湖沼学

湖泊学P5322005043068粒度和元素证据指示的居延海1.5KaBP来环境演化=EvolutionandclimatechangesoftheJuyanLakerevealedfromgrainsizeandgeochemistryelementsince1500aBP/靳鹤龄,肖洪浪…∥冰川冻土.—2005,27(2).—233～240东居延海湖相沉积的粒度和元素资料研究结果表明:明清以前湖泊的变化主要受气候变化的影响,温暖时期,气候偏湿,入湖水量增多,湖泊面积扩大,流域化学风化作用增强;寒冷时期,气候偏干,入湖水量减小,湖泊萎缩,流域化学风化作用减弱.明清之后特别是近40a来,由于黑河上中游地区大规模的土地开发及水资源利用,入湖水量…     

艾比湖Ash浅孔沉积信息揭示的环境演变过程

通过对艾比湖西南湖底1．8m浅孔的沉积特征、粒度组成、有机地化分析结合^14C测年数据重建湖泊沉积时代的环境面貌。研究显示近3000年来艾比湖地区的环境总体上是相对稳定的，全球的气候波动曾引起艾比湖水位和周边环境发生一定的变化。其中艾比湖在2600～2450aBP年问湖水相对较浅，气候相对冷干。2300a BP年左右湖泊深度变浅，剖面处受到河流的影响。2300～440a BP年间是艾比湖的高水位时期,气候温暖湿润，水陆生植物繁茂。440a BP以来湖泊变浅。气候变得更加干旱。艾比湖作为一内陆干旱区封闭型湖泊，对全球环境变化的响应较为敏感，艾比湖的形成演变具有典型的干旱区代表性。     

气候变化下新疆及咸海流域河川径流演变及适应性对策分析

 中亚咸海流域地处全球气候变化的敏感中心,生态环境脆弱、水资源紧缺,过去百年来中亚咸海流域气候、人类活动、生态环境均经历了较为显著的变化,分析中亚咸海流域气候-水-生态-人类活动的关系,对自然与人文相近的新疆可持续发展具有重要的借鉴意义。以最新收集的资料为基础,对比研究近50 a来新疆及近80 a来中亚咸海流域的气温、降水和主要河流的径流变化情况,结合二者水资源开发利用的演变历程,分析气候变化与人类活动对研究区生态环境与持续发展的影响,最后借鉴中亚咸海流域气候变化、人类活动、生态环境的综合关系,讨论气候变化下新疆水资源开发利用的适应性对策。结果表明：近80 a来,新疆与中亚咸海流域气候呈现较为一致的变暖趋势,尤其是20世纪80年代以来,二者绝大部分地区气候呈现“暖干”向“暖湿”转型迹象,河川径流也有不同程度的增加,但由于人类活动规模与强度的迅速、持续增强,研究区生态环境呈现尚未得到有效遏制的恶化趋势。立足于有利的气候时期,强化水资源开发利用管理,提高水资源利用效率和效益,加快关键水源工程建设,完善水资源配置网络体系的建设,是未来一段时期内应对气候变化下新疆水资源开发利用的主要适应性对策。     

新疆沙尘暴源区的气候与荒漠环境变化

根据新疆地区50年来的气候变化以及人类活动的影响,阐述了新疆沙尘暴源区气候与荒漠环境变化。结果表明,新疆地区的气候由暖干向暖湿发展。自20世纪70年代中期以来,暖湿过程非常明显,特别是新疆南疆与北疆的气候变化特点和高山与盆地的气候变化差异以及湖泊水域面积的变化,都明显地反映了干旱区域气候变化的敏感性,并且也反映了新疆区域气候与中国中、东部气候变化的差异性。由于气候的波动变化和人类活动的干扰,使荒漠环境也在不同区域受到不同程度影响,尤其是干旱地区的降水、大气湿润程度和下垫面状况都直接影响着沙尘暴的发生和发展。20世纪80年代后期以来,温度的突变是造成环境恶化、灾害增多的主要原因之一,同时也反映出干旱内陆区是气候变化过程中的敏感反应区。     

近150a来南红山湖的地球化学特征及环境意义

通过对西昆仑山南红山湖的沉积地球化学特征的分析，恢复了南红山湖区近150a来的环境变化。19世纪50年代初－19世纪80年代中期，气候受小冰期末次波动的影响，以冷湿为特点。19世纪80年代中期－1997年，处于小冰期后回暖期，以暖干趋势为主。其中19世纪80年代中期－20世纪20年代初，以暖干为特点；20世纪20年代初－20世纪中叶，气候较干燥，而且温度与湿度的结合较复杂，属于冷干－暖湿交替的气候类型；20世纪中叶－1997年，气候总特征以暖干为主，尤其是1990年以后，温度升高趋势明显，气候干燥。从近150a湖泊变化的整体趋势看，随着时间的推移，南红山湖在逐渐萎缩。就湖区的气候变化与西昆仑山古里雅冰芯所恢复的气温、降水变化及与较近的两个站点的气象记录进行了对比，认为该地区与古里雅冰芯地区受相同的气候系统控制；高原上区域间存在气候差异；应开展多尺度、高分辨率的多种代用资料的研究。     

近35 a来新疆干旱区湖泊变化及原因分析

应用“3S”技术,以流域为单元,对新疆干旱区1975-2010年近35 a来湖泊的变化进行了研究。研究结果表明：湖泊总体呈数量多、规模小的特点,以天然湖泊为主,湖泊分布面积最大的流域为准噶尔内流区、分布数量最多的流域为塔里木内流区;35 a来湖泊的变化呈1975-2000年数量与面积增大、2000-2010年数量与面积减少的特征;天然湖泊与人工湖泊变化差异显著,天然湖泊数量与面积均呈先增加后减少的变化特征,而人工湖泊数量及面积均呈持续增加的变化特征;1975-2000年各流域湖泊面积均增大,2000-2010年除伊犁河内流区外,各流域湖泊面积均大幅度减小;影响新疆干旱区湖泊变化的主要气候因素是降水与气温,人类活动是流域间湖泊变化幅度与变化趋势差异的主要影响因素,也是影响天然湖泊与人工湖泊变化趋势差异的主要原因。     

滴哨沟湾地层沉积特征记录的毛乌素沙漠变迁

毛乌素沙漠的盛衰变化明显地受到全球变化特别是东亚夏季风变化的影响。根据毛乌素沙漠东南缘萨拉乌苏河流域滴哨沟湾地层沉积物的物质组成、粒度参数等,结合孢粉研究结果,将沙漠演化过程划分为若干阶段：中更新世晚期沙漠萎缩期,气候温暖半干旱-半湿润,沙漠缩小,为森林草原或灌丛草原;中更新世晚期沙漠稳定期,气候在寒冷干旱-半干旱间波动频繁,自然景观在荒漠、荒漠草原与干草原间变化,并有河流和小湖存在;晚更新世早期沙漠固定期,气候温暖半湿润至半干旱,期间自然景观经历了森林草原、灌丛草原、草原、荒漠草原多种变化;晚更新世晚期沙漠扩张期,气候干旱寒冷,自然景观以荒漠和荒漠草原为主,同时也有草原乃至灌丛草原出现;全新世沙漠频繁变化期,气候变化频繁,沙漠出现多次盛衰变化,自然景观在荒漠、荒漠草原、草原、疏林草原间变化。     

黑河调水以来额济纳盆地湖泊蒸发量

在GIS技术支持下结合气候条件的变化,对黑河调水以来额济纳盆地的湖泊面积变化和蒸发量变化进行分析.结果表明:额济纳盆地湖泊主要包括东、西居延海和进素土海子,各湖泊在2002年7月后陆续恢复,其中东居延海2004年后常年蓄水,进素土海子在2008年后常年蓄水,西居延海为季节性湖泊.盆地内湖泊总面积最大达到103.85 km²,年蒸发量最大达到1.79×10⁸ m³.湖泊除受地表调水补给外,还受地下径流补给,2005年后东居延海每年接受地下径流净补给量约2500×10⁴～3000×10⁴ m³.     

全新世巢湖沉积物炭屑记录的火环境变化

通过对巢湖湖泊沉积岩芯不同粒级炭屑浓度和磁化率等指标变化的研究,揭示了全新世以来的区域火环境变化及人类活动影响。结果表明：① 全新世早期,气候由寒冷干旱向温暖湿润过渡,但仍较为干旱,炭屑浓度也相对略高,火活动比较频繁,地方性和区域性火时有发生;② 全新世中期是最温暖湿润的适宜期,炭屑浓度出现全新世以来的低值,火活动微弱,但在文化兴盛时期炭屑浓度出现峰值,则归因于人类活动的影响;③ 全新世晚期,在气候趋于凉干的环境背景下,人类活动的增强更加剧了火活动的频率和强度,炭屑浓度大幅增加;④ 近200 a炭屑浓度的降低可能与湖区附近已没有足够生物量引起火灾有关。     

天目山地区树轮δ13C记录的300多年的秋季气候变化

对采自浙江西天目山地区的柳杉树轮,交叉定年后,测定其δ^13C年序列。用趋势比率法去除大气δ^13C对树轮δ^13C年序列的影响后,分析了树轮δ^13C年序列对气候要素变化的响应。分析发现：柳杉树轮δ^13C年序列的高频振荡与该区9～12月气温及9月降水有较好相关性。重点重建了该地区9月降水量与平均最高气温两个气候要素300多年的气候变化,其变化模式表现为：冷-湿和暖-干的组合特征。统计结果显示：重建序列所反映的旱涝频率分布及其冷暖变化与该区的实测记录结果基本一致。表明：重建序列较好地反映了该区秋季气候变化历史。重建序列所反映的气候变化与我国近500a的气候变化及该区部分史料记载有较好的对应,并与青藏高原苟鲁错湖泊沉积及新疆阿勒泰地区树轮δ^13C记录的气候变化有部分对应,只是冷暖变化的起止时间有错动,反映了气候变化的区域差异。周期分析发现：重建序列含有准58．82a、21．28a、13．70a、3．23a、2．63a、2．33a、2．07a的周期,这些周期与行星、地心会聚的“力矩效应”变化周期、太阳辐射变化、太阳活动及“准两年振荡”周期相吻合,表明太阳辐射变化及ENSO现象对该区气候变化影响显著,也反映出天目山地区树轮δ^13C年序列对太阳活动及大范围的ENSO事件的记录能力。     

阿拉善地区湖泊岩芯磁性特征记录的全新世环境变化

对居延海G36钻孔进行了系统磁性特征分析,并结合总有机碳含量和粒度等环境代用指标,在精确测年的基础上,探讨了居延海地区全新世时期以来的环境变化。结果显示,居延海岩芯磁性矿物主要存在于粗颗粒的沉积物中,载磁矿物为颗粒较粗的多畴磁铁矿;磁化率变化机制比较复杂,与干湿环境变化没有简单正（反）关系。根据G36沉积物环境代用指标的变化,大致可以将其分为4个干湿交替时期:6 700~4 600 a BP干旱时期,4 600~3 100 a BP湿润时期,3 100~2 500 a BP干旱时期以及1 800 a BP以来湖泊干涸。在这4个时期中,磁学参数记录了两次显著湿润事件和两次显著干旱事件。     

基于雷达遥感的内蒙古额济纳旗东北部中晚早更新世古水系演化

Radar remote sensing can acquire information of sub-surface covered by sand in arid area,detect surface roughness and vegetation coronet′s layer and linear feature such as linear structure and channel sensitively. With sediment facies analysis, this paper studies the features of environmental evolution in mid-late Epipleistocene (60 ka BP-20 ka BP) in northeastern Ejin Banner. The conclusions are listed as follows: (1) The evolution of the three lakes, i.e. Gaxunnur, Sugunur and Tian′e lakes, are dominated by faults and regional climate. (2) By analyzing sedimentary section of old Juyanze Lake,the three lakes used to be a large outflow lake before 50 ka BP in northeastern Ejin Banner, and at 50ka BP, temperature declined rapidly in northwestern China. The event caused the lake′s shrinkage. (3)By fault activity uplift in the northern part of old Juyan Lake and depression in the southern part, the lake′s water followed from north to south at around 35 ka BP, old Juyanze fluvial fan was formed. At the same time, Juyan Lake separated from Sugunur Lake and Wentugunr old channel was abandoned.(4) In recent 2000 years, Ruoshui River is a wandering river, sometimes it flows into Juyan Lake and sometimes Sugunur and Gaxunnur lakes. Due to human activities and over exploitation, the oasis ecosystem is rapidly degenerated in 15 years (1986-2000).     

On paleodrainage evolution in mid-late Epipleistocene based on radar remote sensing in northeastern Ejin Banner, Inner Mongolia

Radar remote sensing can acquire information of sub-surface covered by sand in arid area, detect surface roughness and vegetation coronet's layer and linear feature such as linear structure and channel sensitively. With sediment facies analysis, this paper studies the features of environmental evolution in mid-late Epipleistocene (60 ka BP-20 ka BP) in northeastern Ejin Banner. The conclusions are listed as follows: (1) The evolution of the three lakes, i.e. Gaxunnur, Sugunur and Tian'e lakes, are dominated by faults and regional climate. (2) By analyzing sedimentary section of old Juyanze Lake, the three lakes used to be a large outflow lake before 50 ka BP in northeastern Ejin Banner, and at 50 ka BP, temperature declined rapidly in northwestern China. The event caused the lake's shrinkage. (3) By fault activity uplift in the northern part of old Juyan Lake and depression in the southern part, the lake's water followed from north to south at around 35 ka BP, old Juyanze fluvial fan was formed. At the same time, Juyan Lake separated from Sugunur Lake and Wentugunr old channel was abandoned. (4) In recent 2000 years, Ruoshui River is a wandering river, sometimes it flows into Juyan Lake and sometimes Sugunur and Gaxunnur lakes. Due to human activities and over exploitation, the oasis ecosystem is rapidly degenerated in 15 years (1986-2000).     

On paleodrainage evolution in mid-late Epipleistocene based on radar remote sensing in northeastern Ejin Banner,Inner Mongolia

Radar remote sensing can acquire information of sub-surface covered by sand in arid area,detect surface roughness and vegetation coronet‘s layer and linear feature such as linear structure and channel sensitively. With sediment facies analysis, this paper studies the features of environmental evolution in mid-late Epipleistocene (60 ka BP-20 ka BP) in northeastem Ejin Banner. The conclusions are listed as follows: (1) The evolution of the three lakes, i.e. Gaxunnur, Sugunur and Tian‘e lakes, are dominated by faults and regional climate. (2) By analyzing sedimentary section of old Juyanze Lake,the three lakes used to be a large outflow lake before 50 ka BP in northeastem Ejin Banner, and at 50 ka BP, temperature declined rapidly in northwestem China. The event caused the lake‘s shrinkage. (3)By fault activity uplift in the northem part of old Juyan Lake and depression in the southem part, the lake‘s water followed fi‘om north to south at around 35 ka BP, old Juyanze fluvial fan was formed. At the same time, Juyan lake separated fi‘om Sugunur Lake and Wentugunr old channel was abandoned.(4) In recent 2000 years, Ruoshui River is a wandering river, sometimes it flows into Juyan lake and sometimes Sugunur and Gaxunnur lakes. Due to human activities and over exploitation, the oasis ecosystem is rapidly degenerated in 15 years (1986-2000).     

清末以来洞庭湖区通江湖泊的时空演变

本文利用清光绪22年以来17个时段的多种历史地图和航天航空遥感数据,采用遥感解译、数据统计分析与历史对比方法,分析清末以来洞庭湖区通江湖泊面积的时序变化,探究空间演变特征。结合水利部门发布的典型年份监测数据,检验了遥感获取的湖泊面积精度,误差仅为0.62%。结果显示：洞庭湖通江湖泊面积从1896年的5216.37 km²减少到2019年的2702.74 km²,萎缩率为48.19%。1949年前的53年为明显萎缩期,年均萎缩15.66 km²;20世纪50年代为陡崖式萎缩期,年均萎缩139.05 km²;20世纪60—70年代为快速萎缩期,年均萎缩21.66 km²;1980年以来为基本稳定期,年均萎缩0.13 km²,面积仅减少了5.10 km²。就具体湖泊而言,东洞庭湖是各通江湖泊中面积萎缩最大的湖泊,减幅为922.60 km²;其次是目平湖,减幅为588.05 km²;再次是南洞庭湖,减幅为448.37 km²;七里湖的面积变化很小,但经历了先扩张后萎缩的过程。1998—2002年实施“退田还湖”工程,洞庭湖面积增加了10.50 km²。总体而言,清末以来洞庭湖区通江湖泊的演变主要表现为大通湖的封闭析出、整修南洞庭湖的湖垸置换与南迁、围垦西洞庭湖的局部残存、东洞庭湖的三面合围以及1998年特大洪灾后有限的“退田还湖”。本文为长江流域生态修复和环境保护战略提供了客观资料和技术支撑。     

Water level changes in Lake Van,Turkey, during the past ca. 600 ka: climatic,volcanic and tectonic controls

Sediments of Lake Van, Turkey, preserve one of the most complete records of continental climate change in the Near East since the Middle Pleistocene. We used seismic reflection profiles to infer past changes in lake level and discuss potential causes related to changes in climate, volcanism, and regional tectonics since the formation of the lake ca. 600 ka ago. Lake Van’s water level ranged by as much as 600 m during the past ~600 ka. Five major lowstands occurred, at ~600, ~365–340, ~290–230, ~150–130 and ~30–14 ka. During Stage A, between about 600 and 230 ka, lake level changed dramatically, by hundreds of meters, but phases of low and high stands were separated by long time intervals. Changes in the lake level were more frequent during the past ~230 ka, but less dramatic, on the order of a few tens of meters. We identified period B1 as a time of stepwise transgressions between ~230 and 150 ka, followed by a short regression between ca. 150 and 130 ka. Lake level rose stepwise during period B2, until ~30 ka. During the past ~30 ka, a regression and a final transgression occurred, each lasting about 15 ka. The major lowstand periods in Lake Van occurred during glacial periods, suggesting climatic control on water level changes (i.e. greatly reduced precipitation led to lower lake levels). Although climate forcing was the dominant cause for dramatic water level changes in Lake Van, volcanic and tectonic forcing factors may have contributed as well. For instance, the number of distinct tephra layers, some several meters thick, increases dramatically in the uppermost ~100 m of the sediment record (i.e. the past ~230 ka), an interval that coincides largely with low-magnitude lake level fluctuations. Tectonic activity, highlighted by extensional and/or compressional faults across the basin margins, probably also affected the lake level of Lake Van in the past.     

Reconstructing fluctuations of a shallow East African lake during the past 1800 yrs from sediment stratigraphy in a submerged crater basin

The sedimentology of an 8.22-m long core of late-Holocene deposits in the submerged Crescent Island Crater basin of Lake Naivasha, Kenya, is used to reconstruct decade-scale fluctuations in lake-surface elevation during the past 1800 yrs. Lake-depth inference for the past 1000 yrs is semi-quantitative, based on (1) relationships between lake level and bottom dynamics predicted by wave theory, and (2) historical validation of the effects of lake-level fluctuation and hydrologic closure on sediment composition in Crescent Island Crater and nearby Lake Oloidien. In these shallow fluctuating lakes, organic-carbon variation in a lithological sequence from clayey mud to algal gyttja is positively correlated with lake depth at the time of deposition, because the focusing of oxidized littoral sediments which dilute autochthonous organic matter before burial is reduced during highstands. The lake-level reconstruction for Lake Naivasha agrees with other adequately dated lake-level records from equatorial East Africa in its implication of dry climatic conditions during the Mediaeval Warm Period and generally wet conditions during the Little Ice Age. Crescent Island Crater survived widespread aridity in the early-19th century as a fresh weedy pond, while the main basin of Lake Naivasha and many other shallow East African lakes fell dry and truncated their sediment archive of Little Ice Age climatic variability.     

历史时期乌兰布和沙漠北部的环境变迁

乌兰布和沙漠北部在先秦时期即已形成沙漠,由于黄河及屠申泽等水分条件的影响,当时尚存在着几处绿洲,西汉临戎等3座县城就建立在这些绿洲上。其后,由于黄河干流改道,屠申泽干涸,导致了绿洲的沙漠化。     

晚冰期以来河西走廊花海古湖泊演化过程及其对气候变化的响应

通过分析河西走廊花海古湖泊沉积物中的盐类矿物组成,结合年代序列,重建了花海晚冰期以来湖泊演化过程及其对气候变化的响应。结果表明：晚冰期及新仙女木时期,花海湖泊以芒硝沉积为主,属硫酸盐型湖泊,湖水的盐度较高且周期性波动频繁;全新世早期（10.47 cal ka BP以前）,湖泊以洪泛堆积和风成沉积为主,揭示了湖泊萎缩、甚至干涸;全新世早期至全新世中期（10.47～8.87 cal ka BP）盐类矿物以碳酸盐沉积为主,为碳酸盐型湖泊,湖水淡化,湖泊水位开始逐渐回升;全新世中期（8.87～5.50 cal ka BP）盐类矿物呈现一定的波动变化,其中,8.8 cal ka BP 时期盐类矿物以硫酸盐沉积为主,湖泊由碳酸盐型转化为硫酸盐型,湖水咸化,盐度升高;随后盐类矿物以碳酸盐沉积为主,湖泊由硫酸盐型转化为碳酸盐型,湖水盐度降低、湖泊扩张;全新世中晚期（5.50 cal ka BP以来）出现沉积间断,表明中晚全新世时期湖泊逐渐萎缩。在全新世期间,花海湖泊千年尺度演化过程揭示了该区域气候干湿状况受亚洲季风和西风共同控制的影响。