大武水源地地下水生物降解烃污染物的机理

近几年的环境调查研究表明,山东省淄博市大武地下水水源地上游邻近石化厂区出现严重的地下管道石油污染物持续泄漏的现象。堆皋－柳杭地段地下水环境在成为集中污染区的同时,水化学环境发生了迥然的变化：地下水中电子接受体溶解氧、ＮＯ３＾－几乎未检出,ＳＯ４＾２－呈低值分布。这是因为地下水中存在微生物降解烃污染物的作用所致,其作用机理包括需氧降解、脱硝降解、脱硫降解以及有Ｆｅ＾３＋参与的降解作用。然而由于该地段     

加强反硝化条件下地下水中常见有机污染物苯和甲苯微生物降解研究

利用实验室含水层物质微环境实验,对地下水中常见有机污染物苯和甲苯在厌氧反硝化条件下的微生物降解进行了研究。通过１０种方案实验结果的分析对比,所得重要结论如下：在加强了的反硝化条件下,微生物利用ＮＯ－３作为电子受体降解苯和甲苯;降解苯和甲苯的反硝化细菌来自于含水层物质;微生物所需的宏量营养由苯、甲苯和硝酸盐提供,痕量元素来自于含水层物质;环境的酸碱条件对微生物降解具有重要影响,ｐＨ值过高或过低均抑制微生物降解作用的产生。     

地下水和场地的原位修复

生物修复描述了在地下水和土壤中进行的微生物自然降解过程，该过程是在厌氧(缺氧)条件下进行的。自然降解过程既需要电子给予者(如氧)，也需要电子接收者(如氢)。多数情况下由于这些基本要素的需要(氧或氢)，土壤很快会变得贫乏，氧或氢会以最快的速度阻止自然微生物污染的扩散并达到降解目的。通过固有细菌和自然土壤过程(固有衰减)使土壤和地下水污染物衰减的很大优势在于避免了昂贵的泵吸系统、相关工作、     

天然气中N2来源及其地球化学特征分析

天然气中Ｎ２来源很多,其地球化学特征也各不相同：①大气源Ｎ２：Ｎ２／Ａｒ≤８４,且δ＾１５ＮＮ２≈０‰（ＡＴＭ）;②地壳超深部和上地幔来源的原生Ｎ２：δ＾１５ＮＮ２≈－２‰－＋１‰,且伴生Ａｒ的＾４０Ａｒ／＾３６Ａｒ〉２０００和Ｈｅ／＾４Ｈｅ〉１０＾－６;③微生物反硝化作用生成的Ｎ２：δ＾１５ＮＮ２〈－１０‰和地下水中的ＮＯ＾３－及ＮＯ＾２－浓度异常高;④未成熟沉积有机质经微生物氨化作用形成的Ｎ２     

硫循环的酶促反应机制及湖泊环境效应

在湖泊沉积物表层存在着强烈的生物作用,使ＳＯ＾２－４转变成Ｓ＾２－,然后和Ｆｅ＾２＋结合而固定在沉积物中,这种ＳＯ＾２－４的清除机制具有重要的环境意义。本文论述了Ｈ２Ｓ的产生和各种形态硫转变成ＳＯ＾２－４的酶促反应机制,并阐述了不同微生物电子传递载体、最终电子受体和电子进入传递链的部位的差异以及生成ＡＴＰ的数目和环境效应的差异。     

研究了地下水中HCO^—3来源的稳定碳同位素法

自然界中ＣＯ２主要来自有机质、大气和碳酸盐岩石，因同位素分馏作用，其稳定碳同位素组成在这三种物质中的分配不尽相同。本文根据地下水实测ＨＣＯ＾－３的δ＾１３Ｃ＾②值，利用热力学及同位素平衡计算与之相平衡的ＣＯ２气体的δ＾１３Ｃ值，确定了ＣＯ２气体来源，进而确定了ＨＣＯ＾－３的有机来源。     

河北平原地下水氢,氧,碳,氯同位素组成的环境意义

地下水是古气候信息的载体，它的化学成分和同位素组成可以反映古气候的演变。应用＾３Ｈ、＾１４Ｃ和＾３６Ｃｌ资料计算的河北平原地下水的年龄加下：第１含水组（Ｑ４）０－３ｋａ，第２含水组（Ｑ３）３－１００ｋａ，第３含水组（Ｑ２）１００－３００ｋａ，第４含水组（Ｑ１）３００－７００ｋａ，根据δ＾１８Ｏ和δＤ计算的地下水补给期的地面平均气温表明，第四纪以来河北平原气候环境是逐渐变暖的。根据第４至第１含水组（     

地下水化学组分存在形式的计算及其意义

地下水化学组分形式的定量研究是水岩作用模拟计算的基础,本文系统地介绍了利用化学热力学平衡理论定量计算化学组分形式的理论与方法,并石家庄平原地下水中化学组分形式的分布,结果表明,构成地下水化学组分形式主要为络阴离子和单一离子,但ＣａＳＯ＾０４,ＭｇＳＯ＾０４和ＣａＣＨＯ＾＋３是地下水化学组成不可忽视的络合形式,这些络合组分随着ＴＤＳ和ＳＯ＾２－４总量的升高上游到下民占比例逐渐升高,络合形式的存在不仅     

闽北570隐爆破屑岩型铀（银,钼）矿床成矿物理化学条件及物质来？…

据产出在闽北中生代陆相长英质火山质中受陷爆碎屑岩控制，以铀、银、钼共生为特征的５７０矿床流包裹体及氢、氧同位素研究表明，５７０矿床成矿温度为１５０－１８０℃，成矿流体以富含ＨＣＯ３、Ｆ、ＳＯ４＾２－、Ｋ、Ｎａ等组分为特征，铀主要以ＵＯ２（ＣＯ３）２＾２－，ＵＯ２（ＵＯ３）３＾４－、ＵＯ２Ｆ４＾２－、ＵＯ２Ｆ３形式运移，成矿富集作用与两种不同成因水溶液（火山热液和大气降水）的混合有关。对火山岩、基底     

峨眉山柿子坪热田地下水碳氧同位素特征初步研究

在峨眉山柿子坪热田地质调查及热水勘探过程中,采用了碳、氧同位素地球化学方法,结果发现了不同成因类型地地下水其碳、氧同位素组成特征各不相同,为查明地下热水的形成条件提供了重要依据,表明用地下水中ＨＣＯ３＾－的碳、氧同位素组成来研究地下热水系的发育特征是有前景的。     

大武水源地地下水环境模拟与石油污染控制研究

大武水源地是山东省内唯一的大型地下水水源地，由于相邻的堠皋地段地下水被石油污染，大武水源地面临着严重的石油污染威胁。本文通过对地下水环境模拟和地下水环境控制模拟的研究，提出在堠皋地段设置 地下水截流带，控制已污染的地下水向大武水源地径流。为达到保护大武水源地的目的，提出石油污染治理建议。     

Transformations and hydraulic captures of petrochemical contaminants in a karst-fractured aquifer

 The development of a petrochemical industry may be responsible for petrochemical contamination of karst-fractured aquifers in an urban water supply system. In the Dawu Well Field, a karst-fractured aquifer in Zibo City, in the east of China, has been seriously polluted by petrochemicals from the operation of petrochemical plants. More than 60 species of organic contaminants have been detected in the water supply wells of the Liuhang-Hougao zone, in the west part of Dawu Well Field. Investigations indicate that contaminants are transported from the petrochemical plants to the karst-fractured aquifer along karst fractures and the Jinling Fault. In the groundwater, concentrations of pollutants vary with depth. Concentrations are greater with depth because of the transmissibility of the Jinling fault. The local convective flow field has a significant influence on transportation of contaminants. Hydraulic barriers can prevent the transportation of contaminants and they can be removed by extraction. Received: 22 October 1999 · Accepted: 14 February 2000     

大武水源地断裂带关键水动力参数确定及污染防治对策

大武水源地地处山东省淄博市,区内建有某大型石化基地。水源地断裂带附近地下水曾受到来自地面石油化工污染物影响,亟需针对性治理修复。精准确定开采背景下岩溶水的实际流向、径流速度和渗透系数等关键参数是污染治理研究的关键。基于国际新兴的井孔地下水胶体探测技术,在该水源地断裂带污染段布设7眼探测孔,开展21个层位的原位系列探测,应用优势流理论和地质统计学方法确定关键水动力参数。结果表明:（1）大武岩溶水源地断裂带附近含水层强径流层位（易污染段）位于奥陶系八陡组下部（O_2-3b）至奥陶系阁庄组（O₂g）上部地层,65 m以浅的侧向流入补给是该水源地岩溶地下水污染的主要来源;（2）该水源地断裂带附近岩溶地下水具有多元质点流向,不同区段或层位实际水流方向和流速差异较大,揭示了断裂带对水源地的非单一层位影响,指明了水力屏障井混合开采的不利影响;（3）建议调整水力屏障井的抽排层位与强度,加强70 m以浅的抽排强度,使得SW95正西方向上的径流流速明显小于50.30 m/d;减小80~110 m深度的抽排强度,使得SW99正西方向上的径流流速明显小于49.38 m/d。     

Groundwater nitrate pollution in an alluvium aquifer, Eskişehir urban area and its vicinity, Turkey

 A large amount of the water requirement (municipal, industrial, etc.) of Eskişehir city, Turkey, is supplied from groundwater via wells in the urban area. The groundwater in the Eskişehir Plain alluvium has been polluted by municipal and industrial wastewater, and agricultural activities. The nitrate concentrations at nine sampling points on Porsuk River, the main water course in the plain, ranged from 1.5 to 63.3 mg/l during the period from July 1986 to August 1988. In the same period, the nitrate concentrations measured in water from 51 wells ranged between 2.2–257.0 mg/l. The nitrate content of the groundwater samples was 34.2% above 45 mg/l, the upper limit for nitrate in drinking water standards. High nitrate levels were observed in water from wells in the central and eastern parts of the urban area. The nitrate content of the well water is subject to seasonal fluctuation. In general, low nitrate concentrations were observed in wet seasons, and high ones in dry seasons. Received: 16 April 1996 · Accepted: 2 October 1996     

Site characterization and monitoring of natural attenuation indicator parameters in a fuel contaminated coastal aquifer: Karaduvar (Mersin,SE Turkey)

This paper presents results from a site characterization and monitoring study at Karaduvar area (Mersin, SE Turkey), where high concentrations of refined petroleum products have been detected in domestic and irrigation water wells. The saturated and unsaturated zones in the deltaic aquifer are contaminated by large quantities of gasoline and diesel range fuel hydrocarbons (GRHs and DRHs) released from diverse sources that include accidental spills, storage tank fires, pipeline breaks, deliberate discharge of waste petroleum products from slop tanks and illegal tanker truck washing facilities. At the site, due to the complex nature of the pollution sources, overlapping contaminant plumes exist and cover an area of about 0.5 km². In both polluted and unpolluted parts of the aquifer, monitoring of groundwater physicochemical parameters in a total of 55 sampling points was carried out between 2006 and 2007. The results show that the terminal electron acceptors (e.g. dissolved oxygen, nitrate, Mn(IV), Fe(III), sulfate) were reduced near the source area(s) indicating presence of actively operating biodegradation processes at the site. Close to the contaminant source area(s), conditions in the plume are highly anoxic and reducing; where high amounts of transformation products (e.g. bicarbonate, dissolved iron, and manganese) are present in solution. Additionally, at the site, excessive pumping, careless land use, and deliberate wastewater discharges significantly deteriorated the quality and quantity of groundwater. Excessive groundwater pumping for industrial and agricultural uses has resulted in substantial water level declines (2–3 m) near the coastal part where seawater intrusion threatens the groundwater resources.     

Hydrochemical characteristics of groundwater in the Kingston Basin,Kingston, Jamaica

The Kingston Basin in Jamaica is an important hydrologic basin in terms of both domestic and industrial sector. The Kingston hydrologic basin covers an area of approximately 258 km² of which 111 km² underlain by an alluvium aquifer, 34 km² by a limestone aquifer and the remainder underlain by low permeability rocks with insignificant groundwater resources. Rapid development in recent years has led to an increased demand for water, which is increasingly being fulfilled by groundwater abstraction. A detailed knowledge of the water quality can enhance understanding of the hydrochemical system, promoting sustainable development and effective management of groundwater resources. To achieve this, a hydrochemical investigation was carried out in the Kingston Basin. Results showed that the water is Na–Ca–Cl–HCO₃ and Na–Ca–HCO₃ type with higher concentrations of nitrate, sodium and chloride as the leading causes of contamination in most of the wells. High concentrations of nitrate correlate with wells from areas of high population density and could be attributed to anthropogenic causes, mainly involving improper sewage treatment methodologies or leaking sewer lines. Jamaica, owing to its island nature, has the continuous problem of saline water intrusion, and this is reflected in the higher levels of chloride, sodium and conductivity in the water samples collected from the wells. The wells studied show higher concentrations of chloride ranging from around 10.2 mg/l in wells located approximately (4931.45 m) from the coast to around 234 mg/l in the well located near to the coast. The conductivity values also closely correlate with the chloride levels found in the wells.     

Deterioration of groundwater quality in the vicinity of an active open-tipping site in West Malaysia

There is an urgent need for characterization of leachate arising from waste disposal to ensure a corresponding effective leachate management policy. Field and laboratory studies have been carried out to investigate the impact of municipal landfill leachate on the underlying groundwater at a site in West Malaysia. The solid waste was disposed of directly onto an unprotected natural soil formation. This situation was made worse by the shallow water table. The hydrochemical composition of groundwater in the vicinity of the site (background) is a dilute mixed cation, bicarbonate water. The high ionic balance error of ~13.5% reveals that the groundwater body underneath the site was a highly contaminated leachate rather than contaminated groundwater. Elevated concentration of chloride (355.48 mg/L), nitrate (10.40 mg/L as NO₃), nitrite (14.59 mg/L), ammoniacal-N (11.61 mg/L), sodium (227.56 mg/L), iron (0.97 mg/L), and lead (0.32 mg/L) measured downgradient indicate that the contamination plume has migrated further away from the site. In most cases, the concentration of these contamination indicators, together with the ranges of sodium percentage (66.3–89.9%) and sodium adsorption ratio (10.1–19.7%), were found to be considerably higher than the limit values of safe water for both domestic and irrigation purposes, respectively.     

Concentration trends and water-level fluctuations at underground storage tank sites

Concentration trends of monitor wells utilized in monitored natural attenuation at petroleum underground storage tank sites can be used to predict achievement of regulatory standards if the data approximate a first-order decline trend. However, declining concentration trends often display seasonal and other fluctuations that complicate trend interpretation. Seasonal correlations between concentration and water-level elevation, including in-phase and inverse relationships, constitute one of the most common types of variation. The in-phase fluctuations are most common for monitor wells located in or near the source area of the release. This relationship may be the result of increased contact with the smear zone in the source area during periods of high water table. Conversely, inverse trends of water-level elevation and concentration are most common in downgradient wells beyond the limit of the source area. In a year long study of short-term fluctuations in BTEX and other parameters in a downgradient monitor well, the data suggest that the winter/spring recharge event significantly controls the concentration trends of BTEX as well as inorganic compounds in the well. Recharge and associated water table rise began in late fall and were soon followed by a slug of inorganic ions strongly influenced by road salt application. This slug of recharge diluted the concentrations of petroleum compounds and alkalinity (bicarbonate). Electron acceptors including oxygen, nitrate, and sulfate, which is a component of road salt, are also contributed to the water table during recharge. Oxygen and nitrate were not detected in the monitor well samples and were most likely consumed quickly in biodegradation reactions at the top of the contaminant plume. Sulfate peaked during winter/spring recharge and then slowly declined during the summer and fall, along with redox potential. Alkalinity (bicarbonate) increased during this period, which may represent the coupled oxidation of organic carbon to CO₂ with sulfate as the electron acceptor. BTEX concentrations peaked in the fall probably due to the lack of diluting recharge. The slow changes in concentration over the summer and fall months, interpreted to be caused by biodegradation, contrast with the rapid changes associated with dilution during the recharge event.     

A diagnosis of groundwater quality from a semiarid region in Rajasthan,India

A diagnosis of the groundwater quality of 70 wells sampled during two climatic regimes (dry and raining seasons) from a semiarid area in Rajasthan, India, had been carried out using standard methods. Analysis of the results for various hydrochemical parameters wherein the geological units are alluvium, quartzite and granite gneisses showed that all the parameters did not fall within the World Health Organisation’s acceptable limits for irrigation and drinking water purposes. The order of major cations and anions obtained during the dry and raining seasons are Na⁺ ? Mg²⁺ ? Ca²⁺ ? K⁺ and Cl^?? HCO₃ ^? ? SO₄ ^2?? CO₃ ^?> F^? ? NO₃ ^?, respectively. A maximum value of nitrate of 491.6 mg/l has been examined and its contamination is due to discriminated highly impacted groundwater samples by agricultural activity and small-scale urbanization. Fluoride (F^?) concentration is 6.50 mg/l as a maximum value, whereas values in about 26 % of the samples are more than the permissible limit (1.5 mg/l) for drinking water. The cumulative probability distributions of the selected ions show two individual intersection points with three diverse segments, considered as regional threshold values and highly impacted threshold values for differentiating the samples with the effects of geogenic, anthropogenic and saline water mixing. The first threshold values indicate the background hydrochemical constituents in the study area. The second threshold value of 732 mg/l for bicarbonate indicates that sandy aquifer is being dissolved during wet period, whereas NO₃ ^? concentration of more than the initial threshold value (=75 mg/l) indicates discriminated highly impacted groundwater samples by agricultural activity and urbanization in dry season. Various parameters such as soluble sodium percentage (SSP), salinity (electrical conductivity (EC)), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), residual sodium carbonate (RSC), Kelley’s ratio (KR), permeability index (PI), residual sodium bicarbonate (RSB) and magnesium absorption ratio (MAR) for the well samples show that, overall, 46 % of groundwater samples are not suitable for irrigation. Further, chloro-alkaline indices (CAIs) were used for distinguishing regional recharge and discharge zones whereas corrosivity ratio (CR) utilized for demarcating areas to use metallic pipes for groundwater supply. In general, groundwater quality is mainly controlled by the chemical weathering of rock-forming minerals. The information obtained represents a base for future work that will help to assess the groundwater condition for periodical monitoring and managing the groundwater from further degradation.     

某石油类污染场地地下水石油烃生物降解的地球化学证据

生物降解地下水石油烃会改变地下水环境的水化学组成,因此可以通过分析污染晕中电子受体、生物降解代谢产物以及重要的地球化学参数量值变化获得生物降解的地球化学证据。本次在对某石油污染场地地质、水文地质条件、污染源污染方式调查基础上,根据地下水样测试结果,详细分析了地下水石油烃污染分布特征、污染晕中指示生物降解作用的电子受体、代谢产物以及重要地球化学参数的空间变化规律,研究结果表明:污染场地内存在氧还原、硝酸盐还原、硫酸盐还原等生物降解作用,其中硫酸盐还原是污染场地地下水石油烃生物降解的优势反应; 在沿地下水流向上,TPH浓度、HCO₃^-浓度和碱度逐渐降低,Eh、电子受体(DO、NO₃^-、SO₄^2-)浓度逐渐升高; 在垂直于地下水流向上,从中心向两侧各组分也呈相似的变化规律。