Seismic Observations and Seismic Hazard Studies in the Philippines

It has taken more than a hundred years for seismic observations in the Philippines to evolve to a modern observation system.The responsibility of seismic observations was likewise transfeered from one agency to another during this same period of time.At present,the mandate of conducting seismic observatins in the Philippines rests with the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology(PHIVOLCS),In 2000,through a grant aid from the Japan International Cooperation Agency(JICA),the Philippine Seismic netowrk was upgraded to a digital system.As a result,a new set of seismic monitoring equipments was installed in all of the 34 PHIVOLCS seismic stations all over the country,Digital waveforms are now available for high level seismic data processing.and data acquisition and processing are now automated.Included in the upgrade is the provision of strong motion accelerographs in all stations whose data can now be used for studying ground motion and intensity attenuation relations,The new setup is now producing high-resolution data that can now be used for conducting basic seismological researches,Earthquake locations have now improved allowing for the modeling and delineation of earthquake source regions necessary for earthquake hazard studies.Current seismic hazard studies in the Philippines involve the estimation of ground motion using both probabilitstic and deterministic approaches,seismic microzonation studies of key cities using microtremor observations,paleoseismology and active faults mapping ,and identification of liquefaction-prone,landslide-prone nd tsunami-affected areas.The earthquake database is now being reviewed and completed with the addition of historical events and from data from regional databases,While studies of seismic hazards were primarily concentrated on a regional level ,PHIVOLCS is now focusing on doing these seismic hazard studies on a micriolevel.For Metro Manila,first generation hazard maps showing ground rupture,ground shaking and liquefaction hazards have recently been completed.Other large cities that are also at risk from large earthquakes are the next targets.The elements at risk such as population,lifelines,and vertical and horizontal structures for each of these urban centers are also being incorporated in the hazard maps for immediate use of planners,civil defense officials,policy-makers and engineers.The maps can also now be used to describe possible scenarios during times of strong events and how appropriate socio-economic and engineering responses could be designed.In addition,a rapid earthquake damage assessment system has been started which will attempt to produce immediate or rapid assessments identification of elements at risk durin times of strong earthquakes     

Early physical conditions of the planets and satellites

An understanding of the origin of the Solar System is proving hard to achieve and there is still no finally accepted account. A wider range of reliable data, and especially for the outer Solar System, has become available over the last decade due to the use of space vehicles, and particularly the two Voyager probes which are now passing out of the Solar System. The planetary and satellite systems can, therefore, be viewed now more nearly as a whole than previously and consequences for the theory of the origin of the System should follow. The subject is here reviewed again but emphasis is placed on the relative planetology of the whole System. The only reliable data available to us are associated with the System as it is now and this will be the starting point for our discussion.     

岩石在不同温度下的形变蠕变和滞后

据岩石在地壳温度条件下的实验结果:只要循环加载,应力与应变便无单值关系。因为现代构造应力场是在时增时减地变化着,所以定点长期连续观测的地应力台站,不能根据地应变值来换算地应力,而需通过弹性选测法和应力平衡法来确定     

ANALYSIS ON THE DEBRIS FLOW SURGES

ＡＮＡＬＹＳＩＳＯＮＴＨＥＤＥＢＲＩＳＦＬＯＷＳＵＲＧＥＳ￥ＷａｎｇＧｕａｎｇｑｉａｎ（Ｐｒｏｆｅｓｓｏｒ，Ｄｅｐｔ．ｏｆＨｙｄｒａｕｌｉｃＥｎｇｉｎｅｅｒｉｎｇ，ＴｓｉｎｇｈｕａＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ）Ａｂｓｔｒａｃｔ：Ｂａｓｅｄｏｎｔｈｅｆｕｎｄａ...     

Water quality and fisheries in the Mersey estuary, England: A historical perspective

The Mersey estuary, NW England, once had a prolific fishery but in the aftermath of the industrial revolution water quality and fisheries declined and the Mersey became infamous as one of the most polluted rivers in Europe. Until relatively recently, almost all industrial and domestic effluents were discharged without treatment resulting in abominable fouling of the shoreline, and long anoxic reaches in the upper estuary during the summer. In addition, there were unknown biological impacts resulting from a complex mixture of dangerous substances present in the river. Over 1000 million pound has been spent to remedy this situation and there is unequivocal evidence that this has had the desired effect. Dissolved oxygen is now generally >60% saturation, salmon are now found at the tidal-limit and the estuary is becoming ever more popular for sea angling. The river is no longer an embarrassing liability but is now perceived as an important asset in the economic regeneration of this region of the United Kingdom.     

医用PET系统技术概述

PET(正电子发射成像)是当今高层次的核医学技术。它综合了核技术、核电子学、计算机、数据处理等领域中的尖端技术,是当前医学界最先进的大型医疗诊断成像设备之一,在肿瘤、心血管疾病和神经系统疾病的临床诊断中发挥着越来越重要的作用。本文以国产32环高档临床PET为例,较详细地介绍了PET设备的工作原理、总体基本结构及各子系统基本功能,对PET整机性能及其临床应用也做了简述。     

重力基点联测结果的精度估算

本文针对地震系统重力测量的实际情况, 对重力基点联测结果的精度估算问题进行了研究.给出了多台仪器多条测线联测结果的精度计算公式和目前普遍采用的三次单程联测结果的精度计算公式.指出了几种低估误差的不合理方法.      

Marine oil spills: An Australian view

Australia, now experiencing oil spills, is devising a clean-up policy in the light of international experience.     

提高地方地震台网地震速报水平初探

总结了西昌遥测地震台网地震速报处理技术经验，针对地方台网地震速报中常出现的地震参数误差提出了改进思路。     

Europlanet: international facilities for planetary scientists

Nigel J Mason describes the range of state-of-the-art planetary science facilities now available through the Europlanet Research Infrastructure programme.     

Marine pollution information centre at Plymouth

The Marine Biological Association's laboratory at Plymouth now has a national documentation and information centre on marine pollution.     

Geomagnetism in the satellite era

Kathryn A Whaler considers the opportunities and challenges arising from the greatly enhanced geomagnetism data sets now available, in her 2006 Presidential Address.     

Bullerwell lecturer

An international research group has announced that the the Six-Degree Field Galaxy Survey, the most detailed map of the nearby universe, is now complete.     

The sound of the Sun

Bill Chaplin and Istvan Ballai review developments in helioseismology – the resonant choir of the Sun – a discipline that now probes the Sun from core to corona.     

Impacts of Using the Rigorous Topographic Gravity Modeling Method and Lateral Density Variation Model on Topographic Reductions and Geoid Modeling: A Case Study in Colorado,USA

Surveys in Geophysics - Until now, the prismatic mass approximation of the topography and the constant density assumption have been mostly utilized in topographic reductions, which are rough...     

Iaga Paleomagnetic Databases with access

Since the release of the Global Paleomagnetic Database (GPMDB) in 1991, there have been successive updates every two years, with the current version being 3.1. The authors have now constructed a set of four databases that have been sponsored by the International Association of Geomagnetism and Aeronomy (IAGA). These include the GPMDB together with the Paleointensity Database (PALIN), the Polarity Transitions Database (TRANS) and the Secular Variation Database (SECVR). Each of these databases is now released to operate under Microsoft Access V2.0 and are specifically designed so as to operate independently of each other. The design and operation of these databases with Access is described in this second supplement to the Global Paleomagnetic Databases.     

Vertical Distribution of Methane in Baikal Water

Water Resources - Data on the vertical distribution of dissolved methane in Baikal water column are analyzed. The zone of open lake now shows an increase in the concentrations of dissolved methane...     

A new constellation for IYA2009

Science and technology is now part of the newly created government Department of Business, Innovation and Skills, with Lord Mandelson in overall charge. What will this mean for UK science?     

The development of the SCAT process for the assessment of oiled shorelines

The Shoreline Cleanup Assessment Team (SCAT) process is a tool to assess oiled shorelines and is now an integral component of spill response operations. The key element of a SCAT survey is a systematic documentation using standard terms and definitions of the shoreline in the areas affected by an oil spill. SCAT programs were initially established to provide objective and accurate shoreline oiling information directly to cleanup operations. The role of the SCAT program has since expanded and the information generated by the field teams is used now by planners and decision-makers and to develop shoreline treatment recommendations, to select appropriate treatment techniques, and to establish the level or degree of treatment that is appropriate. This latter point is an integral part of establishing shoreline treatment criteria or standards and treatment end points.     

The new X-ray universe

Phil Charles and Andy Fabian review the changes brought to X-ray astronomy by the two orbiting observatories, XMM-Newton and Chandra.
We describe here the changes to X-ray astronomy that are being brought about by the two new orbiting X-ray observatories, NASA's Chandra and ESA's XMM-Newton. Between them they bring a dramatic gain in sensitivity, spatial resolution (now comparable to ground-based optical and infrared telescopes) and spectral resolution. The superb Chandra mirrors rapidly resolved the diffuse X-ray background and have produced stunning detailed images of a wide variety of cosmic objects. Large gains have been made by both missions in spectroscopic performance, with individual X-ray emission lines now detectable in hot stellar coronae, supernova remnants, X-ray binaries, active galactic nuclei and galaxy clusters.