁵⁴Cr on ⁵⁴Fe is unsatisfactory. This approach provides accurate results for both minerals. Moreover, the garnet crystal exhibits isotopic zonation with differences of 0.3‰ in δ^56/54Fe showing that substantial heterogeneities exist in high-temperature metamorphic minerals. Multiple analyses of homogeneous sample materials reveal a repeatability of 0.1‰ (2 SD) for δ^56/54Fe and 0.2‰ (2 SD) for δ^57/54Fe, respectively. This study adds to the observations of Horn et al. (2006) who have shown that the determination of Fe isotope ratios in various matrices including iron alloys, iron oxides and hydroxides, iron sulfide and iron carbonates can be performed with high accuracy and precision at high spatial resolution using UV femtosecond laser ablation ICP-MS. These results demonstrate that femtosecond laser ablation ICP-MS is a largely matrix-independent method, which provides a substantial advantage over commonly employed nanosecond laser ablation systems.     

From radon hazard to risk prediction-based on geological maps,soil gas and indoor measurements in Germany

Mapped geological units can be regarded as proxies standing for a complex series of subsoil geochemical and physical properties including the assigned radon activity concentration in soil gas, which is taken as best estimator of the regional geogenic radon potential. Areal distribution of measuring sites for soil gas in Germany is adapted to spatial variation of geology. A grid-based and distance-weighted interpolation procedure is applied, following geologically defined neighbourhood relations of measuring sites and accounting for isolated outcrops of known geology but without measurements. To investigate the statistical relationship between indoor radon, house type and building ground specifications, measurements of the indoor radon concentration have been carried out in more than 10,000 dwellings in different regions of Germany. Multiple regression analyses of variance reveal that besides region-specific geological properties and building characteristics, various house type and living style variables significantly contribute to the explained variance for ground floor radon concentrations. These parameters are also dominant in controlling the radon transfer relation from soil gas to indoor air. Risk prediction maps for radon in houses indicating the probability to exceed certain indoor threshold values can be useful especially for regions with no or only a few measurements of indoor radon.     

Iron-manganese formations in the Baikal region

This work is a review of the modern concepts of the accumulation of Fe and Mn in the Baikal bottom sediments and the regularities of formation of iron-manganese (including phosphate-bearing) nodules in the lake. Special attention is given to the probable participation of hydrothermal water in this process and the genesis of ancient nodules deeply buried in the Baikal sediments. The possible relationship between the shore ores and the nodules in the bottom sediments in the adjacent Baikal regions has been first shown.     

Stable isotope systematics of surface water bodies in the Himalayan and Trans-Himalayan (Kashmir) region

Stable hydrogen (δD) and oxygen (δ¹⁸O) isotope ratios of the headwaters of the Indus and its tributaries, surface ice in glaciers, saline and fresh water lakes and thermal springs in the Himalayan and Trans-Himalayan (Kashmir) region are reported. The δ5D-δ¹⁸ relationship for the river samples shows a slope of 9.12 +-0.29 which agrees well with the estimate of 8.99 ±0.33 based on a simple Rayleigh fractionation model. The unique signature of a higher deuterium excess (d) of the ‘Western Disturbance’ is preserved in these samples. An altitude effect of -0.9 per mil/km is observed in the δ¹⁸O of Indus waters. At a lower altitude (Beas) the altitude effect is almost double, indicating that the altitude effect decreases with elevation in this region.     

土壤氡气测量在鄂尔多斯盆地西缘砂岩型铀矿勘查中的应用

在鄂尔多斯盆地某矿床进行土壤Rn测量条件试验的基础上,对鄂尔多斯盆地西缘研究区进行了区域测量工作。通过对数据处理,划分出5片具有成矿远景的异常区,并对异常进行评价解释,为钻探施工提供了重要的参考依据。研究结果表明,土壤Rn测量方法能够在盆地区域范围内划分出异常区,是一种快速评价砂岩型铀矿化的重要地球化学勘查方法。