SOTER数据库支持下的土壤质量综合评价：—以海南岛为例

在海南岛SOTER数据库基础上，选取表征土壤质量的若干指标项目组成评价体系，在GIS环境中对图斑的土壤质量进行了评价，并交评价等级指标与空间数据库相连，输出土壤质量评价结果。     

建立川中丘陵SOTER数据库的实践与问题讨论

SOTER数据库是指土壤、地形体数据库 ,它包含数字化的图形单元及它们的相关属性数据。通过描述川中丘陵的典型区域—南充地区SOTER数据库的建立过程 ,介绍一种利用计算机自动划分SOTER单元、建立SOTER数据库的技术与过程。最后 ,就SOTER数据库建立过程中存在的一些问题进行了讨论。     

SOTER的建立及其在世界上的传播

介绍SOTER数据库方法的创立背景、兴起和发展的主要阶段，论述了SOTER方法的主要研究内容的特点。并分析了SOTER方法在世界上的主要传播范围和应用领域，认为SOTER方法在土壤数据库的管理和应用上有独到之处，目前乃至将来在世界上的传播具有良好的前景。     

海南岛不同地形上土壤性质的多样性分析

多样性指数长时间以来在生态学领域被用于分析不同生态体的发生规律,本研究将类似手段用于某些土壤性质 (土壤发生层次、土层厚度和土壤容重) 多样性的分析中,讨论基于海南岛土壤－地形体数字化数据库 (SOTER),通过对不同地形上土壤发生层次、土层厚度和土壤容重等某些土壤性质类别SOTER单元的丰富度指数 (S)、多样性指数 (Shannon指数H') 和均匀度指数 (Pielou E) 的计算,类别多度分布模型的应用,并在地理信息系统环境中实现了海南岛不同地形上某些土壤性质多样性分析的数字化表达。     

土壤可蚀性动态变化规律研究

通过回顾已有的研究成果，分析评价了现有具有代表性的土壤可蚀性评价指标的优缺点，提出了建立适用于土壤侵蚀预报的可蚀性评价指标的原则。并运用野外观测资料，计算分析了我国黑土、黄土，以及日本火山灰土等土壤可蚀性的季节变化规律，深入研究了土壤可蚀性随次降雨强度、不同强度段降雨组合的变化趋势。结果表明，单位降雨侵蚀力所对应的土壤流失量是反映土壤性质与流失量之间定量关系的最好指标，但不能把目前使用的土壤可蚀性指标直接移植于次降雨模型中。土壤可蚀性具有明显的季节变化，而其变化规律还存在地域差异性。采用最大30分钟雨强大于25－30mm/hr降雨的侵蚀产沙资料，计算的土壤可蚀性值比较稳定且接近该土类可蚀性的多年平均值。     

The application of soil survey data in opencast coal sites in Scotland

A commitment by the National Coal Board Opencast Executive to restore opencast coal areas to agricultural use as efficiently as possible recognizes the need for continual improvement in techniques. The Department of Agriculture and Fisheries for Scotland, as agents to the National Coal Board Opencast Executive, share a similar objective. Both organizations appreciate the need for a comprehensive soil survey, but experience has shown that general-purpose maps and reports are not always adequate for use in opencast mining operations.A soil survey of a proposed site at Keirsbeath is described and, on the basis of results from the use of improved survey methodology, and computer techniques to analyse the data, interpretative maps have been produced. The procedures, together with an examination of soil quantities available for restoration, and of critical moisture levels in soil stripping, are an improvement with significance for the planning and development work stage. A scheme of soil operations has been presented and the relevance of soil data to the forthcoming restoration and rehabilitation stages is discussed.     

场地土壤污染物含量三维刻画的研究进展

污染场地精准修复与再开发利用是改善人居环境、建设美丽中国所面临的重要课题。场地土壤污染物含量三维刻画是精准修复与再开发利用的基础。然而,场地环境是一个耦合地上地下多要素的复杂三维系统,使得基于离散稀疏土壤钻井样点和空间统计推断模型的场地土壤污染物含量刻画结果存在着较大的不确定性。本文梳理了场地土壤污染物含量三维精细刻画的目的和钻井布设方式、常用的三维刻画模型和相关案例,分析了土壤钻井数据的“稀疏偏性”特征对刻画结果的影响,总结了“非平稳浓度场”条件下三维土壤污染物含量插值模型的研究现状和存在问题。在此基础上,从多情景、非平稳、非线性、多源数据融合、多类模型耦合和复合污染刻画6个方面,展望了场地地下“黑箱”环境土壤污染物含量精细刻画的研究趋势。     

20年来部分黑土耕层有机质和全氮含量的变化

黑土有机质含量的变化一直倍受社会关注。根据第二次全国土壤普查的采样记录,2001年在吉林省黑土区采集了27个土壤样品,分析测定了耕层土壤(深度与第二次土普数据相同)的有机质和全氮含量。与第二次土普查数据对比发现,过去20年间,吉林省黑土土壤有机质和全氮含量有增有减,但平均水平无明显变化。与已有的研究对比分析,高产玉米生产条件下的根系碳输入量可能抵消矿化损失的有机质量,使水土流失不严重区域的黑土土壤有机质水平维持平衡,有机质含量下降的土壤可能是水土流失的结果。而在水土流失不严重地区土壤有机质则可能增加。     

土壤水盐运动模式研究及其在干旱区农田的应用

采用预估校正法求解土壤水分运动的h型Richards方程,此方法可以控制一定的迭代步数,但同样可达到二阶精度。同时采用具有二阶高精度的差分法求解土壤盐分运移的对流扩散方程,此格式可避免采用一般差分格式时出现的数值弥散问题。并将上述数学模式对干旱区绿洲棉田,在蒸散条件下土壤水分运动和土壤盐分向上运动积累过程进行数值模拟,模拟结果与测量值吻合较好,可为预报土壤盐碱化提供科学依据。     

数字土壤制图研究综述与展望

土壤的空间分布是土壤形成与发展过程的体现。数字土壤制图是一种新兴的、高效表达土壤空间分布的技术方法,在过去的30年取得了飞速发展。其理论基础为土壤成土因子学说和地理学第一定律。国内外学者在获取环境变量数据、采样方法、制图模型方法和土壤图产生及评价方面开展了大量的研究,应用案例也从小范围到大区域,甚至是全球尺度。未来数字土壤制图的发展方向包括：环境变量刻画的新技术,特别是体现人类活动方面的环境因子;新型数据和遗留数据的有效利用;土壤发生学知识与数学模型的紧密结合的新型推理方法;支持大数据多终端的计算模式。     

A review of soil and geological maps of the Nepean River terraces,NSW

The Nepean River terraces are a sequence of Tertiary and Quaternary alluvial deposits to the west of Sydney, NSW. In the last 85 years over 20 soil and geological maps covering the area have been produced. Errors and interpretations introduced in early regional scale maps were perpetuated for over 40 years despite numerous new editions. Regional scale geological maps in the 1950s and 1960s failed to take account of good detailed work by geographers, soil surveyors and geology students. Detailed geological and soil stratigraphic mapping in the past 10 years drew attention to these problems and has highlighted the important contributions made by the earlier detailed studies. New interpretations can now be tested against a substantial body of data. Contemporary regional soil and geological maps have taken account of these detailed studies and so present a more consistent approach than in the past.     

Exploring suitability for tropical crop cultivation in Hainan Island by SOTAL methodology

A SOTER-based automatic procedure for qualitative land evaluation is developed. This procedure was created in the automated land evaluation system (ALES). The objective was to design a procedure that allows for a quick separation of potentially suitable from non-suitable SOTER units for the intended land use, indicating constraints to different kinds of land use. Different kinds of land are unequal1y suited to various uses, land eva1uation is the assessment of the suitability of a tract of land for a specified kind of land use. In practice this implicates the comparison (matching) between the requirements of a specified land use and the properties of the land. Land evaluation concepts and definitions are treated in the paper. The ALES is a computer program that allows land evaluators to build their own knowledge-based system with which they can compute the physical and economical suitability of map units in accordance with FAO framework for land evaluation. The ALES program works with so-called decision trees, being hierarchical multiway keys in which the leaves are results (e.g., severity levels of land qualities), and the interior nodes of the tree are decision criteria (e.g., land characteristic values). These trees are traversed by the program to compute an evaluation using actual land data for each map unit. SOTAL is a SOTER-based qualitative model developed in ALES for physical land evaluation in which presently three land utilization types (LUTs) are distinguished, i.e., cultivated banana, coffee and rubber under different input and technological conditions. These LUTs are characterized by 11 landuse requirements and evaluated by matching the land use requirements with the corresponding land qualities. The paper elaborates on the criteria used in SOTAL for land quality assessment and how a final suitability rating is achieved on the basis of the rated land qualities. Results are visualized through G1S-generated maps as products in response to the specific information and data needs of decision and policy makers.     

Exploring suitability for tropical crop cultivation in Hainan Island by SOTAL methodology

1 Introduction Land degradation is a major threat to environmental and agricultural quality of land[1] and is directly related to food security issues. An instrument for decision-makers to plan or stimulate allocation of land to users that can be sustained and are economically viable and socially acceptable. Different kinds of land are unequally suited to various uses. Land evaluation is the assessment of the suitability of a tract of land for a specified kind of use and it provides objective…     

Soil erosion assessment based on minimum polygons in the Yellow River basin, China

In the previous studies, a method was developed to assess soil erosion based on land use information. In this paper, we present another approach that uses environmental data to assess soil erosion. A soil erosion characteristic index EI is proposed, and its value is derived using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) technique based on standardized environmental information stored in minimum polygons that tile the erodible area under consideration. The approach is applied to a case study of the Yellow River basin, north China, where serious erosion is occurring. To represent different grades of soil erosion, the range of EI is divided into six levels according to standard grades of soil erosion intensity. The application indicates that the method deals properly with data scarcity, with the results giving a satisfactory representation of the characteristics of soil erosion in the Yellow River basin. The spatial–temporal distribution of EI in the Yellow River basin is predicted, and the results interpreted to give the long-term trend and state of soil depletion. Comparisons are given between EI and surveyed soil erosion zoning maps for the Yellow River basin at the end of the 1980s and 1990s. The output reliability and the approach applicability in smaller spatial scales are investigated in a case study of Zhifanggou basin.     

苏州城郊土地利用变化对土壤的影响

1IntroductionThe conversion of natural systems to agricultural production has been the primary basis for the successful growth of human populations for the last 9,000 years (Kates etal., 1990). The conflict between urban and agricultural land use, however…     

Field application of freezing technology for social infrastructures

There are numerous methods to prevent seepage flow and ground improvement methodologies such as cement grouting, sheet piling, and the membrane method. In this paper, we present case histories of freezing technology applications in the construction of a deep tunnel sewerage system, undersea highway tunnel, and liquefied natural gas tank. Heaving pressure measurements for various soil types around a liquefied natural tank are compared with existing data. In this paper, we present temperature variations at the bottom and side of a liquefied natural gas tank. Our findings show that ground-freezing technology is very effective in controlling ground water infiltration into underground structures as well providing soil reinforcement in the soft ground.     

Impact of land use change on soil resources in the peri-urban area of Suzhou city

The Yangtze delta area is among the fastest developing areas in China. Here there are mega-cities like Shanghai, Nanjing and the attached urban areas of different sizes including those along the lower reaches of the Yangtze River from Shanghai up to Nanjing as well as their satellite cities and towns, forming one of the most densely distributed urban areas in China. This is a case study done in Suzhou city at the center of the Yangtze delta to reflect the impact of urban sprawl on soil resources using satellite images and digital soil databases. The extent of the developed land in the studied area and the impact of development on soil resources at 1:100,000 scale are estimated and the soil types impacted most by urbanization development are determined through overlaying the soil map on the satellite images (Landsat-7) of the studied area at different times (1984, 1995, 2000 and 2003). The methodology for this study consists of analyzing data resulting from using a geographic information system (GIS) to combine urban land use maps of different times derived from satellite images with data on soil characteristics contained in the established soil databases by which some results come into being to present the fast expanding trend of urbanization in the Yangtze delta area, the urban spread and the soils occupied by the urbanization process, and also the quality of the occupied soils.