土壤星地传感技术现状与发展趋势

土壤作为自然地理学的重要研究对象之一,是联系大气、水、生物等其它地理要素的重要枢纽,其信息的快速准确获取研究对现代地理学的发展具有重要意义。本文重点介绍卫星、航空、无人机和地面不同平台搭载的不同类型传感器的探测原理;总结国内外基于星地传感技术的土壤信息快速获取方法及其在土壤属性预测和制图中的应用;阐述现代土壤信息获取在土壤地理学中的应用情况;展望当前土壤星地传感器技术的发展趋势。     

Identification of geomorphic process units in Kärkevagge, northern Sweden, by remote sensing and digital terrain analysis

Sediment transport processes in the Kärkevagge are investigated concerning their spatial and temporal characteristics due to long–term monitoring. Within this study remote sensing techniques and GIS modelling in connection with geomorphic mapping are applied for identification and characterization of geomorphic process units. Relationships between geomorphometric parameters and slope processes like solifluction, talus creep and rockfall have been analysed. Multitemporal Landsat–TM5 scenes are used as source for landcover characteristics (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) after preprocessing involving orthorectification and topographic normalization in order to remove possible terrain–induced effects. Additionally, a digital elevation model with a resolution of 20 m for the Kärkevagge catchment is developed and parameters like slope gradient, slope aspect and profile curvature are extracted as input for the analysis of the sediment transport system. The combination of landcover information, geomorphometrical and topological features allows the definition of areas for single process activities. They show specific sediment displacement characteristics depending on material conditions, topological and geometrical features. Geomorphic process units, which show a homogenous composition, are extracted from these available layers.     

Identification of geomorphic process units in Kärkevagge, northern Sweden, by remote sensing and digital terrain analysis

Sediment transport processes in the Kärkevagge are investigated concerning their spatial and temporal characteristics due to long–term monitoring. Within this study remote sensing techniques and GIS modelling in connection with geomorphic mapping are applied for identification and characterization of geomorphic process units. Relationships between geomorphometric parameters and slope processes like solifluction, talus creep and rockfall have been analysed. Multitemporal Landsat–TM5 scenes are used as source for landcover characteristics (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) after preprocessing involving orthorectification and topographic normalization in order to remove possible terrain–induced effects. Additionally, a digital elevation model with a resolution of 20 m for the Kärkevagge catchment is developed and parameters like slope gradient, slope aspect and profile curvature are extracted as input for the analysis of the sediment transport system. The combination of landcover information, geomorphometrical and topological features allows the definition of areas for single process activities. They show specific sediment displacement characteristics depending on material conditions, topological and geometrical features. Geomorphic process units, which show a homogenous composition, are extracted from these available layers.     

Study on soil erosion dynamics in typical regionof southern China based on remote sensing, GISand gray forecast model

1introductionCurrenil}'.soilerosionseriouslyedictsonnaturalresourcesandeec-environment.InChinathetotalsoilerodedareacovers38.26%ofthecounts'stotal(960x10'km=),ofu'hichwaterinducederosionmakesup48.77o/O.\finderosionaccountsfor51.22%,andtheannualtotalsoilerosionamountisfivebilliontons.accountingfor10%ofthet'.orldtotalll].InhillylandofsouthernChina.soilerosionisextremelysevere,surfacesoilhasbeenerodedawayandsoilfenilitydeclined.particularlyinredeartllandgredteareainsouthernChina.wherediesoileros…     

阿拉尔垦区土壤盐渍化遥感监测及时空特征分析

及时准确掌握区域土壤盐渍化信息对盐渍土治理和土地利用可持续发展有着重要意义。以阿拉尔垦区Landsat 7 ETM+/8 OLI影像为数据源,采用盐分指数（Salinity index,SI）和归一化植被指数（Normalized difference vegetation index,NDVI）构建遥感盐分监测指数（Salinization detection index,SDI）模型,对阿拉尔垦区土壤盐渍化进行反演,分析近10 a垦区土壤盐渍化空间分布特征。结果表明：SDI模型与土壤实测电导率拟合度R²=0.7579,该模型可反演阿拉尔垦区土壤盐量;2011—2021年非盐渍土和轻度盐渍土面积分别增加318.22 km²和0.80 km²,中度、重度土壤盐渍化面积减少229.87 km²,盐土面积增加68.61 km²;阿拉尔垦区北部和南部地区的土壤盐渍化程度得到明显转好,中部和东部地区土壤盐渍化程度加重,垦区土壤盐渍化总体得到较好改善。SDI模型能较好反演阿拉尔垦区土壤盐渍化时空特征,可为阿拉尔垦区经济与社会发展提供一定的参考依据。     

Topographic mapping: covering the wider field of geospatial information science & technology (GIS&T)

This article presents a multidisciplinary study implemented in Geographic Information System (GIS) environment to investigate the palaeo-hydrography in a sector of the Magra River alluvial plain (north-western Italy) where the famous ruins of the Roman colony of Luna (now Luni) are located. The approach proposed here combines the results obtained by different remote sensing images (satellite and airborne photos) with the data derived from historical cartography and recent field surveys. The traces are mapped and organised in two vector databases organised in linear or polygonal features consistent with fluvial elements (e.g. palaeo-channels, abandoned streams, etc.) and marshy/swamp areas, respectively. This database represents a useful starting point that can be implemented by further more detailed studies aimed to better understand the evolution of the landscape and the possible relationship with the story of the archaeological site of Luna about which many questions are still unresolved.     

基于高光谱遥感的新疆北疆地区土壤砂粒含量反演研究

 土壤砂粒含量是表征土壤质量的重要指标,探索建立基于高光谱遥感的区域土壤砂粒含量反演方法对区域土壤质量监测具有重要意义。通过野外采集的高光谱数据与MODIS影像相结合,遴选出土壤砂粒含量的敏感波段与反演方程,进行干旱区裸地土壤砂粒含量遥感反演研究。结果表明：430 nm为土壤砂粒含量的敏感波段,原始光谱经变换后的数值与土壤砂粒含量的相关系数在430 nm处达到最大值0.76;基于MODIS第3波段中心波长460 nm处的土壤原始光谱的反演精度最高,达到89.30%,与实际情况吻合较好,表明MODIS第3波段可以应用于干旱区裸地土壤砂粒含量的遥感反演。     

被动微波反演土壤水分的L波段新发展及未来展望

土壤水分是陆—气交互作用的重要边界条件,在全球水循环和能量循环中扮演着关键角色,直接影响降水、径流、下渗与蒸散发等水文循环过程,并能反映洪涝和干旱的程度。随着第一颗采用被动微波干涉成像技术的SMOS(Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity)卫星的发射成功,L波段被动微波遥感技术逐渐成为大尺度土壤水分监测的主要手段,促进了“射频干扰的检测与抑制”、“植被光学厚度反演与植被影响校正”以及“土壤粗糙度参数化方案”等关键问题的研究。本文梳理了“基于微波植被指数的L波段多角度数据反演土壤水分算法研究”项目的最新研究成果,同时评述了围绕以上关键技术问题所取得的国内外研究进展,并对土壤水分微波遥感的未来发展进行了展望。     

Evaluation of vegetative criteria for near-surface groundwater detection using multispectral mapping and GIS techniques in semi-arid Botswana

The critical need to consider all options in the search for groundwater in semi-arid areas has promoted work on the possible association of near-surface groundwater and vegetation characteristics using a combination of remote-sensing data and geographic information systems (GIS) techniques. Two vegetative criteria (dense woody cover and abundance of deep-rooting species) are identified as being indicative of near-surface groundwater, and their spatial distribution is tested against the location of aquifers in southeast Botswana. Vegetative criteria classes were combined in a GIS environment with the distribution of geomorphic units and bedrock geology to determine the degree of coincidence with assumed or known aquifers. Results indicate that the distribution of dense woody vegetation as mapped from Thematic Mapper imagery has some potential in identifying especially surficial but also bedrock near-surface groundwater sources in mostly naturally vegetated semi-arid areas. Dense woody cover classes tend to select aquifers in topographically higher areas while classes comprising some deep-rooting species tend to select low-lying aquifers such as those occurring in fossil valleys. Deep-rooting species, however, are less successful as a vegetative criterion. Although various technical refinements are suggested, this work shows that vegetative criteria mapping can however be used in conjunction with conventional geological/geophysical techniques to enhance the prospects for groundwater location in relatively undisturbed semi-arid areas.     

干旱区盐渍地遥感动态监测及其驱动力研究——以渭干河-库车河三角洲绿洲为例

土壤盐渍化作为主要的土地退化形式之一,已成为一个全球性问题.盐渍地的时空动态变化特征分析研究,是发展研究盐渍地动态监测与预报技术的重要基础工作之一,对于及时掌握盐渍化程度与分布,合理制定土地利用政策与生态改良措施,实现区域可持续发展等方面具有重要作用.针对目前塔里木盆地北缘地区广泛存在的土壤盐渍化问题,基于GIS和遥感变化检测方法,对渭-库绿洲1989、2001、2007年三个时期的盐渍地时空动态变化特征及其驱动力进行了分析.研究结果表明:1989-2007年间重度盐渍地的变化程度剧烈,呈剧烈增加态势;中轻度盐渍地面积减少,主要向重度盐渍地和非盐渍地转化;非盐渍地有所减少,主要向中轻度盐渍地和重度盐渍地转化;绿洲内部盐渍化程度有所降低,而绿洲外围盐渍化程度加剧;盐渍地重心具有向绿洲外围东南方向转移的趋势;通过分析盐渍地时空动态变化特征,表明盐渍地时空变化是一个极其复杂的过程,同时受到自然和人文两大系统的驱动,人为不合理的灌溉是促使土壤盐渍化的主要驱动力.研究为盐渍地时空动态分析与评价提供了普适性较强的实现方法,为构建盐渍地定量监测模型提供了一定科学依据.     

基于土壤数据和遥感影像的鄂尔多斯高原北部地貌分类(英文)

Landform classification is commonly done using topographic altitude only.However,practice indicates that locations at a same altitude may have distinctly different landforms,depending on characteristics of soils underneath those locations.The objectives of this study were to:1) develop a landform classification approach that is based on both altitude and soil characteristic;and 2) use this approach to determine landforms within a watershed located in northern Ordos Plateau of China.Using data collected at 134 out of 200 sampling sites,this study determined that D10(the diameter of soil particles 10% finer by weight) and long-term average soil moisture acquired in 2010,which can be estimated at reasonable accuracy from remote sensing imagery,can be used to represent soil characteristics of the study watershed.Also,the sampling data revealed that this watershed consists of nine classes of landforms,namely mobile dune(MD),mobile semi-mobile dune(SMD),rolling fixed semi-fixed dune(RFD),flat sandy land(FD),grassy sandy land(GS),bedrock(BR),flat sandy bedrock(FSB),valley agricultural land(VA),and swamp and salt lake(SW).A set of logistic regression equations were derived using data collected at the 134 sampling sites and verified using data at the remaining 66 sites.The verification indicated that these equations have moderate classification accuracy(Kappa coefficients > 43%).The results revealed that the dominant classes in the study watershed are FD(36.3%),BR(27.0%),and MD(23.5%),while the other six types of landforms(i.e.,SMD,RFD,GS,FSB,VA,and SW) in combination account for 13.2%.Further,the landforms determined in this study were compared with the classes pre-sented by a geologically-based classification map.The comparison indicated that the geo-logically-based classification could not identify multiple landforms within a class that are de-pendent upon soil characteristics.     

Influence of shrubs on soil characteristics and their function in Sahelian agro-ecosystems in semi-arid Niger

Soil beneath shrubs form ‘fertile islands’ in fallow sites and millet fields in semi-arid Niger. To gain more information about this phenomena different shrub species in fallow sites following a gradient from 350–650 mm precipitation were examined. For each shrub two different areas were distinguished: an area under the canopy of the shrubs and an area in the nearby open land. Soil samples were taken from a depth of 0–10 cm and analysed for C_org, N_total, P_Bray, pH(H₂O), exchangeable cations, effective cation exchange capacity (ECEC) and soil texture. Significantly higher concentrations between 38–51% for C, N, P and 22% on ECEC for K⁺were found in the soil under the shrubs. The pH showed only slight but significant differences, whereas Al³⁺and H⁺rates on ECEC under the shrubs were increased by 44–55%. For Guiera senegalensis, the most common shrub of the studied area, enrichment ratios of most soil properties increased relatively more with increasing aridity. In general, enrichment ratios decreased with the age of the fallows, whereas concentrations showed no clear evolution. The chemical composition of the shrub litter seems to influence the degree of soil enrichment. The main step of fertile island formation takes place during the cultivation period by trapping wind-blown sediment. This work shows that shrubs are of vital importance for the accumulation of nutrients and maintenance of soil fertility within agro-ecosystems of Niger.     

Remote sensing of temporal and spatial variations in pool size, suspended sediment, turbidity, and Secchi depth in Tuttle Creek Reservoir, Kansas: 1993

Four dates of Landsat Thematic Mapper data from 1993, April 9, July 30, August 15, and September 16, were used to assess temporal and spatial patterns of lake area and dimensions of suspended sediment concentration in Tuttle Creek Reservoir, Kansas. In 1993, excessive precipitation in the Big Blue River Basin, and throughout much of the Upper Middle West, led to widespread flooding. Rains produced substantial erosion, sediment movement down the stream network, and a runoff volume that filled Tuttle Creek Reservoir, a U.S. Army Corps of Engineers flood control structure. The April 9 data are from before the flood, the July 30 data are from the time of maximum pool size and use of the emergency spillway, and the August and September data document the declining pool sizes. Three separate analyses were performed on each of the four dates of Thematic Mapper data. One set of analyses involved applying an existing physical model that uses at-satellite reflectance for TM Band 3 to estimate variations in suspended sediment, turbidity, and Secchi depth throughout the reservoir. Maps of estimated parameters of water quality for the four individual dates were compared and analyzed to document spatial and temporal changes. The second research method involved unsupervised classification (ERDAS ISODATA algorithm) of the data from the Tuttle Creek Reservoir. Water areas were grouped into coherent classes for further spatial analysis using a two-step or layered classification procedure for each date. The third analysis used a GIS overlay technique to compare the area of the water surface for each of the four dates with the flood pool as marked on U.S.G.S. 7-1/2 minute quadrangles. Comparisons document the major change in lake area between April and July, the high levels of suspended sediment in mid-summer, and the decline in pool size and concentrations of suspended sediment by mid-September. The study illustrates the advantages of using remote sensing to assist in documenting a relatively short-term environmental hazard. This study also demonstrates the value of Landsat Thematic Mapper data for use in mapping geographic variations in water area and quality in conjunction with a major flood event.     

基于MSAVI-WI特征空间的新疆渭干河-库车河流域绿洲土壤盐渍化研究

土壤盐渍化是造成干旱区土地荒漠化及生态恶化的重要原因,及时获取大尺度高精度土壤盐渍信息是防治工作的基础。选取新疆塔里木盆地北缘渭干河—库车河流域三角洲绿洲为研究区,利用Lansat-TM数据与野外实测数据分析盐渍化土壤与修改型土壤调整植被指数(MSAVI)、湿度指数(WI)之间的关系,在此基础上提出了MSAVI-WI特征空间概念,构建了土壤盐渍化遥感监测指数模型(MWI)。结果表明:MWI与土壤表层含盐量相关性较高,其相关性为0.844,精度高于土壤盐渍监测常用的盐分指数与实测数据的相关性。MWI能较好的反映盐渍化土壤地表植被及土壤水分的组合变化,具有明确的生物物理意义,并且特征参量简单,理论上易于理解,实践上易于实现,MWI模型的构建有利于干旱区大尺度土壤盐渍化定量监测与评价工作的开展。     

基于条件温度植被指数(VTCI)的中国北方地区土壤水分估算

利用中国北方13省2000-20008年的Terra-MODIS归一化植被指数(NDVI)和地表温度(LST)数据,以及相同时间段农业气象观测站点的0～10 cm表层土壤水分资料,建立基于条件温度植被指数的表层土壤水分遥感估算模型,计算出2000-2008年北方13省各月份表层土壤水分,主要结论有:(1)空间分布上,表层土壤水分最高的是分区一和分区四,平均值均达到了0.2以上,表层土壤水分最低的是新疆沙漠地区,低于0.05,土壤水分空间分布基本呈“南高北低,东高西低”的趋势;(2)受降雨量和农作物需水的影响,年内月份之间,7、8两月表层土壤水分最高,4、5、9、10月表层土壤水分最低;(3)年际变化上,2000- 2001、2001- 2002、2005 - 2006年北方大部分区域表层土壤水分增加,增加区域面积分别占总面积的79.2％、59.3％和71.4％,而2002 - 2003、2004 -2005年大部分区域表层土壤水分减少,减少区域面积分别占总面积的53.9％和64.1％;(4)降水是影响土壤水分时空分布的一个重要因素.误差分析结果表明,基于条件温度植被指数的土壤水分遥感反演达到了较好的效果,能够较准确地反映北方地区干旱的分布及变化状况.     

遥感与GIS在东亚飞蝗灾害研究中的应用

蝗灾属于毁灭性的生物灾害,它和水灾、旱灾一起构成人类社会的三大自然灾害,一旦爆发,对国家粮食安全、农民增收、社会安定可造成严重的影响。将遥感与GIS结合,对蝗虫生境特征、历史蝗灾记录、蝗害发生时有关数据进行集成和分析,可提供蝗灾时空变化、蝗灾范围、蝗灾程度、灭蝗的最佳时段等重要信息。本文重点论述遥感与GIS在蝗灾中的应用,以遥感反演的温度和水分为例来讨论蝗灾前后生境的变化状况,依靠遥感等高新技术实现飞蝗灾害监测的信息化。信息化监测与防蝗站观测相结合的方法已经成为监测蝗灾发生的最有效途径     

基于多光谱遥感的典型绿洲棉田春季土壤盐分反演及验证

为探索快速提取典型绿洲棉田土壤盐分的有效方法,获取区域尺度的土壤盐渍化特征及空间分布,进而为土壤盐渍化防治提供参考。以新疆兵团农二师31团为研究区域,2019、2021年春季Landsat 8 OLI多光谱影像和野外实测土壤含盐量为数据源,将波段组、光谱指数组和全变量组作为模型输入变量组,采用多元逐步回归（Multiple stepwise regression, MSR）、偏最小二乘回归（Partial least squares regression, PLSR）、极限学习机（Extreme learning machine, ELM）、支持向量机（Support vector machine, SVM）和BP神经网络（Back propagation neural network, BPNN）构建基于3个输入变量组的土壤盐分遥感反演模型,探究输入变量和建模方法对模型精度的影响效果,通过对比确定春季土壤盐分最优反演模型,定量反演地表土壤含盐量。结果表明：（1） 研究区主要为非盐化土和轻度盐化土,总样本变异系数为0.67,呈中等变异性;光谱反射率与土壤盐渍化程度的关系表现为土壤盐渍化越重,光谱反射率越高。（2） 海岸波段（b1）、蓝波段（b2）、绿波段（b3）、红波段（b4）和盐分指数（SI1、SI2、SI3、SI4、S3、S4、S5）均通过显著性检验P<0.01,相关系数均达到0.4以上。（3） 所有模型中,基于全变量组建立的BPNN反演模型精度最高,建模集R²为0.705;验证集R²为0.556。（4） 由反演结果可知,2019、2021年春季耕作区土壤主要为非盐化土,分别占耕作区总面积的55.55%和64.62%,其次为轻度盐化土,分别占44.31%和35.17%;2021年土壤盐渍化程度较2019年有所减轻。     

新疆石河子农区土壤含盐量定量反演及其空间格局分析

盐渍化严重威胁着土地持续耕作和粮食生产安全,土壤含盐量的快速反演和及时监测,对新疆石河子农区农业可持续发展有着重大意义。以Landsat-8 OLI遥感影像与野外采样测定的72个样点土壤含盐量为数据基础,引入土壤亮度指数、土壤湿度指数、土壤盐盖度指数和土壤辐射水平指数等构建的特征遥感指数定量反演新疆石河子农垦区土壤含盐量,并对其空间布局进行了分析。研究表明：① 利用遥感影像像元特征遥感指数值反演地面对应土壤含盐量的精度较好,反演方法可行,反演精度为66%;② 反演得到土壤含盐量空间分布图在空间上等级明显,层次分明,呈现出“一带一区”的格局,“一带”是玛纳斯流域形成的盐渍化程度较高的条带,“一区”是内在土质形成的严重盐渍化区域;③ 在新疆石河子农区中,35.40%的棉田适合耕作,64.60%的棉田耕地需要进行改良,农区土壤盐渍化治理仍十分紧迫。     

流域多尺度土壤水分监测与模拟研究进展

土壤水分调控着陆地表层系统空间格局和过程,作为地表不同圈层中物质和能量输移转化的关键纽带和驱动力,连接着一系列的水文、生态、气候和地质学过程。论文首先介绍了流土壤水分静态特征(土壤含水量和基质势时空变化)在流域范围内不同空间尺度上监测方法的优缺点,包括直接手动监测、直接自动监测、地球物理探测和遥感监测等;同时介绍了其动态特征(土壤水分运动)监测方法(径流小区法、示踪剂法和地球物理探测)的局限性和模拟模型(动力波模型、水量平衡模型和水动力模型等)的关键参数和过程。在此基础上提出了：① 加强土壤水分监测尺度与方法的集成;② 消除土壤水分运动模型不确定性;③ 耦合土壤水分与碳氮输移循环过程等3个方面的研究展望和建议,从而为高时空分辨率和高精度的土壤水分数据获取,以及土壤水分运动与分布及其驱动下的碳氮排放过程、机理的揭示和模拟提供新的研究视角与思路。     

Remote sensing and the coast: Development of advanced techniques to map nuisance macro-algae in estuaries

Abstract:   The occurrence of nuisance macro-algae in estuaries is a worldwide problem. Monitoring algal cover has proven difficult in the past, in part due to the lack of adequate, universally accepted mapping protocols. This paper discusses a methodology to map algal cover which was successfully trialled in the Avon-Heathcote Estuary in January 2008.