土壤星地传感技术现状与发展趋势

土壤作为自然地理学的重要研究对象之一,是联系大气、水、生物等其它地理要素的重要枢纽,其信息的快速准确获取研究对现代地理学的发展具有重要意义。本文重点介绍卫星、航空、无人机和地面不同平台搭载的不同类型传感器的探测原理;总结国内外基于星地传感技术的土壤信息快速获取方法及其在土壤属性预测和制图中的应用;阐述现代土壤信息获取在土壤地理学中的应用情况;展望当前土壤星地传感器技术的发展趋势。     

干旱区土壤水分微波遥感反演算法综述

土壤水分是气候、水文、生态和农业系统的关键组成要素,同时也是监控土地退化和干旱的重要指标,土壤水分信息的及时获取对于规划和管理这些系统来说具有极其重要的意义.微波具有全天候、穿透性以及不受云层影响的独特物理机制使其在研究大尺度土壤水分反演时具有明显优势,已成为当前土壤水分遥感研究的主要大气窗口.在干旱区微波遥感土壤水分...     

Identification of geomorphic process units in Kärkevagge, northern Sweden, by remote sensing and digital terrain analysis

Sediment transport processes in the Kärkevagge are investigated concerning their spatial and temporal characteristics due to long–term monitoring. Within this study remote sensing techniques and GIS modelling in connection with geomorphic mapping are applied for identification and characterization of geomorphic process units. Relationships between geomorphometric parameters and slope processes like solifluction, talus creep and rockfall have been analysed. Multitemporal Landsat–TM5 scenes are used as source for landcover characteristics (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) after preprocessing involving orthorectification and topographic normalization in order to remove possible terrain–induced effects. Additionally, a digital elevation model with a resolution of 20 m for the Kärkevagge catchment is developed and parameters like slope gradient, slope aspect and profile curvature are extracted as input for the analysis of the sediment transport system. The combination of landcover information, geomorphometrical and topological features allows the definition of areas for single process activities. They show specific sediment displacement characteristics depending on material conditions, topological and geometrical features. Geomorphic process units, which show a homogenous composition, are extracted from these available layers.     

Identification of geomorphic process units in Kärkevagge, northern Sweden, by remote sensing and digital terrain analysis

Sediment transport processes in the Kärkevagge are investigated concerning their spatial and temporal characteristics due to long–term monitoring. Within this study remote sensing techniques and GIS modelling in connection with geomorphic mapping are applied for identification and characterization of geomorphic process units. Relationships between geomorphometric parameters and slope processes like solifluction, talus creep and rockfall have been analysed. Multitemporal Landsat–TM5 scenes are used as source for landcover characteristics (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) after preprocessing involving orthorectification and topographic normalization in order to remove possible terrain–induced effects. Additionally, a digital elevation model with a resolution of 20 m for the Kärkevagge catchment is developed and parameters like slope gradient, slope aspect and profile curvature are extracted as input for the analysis of the sediment transport system. The combination of landcover information, geomorphometrical and topological features allows the definition of areas for single process activities. They show specific sediment displacement characteristics depending on material conditions, topological and geometrical features. Geomorphic process units, which show a homogenous composition, are extracted from these available layers.     

Study on soil erosion dynamics in typical regionof southern China based on remote sensing, GISand gray forecast model

1introductionCurrenil}'.soilerosionseriouslyedictsonnaturalresourcesandeec-environment.InChinathetotalsoilerodedareacovers38.26%ofthecounts'stotal(960x10'km=),ofu'hichwaterinducederosionmakesup48.77o/O.\finderosionaccountsfor51.22%,andtheannualtotalsoilerosionamountisfivebilliontons.accountingfor10%ofthet'.orldtotalll].InhillylandofsouthernChina.soilerosionisextremelysevere,surfacesoilhasbeenerodedawayandsoilfenilitydeclined.particularlyinredeartllandgredteareainsouthernChina.wherediesoileros…     

阿拉尔垦区土壤盐渍化遥感监测及时空特征分析

及时准确掌握区域土壤盐渍化信息对盐渍土治理和土地利用可持续发展有着重要意义。以阿拉尔垦区Landsat 7 ETM+/8 OLI影像为数据源,采用盐分指数（Salinity index,SI）和归一化植被指数（Normalized difference vegetation index,NDVI）构建遥感盐分监测指数（Salinization detection index,SDI）模型,对阿拉尔垦区土壤盐渍化进行反演,分析近10 a垦区土壤盐渍化空间分布特征。结果表明：SDI模型与土壤实测电导率拟合度R²=0.7579,该模型可反演阿拉尔垦区土壤盐量;2011—2021年非盐渍土和轻度盐渍土面积分别增加318.22 km²和0.80 km²,中度、重度土壤盐渍化面积减少229.87 km²,盐土面积增加68.61 km²;阿拉尔垦区北部和南部地区的土壤盐渍化程度得到明显转好,中部和东部地区土壤盐渍化程度加重,垦区土壤盐渍化总体得到较好改善。SDI模型能较好反演阿拉尔垦区土壤盐渍化时空特征,可为阿拉尔垦区经济与社会发展提供一定的参考依据。     

基于遥感和GIS技术的荒漠化动态分析——以宁夏盐池为例

荒漠化是当今全球和中国最为严重的环境与社会经济问题之一,它的危害已深入到自然与社会经济的各个方面。选取荒漠化问题突出的宁夏盐池县作为研究区,通过3期遥感TM影像(1986年、1996年、2000年),运用GIS的分析手段,综合土地利用图、地形图和其他资料形成盐池县3期荒漠化现状图及两阶段动态图。盐池荒漠化土地类型的结构变化表明,荒漠化受非荒漠化类型土地限制,其面积有所减小,但程度在加重。荒漠化发展的原因是自然因素与人为因素共同作用的结果。     

基于卫星遥感和再分析数据的青藏高原土壤湿度数据评估

土壤水是地表与大气在水热交换方面的关键纽带,是关键水循环要素,更是地表产汇流过程的关键控制因子。青藏高原是地球第三极,也是亚洲水塔,探讨青藏高原土壤水变化对于探讨青藏高原热力学特征变化及其对东亚乃至全球气候变化的影响具有重要意义,而获取高精度长序列大尺度土壤水数据集则是其关键。本文利用青藏高原100个土壤水站点观测数据,从多空间尺度（0.25°×0.25°,0.5°×0.5°,1°×1°）、多时间段（冻结和融化期）等角度,采用多评价指标（R、RMSE、Bias）,对多套遥感反演和同化数据（ECV、ERA-Interim、MERRA、Noah）进行全面评估。结果表明：① 除ERA外,其他数据均能反映青藏高原土壤水变化,且与降水量变化一致。而在那曲地区,遥感反演和同化数据均明显低估实测土壤水含量。从空间分布来看,MERRA和Noah与植被指数最为一致,可很好地反映土壤水空间变化特征;② 青藏高原大部分地区土壤水变化主要受降水影响,其中青藏高原西部边缘与喜马拉雅地区土壤水变化则受冰雪融水和降水的共同影响;③ 除阿里地区外,大部分遥感反演和同化数据在融化期与实测土壤水相关性高于冻结期,其中在那曲地区,遥感反演和同化数据均高估冻结期土壤含水量,却低估融化期土壤含水量。另外,遥感反演和同化数据对中大空间尺度土壤水的估计要好于对小空间尺度土壤水的估计。本研究为青藏高原土壤水研究的数据集选择提供重要理论依据。     

Topographic mapping: covering the wider field of geospatial information science & technology (GIS&T)

This article presents a multidisciplinary study implemented in Geographic Information System (GIS) environment to investigate the palaeo-hydrography in a sector of the Magra River alluvial plain (north-western Italy) where the famous ruins of the Roman colony of Luna (now Luni) are located. The approach proposed here combines the results obtained by different remote sensing images (satellite and airborne photos) with the data derived from historical cartography and recent field surveys. The traces are mapped and organised in two vector databases organised in linear or polygonal features consistent with fluvial elements (e.g. palaeo-channels, abandoned streams, etc.) and marshy/swamp areas, respectively. This database represents a useful starting point that can be implemented by further more detailed studies aimed to better understand the evolution of the landscape and the possible relationship with the story of the archaeological site of Luna about which many questions are still unresolved.     

基于高光谱遥感的新疆北疆地区土壤砂粒含量反演研究

 土壤砂粒含量是表征土壤质量的重要指标,探索建立基于高光谱遥感的区域土壤砂粒含量反演方法对区域土壤质量监测具有重要意义。通过野外采集的高光谱数据与MODIS影像相结合,遴选出土壤砂粒含量的敏感波段与反演方程,进行干旱区裸地土壤砂粒含量遥感反演研究。结果表明：430 nm为土壤砂粒含量的敏感波段,原始光谱经变换后的数值与土壤砂粒含量的相关系数在430 nm处达到最大值0.76;基于MODIS第3波段中心波长460 nm处的土壤原始光谱的反演精度最高,达到89.30%,与实际情况吻合较好,表明MODIS第3波段可以应用于干旱区裸地土壤砂粒含量的遥感反演。     

Remote sensing mapping of the regeneration of coastal natural habitats in Singapore: Implications for marine conservation in tropical cities

Rapid urbanization has resulted in the loss of coastal and marine habitats in cities worldwide. The effective conservation of urban coastal ecosystems requires detailed knowledge of their spatial distribution, necessitating high-resolution mapping. Our study produces a high-resolution coastal and marine habitat map and shoreline map for the tropical city-state of Singapore created through pixel-based supervised classification of satellite imagery, bathymetry data and expert ground knowledge. These maps can be used as a base reference for multiple applications including ecological research, conservation and urban planning. They also help identifiy trends in the extent of key coastal habitats, providing insight into their differing levels of vulnerability to loss and potential for restoration to ensure long-term resilience. The method used for mapping shoreline typologies and resulting insights gained, can guide other rapidly urbanizing coastal cities on strategies to assemble useful spatial knowledge for effective conservation of their urban coastal ecosystems.     

被动微波反演土壤水分的L波段新发展及未来展望

土壤水分是陆—气交互作用的重要边界条件,在全球水循环和能量循环中扮演着关键角色,直接影响降水、径流、下渗与蒸散发等水文循环过程,并能反映洪涝和干旱的程度。随着第一颗采用被动微波干涉成像技术的SMOS(Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity)卫星的发射成功,L波段被动微波遥感技术逐渐成为大尺度土壤水分监测的主要手段,促进了“射频干扰的检测与抑制”、“植被光学厚度反演与植被影响校正”以及“土壤粗糙度参数化方案”等关键问题的研究。本文梳理了“基于微波植被指数的L波段多角度数据反演土壤水分算法研究”项目的最新研究成果,同时评述了围绕以上关键技术问题所取得的国内外研究进展,并对土壤水分微波遥感的未来发展进行了展望。     

在GIS支持下的东南山区土壤景观监测与制图

本研究就土壤景观的监测方法、制图技术进行探讨，提出了以景观生态学分析和地物隶属关系分析为主的东南山区土壤景观制图技术。利用GIS和RS技术，通过图形叠加、图形-影象叠架而生成的双因素、三因素叠加图，不但反映了土壤景观变化，而且量化了土壤景观因素之间的关系。如1997年与1985年相比，中海拔地形中多样性指数下降，土壤景观结构的有序性增强；但低海拔和最高海拔的地形中多样性指标上升，土壤景观结构的有序性变差，同时优势度指数也有所下降。     

Evaluation of vegetative criteria for near-surface groundwater detection using multispectral mapping and GIS techniques in semi-arid Botswana

The critical need to consider all options in the search for groundwater in semi-arid areas has promoted work on the possible association of near-surface groundwater and vegetation characteristics using a combination of remote-sensing data and geographic information systems (GIS) techniques. Two vegetative criteria (dense woody cover and abundance of deep-rooting species) are identified as being indicative of near-surface groundwater, and their spatial distribution is tested against the location of aquifers in southeast Botswana. Vegetative criteria classes were combined in a GIS environment with the distribution of geomorphic units and bedrock geology to determine the degree of coincidence with assumed or known aquifers. Results indicate that the distribution of dense woody vegetation as mapped from Thematic Mapper imagery has some potential in identifying especially surficial but also bedrock near-surface groundwater sources in mostly naturally vegetated semi-arid areas. Dense woody cover classes tend to select aquifers in topographically higher areas while classes comprising some deep-rooting species tend to select low-lying aquifers such as those occurring in fossil valleys. Deep-rooting species, however, are less successful as a vegetative criterion. Although various technical refinements are suggested, this work shows that vegetative criteria mapping can however be used in conjunction with conventional geological/geophysical techniques to enhance the prospects for groundwater location in relatively undisturbed semi-arid areas.     

Remote sensing of temporal and spatial variations in pool size, suspended sediment, turbidity, and Secchi depth in Tuttle Creek Reservoir, Kansas: 1993

Four dates of Landsat Thematic Mapper data from 1993, April 9, July 30, August 15, and September 16, were used to assess temporal and spatial patterns of lake area and dimensions of suspended sediment concentration in Tuttle Creek Reservoir, Kansas. In 1993, excessive precipitation in the Big Blue River Basin, and throughout much of the Upper Middle West, led to widespread flooding. Rains produced substantial erosion, sediment movement down the stream network, and a runoff volume that filled Tuttle Creek Reservoir, a U.S. Army Corps of Engineers flood control structure. The April 9 data are from before the flood, the July 30 data are from the time of maximum pool size and use of the emergency spillway, and the August and September data document the declining pool sizes. Three separate analyses were performed on each of the four dates of Thematic Mapper data. One set of analyses involved applying an existing physical model that uses at-satellite reflectance for TM Band 3 to estimate variations in suspended sediment, turbidity, and Secchi depth throughout the reservoir. Maps of estimated parameters of water quality for the four individual dates were compared and analyzed to document spatial and temporal changes. The second research method involved unsupervised classification (ERDAS ISODATA algorithm) of the data from the Tuttle Creek Reservoir. Water areas were grouped into coherent classes for further spatial analysis using a two-step or layered classification procedure for each date. The third analysis used a GIS overlay technique to compare the area of the water surface for each of the four dates with the flood pool as marked on U.S.G.S. 7-1/2 minute quadrangles. Comparisons document the major change in lake area between April and July, the high levels of suspended sediment in mid-summer, and the decline in pool size and concentrations of suspended sediment by mid-September. The study illustrates the advantages of using remote sensing to assist in documenting a relatively short-term environmental hazard. This study also demonstrates the value of Landsat Thematic Mapper data for use in mapping geographic variations in water area and quality in conjunction with a major flood event.     

干旱区盐渍地遥感动态监测及其驱动力研究——以渭干河-库车河三角洲绿洲为例

土壤盐渍化作为主要的土地退化形式之一,已成为一个全球性问题.盐渍地的时空动态变化特征分析研究,是发展研究盐渍地动态监测与预报技术的重要基础工作之一,对于及时掌握盐渍化程度与分布,合理制定土地利用政策与生态改良措施,实现区域可持续发展等方面具有重要作用.针对目前塔里木盆地北缘地区广泛存在的土壤盐渍化问题,基于GIS和遥感变化检测方法,对渭-库绿洲1989、2001、2007年三个时期的盐渍地时空动态变化特征及其驱动力进行了分析.研究结果表明:1989-2007年间重度盐渍地的变化程度剧烈,呈剧烈增加态势;中轻度盐渍地面积减少,主要向重度盐渍地和非盐渍地转化;非盐渍地有所减少,主要向中轻度盐渍地和重度盐渍地转化;绿洲内部盐渍化程度有所降低,而绿洲外围盐渍化程度加剧;盐渍地重心具有向绿洲外围东南方向转移的趋势;通过分析盐渍地时空动态变化特征,表明盐渍地时空变化是一个极其复杂的过程,同时受到自然和人文两大系统的驱动,人为不合理的灌溉是促使土壤盐渍化的主要驱动力.研究为盐渍地时空动态分析与评价提供了普适性较强的实现方法,为构建盐渍地定量监测模型提供了一定科学依据.     

基于土壤数据和遥感影像的鄂尔多斯高原北部地貌分类(英文)

Landform classification is commonly done using topographic altitude only.However,practice indicates that locations at a same altitude may have distinctly different landforms,depending on characteristics of soils underneath those locations.The objectives of this study were to:1) develop a landform classification approach that is based on both altitude and soil characteristic;and 2) use this approach to determine landforms within a watershed located in northern Ordos Plateau of China.Using data collected at 134 out of 200 sampling sites,this study determined that D10(the diameter of soil particles 10% finer by weight) and long-term average soil moisture acquired in 2010,which can be estimated at reasonable accuracy from remote sensing imagery,can be used to represent soil characteristics of the study watershed.Also,the sampling data revealed that this watershed consists of nine classes of landforms,namely mobile dune(MD),mobile semi-mobile dune(SMD),rolling fixed semi-fixed dune(RFD),flat sandy land(FD),grassy sandy land(GS),bedrock(BR),flat sandy bedrock(FSB),valley agricultural land(VA),and swamp and salt lake(SW).A set of logistic regression equations were derived using data collected at the 134 sampling sites and verified using data at the remaining 66 sites.The verification indicated that these equations have moderate classification accuracy(Kappa coefficients > 43%).The results revealed that the dominant classes in the study watershed are FD(36.3%),BR(27.0%),and MD(23.5%),while the other six types of landforms(i.e.,SMD,RFD,GS,FSB,VA,and SW) in combination account for 13.2%.Further,the landforms determined in this study were compared with the classes pre-sented by a geologically-based classification map.The comparison indicated that the geo-logically-based classification could not identify multiple landforms within a class that are de-pendent upon soil characteristics.     

基于条件温度植被指数（VTCI）的中国北方地区土壤水分估算

 利用中国北方13省2000-2008年的Terra-MODIS归一化植被指数（[WTBX]NDVI）和地表温度（LST）[WTBZ]数据,以及相同时间段农业气象观测站点的0~10 cm表层土壤水分资料,建立基于条件温度植被指数的表层土壤水分遥感估算模型,计算出2000-2008年北方13省各月份表层土壤水分,主要结论有：（1）空间分布上,表层土壤水分最高的是分区一和分区四,平均值均达到了0.2以上,表层土壤水分最低的是新疆沙漠地区,低于0.05,土壤水分空间分布基本呈"南高北低,东高西低"的趋势;（2）受降雨量和农作物需水的影响,年内月份之间,7、8 两月表层土壤水分最高,4、5、9、10月表层土壤水分最低;（3）年际变化上,2000-2001、2001-2002、2005-2006年北方大部分区域表层土壤水分增加,增加区域面积分别占总面积的79.2%、59.3%和71.4%,而2002-2003、2004-2005年大部分区域表层土壤水分减少,减少区域面积分别占总面积的53.9%和64.1%;（4）降水是影响土壤水分时空分布的一个重要因素。误差分析结果表明,基于条件温度植被指数的土壤水分遥感反演达到了较好的效果,能够较准确地反映北方地区干旱的分布及变化状况。     

Influence of shrubs on soil characteristics and their function in Sahelian agro-ecosystems in semi-arid Niger

Soil beneath shrubs form ‘fertile islands’ in fallow sites and millet fields in semi-arid Niger. To gain more information about this phenomena different shrub species in fallow sites following a gradient from 350–650 mm precipitation were examined. For each shrub two different areas were distinguished: an area under the canopy of the shrubs and an area in the nearby open land. Soil samples were taken from a depth of 0–10 cm and analysed for C_org, N_total, P_Bray, pH(H₂O), exchangeable cations, effective cation exchange capacity (ECEC) and soil texture. Significantly higher concentrations between 38–51% for C, N, P and 22% on ECEC for K⁺were found in the soil under the shrubs. The pH showed only slight but significant differences, whereas Al³⁺and H⁺rates on ECEC under the shrubs were increased by 44–55%. For Guiera senegalensis, the most common shrub of the studied area, enrichment ratios of most soil properties increased relatively more with increasing aridity. In general, enrichment ratios decreased with the age of the fallows, whereas concentrations showed no clear evolution. The chemical composition of the shrub litter seems to influence the degree of soil enrichment. The main step of fertile island formation takes place during the cultivation period by trapping wind-blown sediment. This work shows that shrubs are of vital importance for the accumulation of nutrients and maintenance of soil fertility within agro-ecosystems of Niger.     

遥感与GIS在东亚飞蝗灾害研究中的应用

蝗灾属于毁灭性的生物灾害,它和水灾、旱灾一起构成人类社会的三大自然灾害,一旦爆发,对国家粮食安全、农民增收、社会安定可造成严重的影响。将遥感与GIS结合,对蝗虫生境特征、历史蝗灾记录、蝗害发生时有关数据进行集成和分析,可提供蝗灾时空变化、蝗灾范围、蝗灾程度、灭蝗的最佳时段等重要信息。本文重点论述遥感与GIS在蝗灾中的应用,以遥感反演的温度和水分为例来讨论蝗灾前后生境的变化状况,依靠遥感等高新技术实现飞蝗灾害监测的信息化。信息化监测与防蝗站观测相结合的方法已经成为监测蝗灾发生的最有效途径