中国热液铀矿床矿物共生组合分类和成因初步探讨

矿物共生组合是地质作用的直接记录,研究其组合特征可以为探讨矿床成因提供直接的物化条件信息;查明其标型组合则能为普查找矿提供直接的评价标志。我国铀矿化类型多、矿物组合复杂,过去缺乏系统的总结,本文试图对我国热液铀矿床矿物共生组合特征和成因进行初步探讨。     

开鲁盆地钱家店铀矿床铀的赋存状态及成因探讨

采用电子探针、能谱及背散射分析、扫描电镜、微区X射线荧光等实验方法,详细研究了钱家店铀矿床铀的赋存形式、含铀矿物类型,并对铀矿物相关的矿物组合类型及成因进行探讨.结果表明:(1)钱家店铀矿区铀的赋存形式包括铀矿物、吸附态铀以及含铀矿物三大类.其中,铀矿物类型主要为沥青铀矿,铀石次之,仅在局部可见含钛铀矿物等;吸附铀主要...     

鄂尔多斯盆地店头地区砂岩型铀矿成因初步探讨

通过电子显微镜及电子探针分析,对鄂尔多斯盆地东南部店头地区砂岩型铀矿物的赋存状态、主要伴生元素及其沉淀机制进行了初步探讨。研究区主要的铀矿物类型为沥青质铀矿,以显微浸染状充填于砂岩孔隙及胶结物中;与U密切伴生的元素有Fe、Se、Pb、Si、Ti、Cr、S等,与铀矿物伴生的矿物组合有黄铁矿、方铅矿、钛铀矿以及与其关系密切的硒矿化;主要含铀层位富含有机质及黄铁矿,夹有透镜状、条带状煤线,具备丰富的还原物质,有利于铀元素的还原富集,因此认为影响研究区铀沉淀的主要地球化学障是还原障和吸附障。     

东秦岭大理岩带的沥青铀矿

本文对东秦岭大理岩带主要铀矿床、矿点中分选的沥青铀矿进行了矿物学研究,并对其晶胞参数、同位素年令、硫同位素、差热、失重现象、矿物化学全成分、微量元素、包果体测温等做了测定和分析。并强调指出矿床的特征矿物组合及与沥青铀矿伴生的指示性矿物—含铀榍石。     

鄂尔多斯盆地纳岭沟地区铀矿物赋存形式研究及其地质意义

纳岭沟铀矿床位于鄂尔多斯盆地东北部的伊陕单斜构造区,该区含矿主岩为中侏罗统直罗组下段下亚段。本文通过电子探针、能谱及背散射分析等方法,详细研究了该区目的层砂岩的铀矿物类型及其赋存形式,并对其矿物组合特征及期次等进行了探讨。结果表明纳岭沟地区铀矿物主要为铀石,还有少量的含钛含铀矿物、沥青铀矿、铀钍石等。铀矿物与黄铁矿、蚀变钛铁矿、锐钛矿/白钛石、粘土矿物等密切共生,呈毛刺状或微细柱状产于矿物边缘,或呈粒状产于黑云母解理缝中,另外也见产于碎屑颗粒中。结合电子探针及背散射分析,对蚀变黑云母解理缝中黄铁矿及铀石成因、以及蚀变钛铁矿与铀特殊关系进行了初步探讨。另外该区存在高Y和低Y元素两种铀石类型,沥青铀矿可能为原铀矿物蚀变残留,结合矿物蚀变期次,初步认为该区含铀砂岩至少遭受两期不同成矿流体作用,多源流体耦合成矿可能是砂岩型铀成矿的重要机制之一。     

鄂尔多斯盆地镇原地区洛河组黏土矿物特征及找铀意义

近年经过深入的铀矿勘查工作,在鄂尔多斯盆地西南部洛河组发现了具有工业意义的铀矿体,实现了深部铀矿勘查的重要突破。通过薄片鉴定、扫描电镜、X射线衍射、蚀变矿物光谱扫描等分析手段,对镇原地区洛河组黏土矿物的组成、含量及特征进行了系统研究。结果表明,洛河组赋矿砂岩与盆地东北部、西南部最重要的含铀岩系——直罗组具有较明显的差别。洛河组赋矿砂岩中黏土矿物总量较低,不同类型砂体中黏土矿物组合略有差异,其中泥岩、氧化砂岩、钙质砂岩、矿化砂岩中主要黏土矿物为伊蒙混层和伊利石,其次为高岭石和绿泥石。富矿砂岩和灰绿色围岩中的黏土矿物则主要是高岭石和伊蒙混层,其次为伊利石和绿泥石。扫描电镜下可见绿泥石、伊蒙混层、高岭石、少量伊利石与沥青铀矿伴生现象,但黏土矿物与铀矿物相关性不明显,表明在洛河组成矿过程中,黏土矿物可以吸附铀,但不是铀矿富集最主要的影响因素。通过对洛河组砂岩中黏土矿物赋存关系的研究,提出研究区至少存在两期绿泥石和一期高岭石的生成,揭示了由碱性→酸性→碱性流体的作用过程。黏土矿物特征可以作为铀成矿过程中后生流体示踪的重要标志。     

鄂尔多斯盆地纳岭沟铀矿床目的层岩石学及铀存在形式

中侏罗统直罗组下段下亚段是纳岭沟铀矿床的主要含矿层位,该层段发育辫状河沉积体系,砂体连通性、渗透性好,富炭屑、黄铁矿等还原质,具有良好的铀成矿条件。本文通过显微镜下观察、X射线衍射分析、扫描电镜等分析测试手段,对纳岭沟铀矿床直罗组下段下亚段砂岩岩石学特征进行研究,观察含铀矿目的层砂岩中的蚀变现象及蚀变矿物特征,探究黏土矿物、黑云母等矿物的蚀变转化关系。通过α蚀刻径迹、电子探针实验等分析测试手段,对纳岭沟铀矿床铀矿物的成分类型和存在形式进行探究。探讨含铀矿层砂岩岩石学特征与铀矿物存在形式之间的关系,发现纳岭沟铀矿床铀的富集、赋存形式、成分类型与含矿砂岩中的矿物蚀变转化中的物质交换密切相关,纳岭沟铀矿床铀成矿是受古层间氧化带控制,叠加了后期热液流体改造作用的结果。     

银额盆地赛尔亥那地区铀矿化特征及成因研究

银额盆地赛尔亥那地区发现的地表铀矿化带,前期认为是层间氧化铀成矿作用形成的砂岩型铀矿化,本次研究发现,赋矿岩石类型为含铀白云质磷质岩及含铀磷质粉砂岩。矿石中赋存大量的微晶磷灰石,呈微晶(粒径<1μm)集合体形式。全岩主微量分析显示U与P₂O₅、Ca O呈较好的正相关,磷灰石微区原位(LA-ICP-MS)主微量分析结果显示U与P₂O₅、Ca O、∑REE等均呈较好的正相关,高倍扫描电镜下未发现铀矿物,认为铀是以类质同象形式赋存在磷灰石中。铀矿石岩性岩相特征、磷灰石微区原位微量元素组合特征及共伴生矿物成因等表明,富铀磷灰石是在沉积成岩过程中,微生物参与作用下形成的。因此,赛尔亥那地区铀矿找矿思路应兼顾潜水-层间氧化型及沉积成岩型。     

钱家店铀矿床含矿建造后生改造作用探讨:来自蚀变特征及地球化学的证据

基于开鲁盆地钱家店铀矿床含矿砂岩的偏光显微镜、扫描电子镜显微镜下观察以及元素地球化学分析,探讨了该砂岩型铀矿的形成过程.镜下观察结果显示,该矿床矿石中存在5种矿物蚀变作用类型:高岭石化、褐铁矿化、碳酸盐化、重晶石化和水云母化;钻孔伴生元素特征表明,钱家店部分铀矿体在初次形成后,可能又遭受后期流体叠加改造作用;元素迁移特征表明,矿区总体可能经历了两期不同性质的成矿流体,前期流体导致矿化砂岩的形成,后期流体在此基础上叠加改造,使铀再次富集成高品位铀矿石.综合前人研究资料,认为钱家店铀矿床经历三阶段成矿流体作用:第一阶段为同生沉积铀成矿;第二阶段为油气/热液改造叠加成矿;第三阶段为层间氧化铀成矿.     

广西花山铀矿床氧化带中铀酰矿物特征、成因及其勘查指示意义

本文分析了广西花山铀矿床氧化带中铀酰矿物的类型、组合及赋存特征,探讨铀酰矿物的成因机制及其对深部铀矿体勘查的指示意义。研究发现,花山铀矿床氧化带中铀酰矿物的类型非常复杂,长冲、白石脚和糙米坪等三个矿点出现不同的铀酰矿物组合。长冲矿点发育准钙铀云母、钙铀云母和硅钙铀矿等铀酰磷酸盐和铀酰硅酸盐组合,铀酰矿物的阳离子组分以富Ca为特点;白石脚矿点出现硅铅铀矿和斜磷铅铀矿等铀酰硅酸盐组合,铀酰矿物的阳离子组分以富Pb为特点;糙米坪矿点出现翠砷铜铀矿、铜铀云母和脂状铅铀矿等铀酰磷酸盐、铀酰砷酸盐和铀酰氢氧化物组合,铀酰矿物的阳离子组分以富Cu和As等为特点。花山铀矿床中的铀酰矿物是原生铀矿物(推断为沥青铀矿)在氧化环境下发生次生沉淀作用而形成的,三个矿点铀酰矿物组合的差异归因于原生铀矿体元素地球化场、地下水中络阴离子类型和地下水介质pH环境等多种因素的耦合。研究认为,铀矿床氧化带中的铀酰矿物对于指导深部盲矿勘查具有一定的指示意义。在花山地区,铀酰矿物沿断裂带出现大规模的垂向分布,它的发育位置大致记录了原生铀矿体的产状特征,而铀酰矿物的含量和类型则有助于提供原生铀矿石品位和硫化物含量等重要的成矿信息。本研究预测,在花山矿区内的糙米坪和白石脚矿点仍然存在发现氧化型铀矿体的良好潜力。     

鄂尔多斯盆地北部铀矿床铀矿物赋存状态及富集机理

为了进一步深化铀矿物的富集机理.利用α径迹放射性照相、扫描电镜、电子探针等方法对鄂尔多斯盆地北部铀矿床中铀矿物的赋存状态进行了系统研究.发现该区铀矿物主要为铀石，少量沥青铀矿和含铀钛矿物.沉积-成岩期碎屑铀矿物赋存在碎屑颗粒内部，吸附在锐钛矿周围，为铀储层中预富集的铀.成矿期铀矿物大部分赋存在碎屑颗粒填隙部位，与黄铁矿、碳质碎屑相伴生，与石英颗粒及方解石胶结关系密切；部分吸附在包裹碎屑颗粒的蒙脱石薄膜上.另外发现了，沥青铀矿-赤铁矿-黄铁矿的矿物组合，以及硒铅矿（PbSe）和白硒铁矿（FeSe₂）与铀矿物相伴生，并伴有REE含量明显升高.分析得出，沥青铀矿形成于成矿早期，氧化酸性流体与还原碱性流体的过渡界面，偏向于氧化酸性一侧；而铀石主要形成于成矿晚期的还原碱性环境.双重铀源供给、丰富的还原介质、多源流体的耦合，局部的热液流体叠加改造，共同造就了鄂尔多斯盆地北部大矿、富矿的形成.      

An excellent fossil wood cell texture with primary uranium minerals at a sandstone-hosted roll-type uranium deposit, NW China

A fossil wood cell texture with pitchblende and coffinite found at a sandstone-hosted roll-type uranium deposit, Xinjiang, NW China, is first reported here for the country. In the mineralized sandstone, detrital grains consisting of quartz, feldspar, rock fragments, carbonaceous trashes, mica and accessory minerals were deposited in early Turassic time and were cemented by clays and minor authigenic calcite and quartz. Pitchblende and minor coffinite are principal ore minerals at the deposit, and selectively replaced carbonized fossil wood remnants or filled fossil wood cells. An excellent fossil wood cell texture with primary uranium minerals formed. Replacement of organic debris by primary uranium minerals may be due to a local reducing environment resulting from the production of CH₄, H₂S or H₂SO₃ in its decomposition, and a biochemical reaction indicated by the common presence of framboidal pyrite.     

湘赣边界鹿井铀矿床流体包裹体及成矿机制

位于南岭成矿带南西部的鹿井矿床是华南热液型铀矿的典型代表.为查明其成矿流体来源、性质与演化以及成矿机制,开展了不同成矿阶段石英、萤石及方解石中流体包裹体的显微测温和不同阶段石英的氢?氧同位素分析.矿床地质特征表明成矿过程可划分为(I)粗晶石英+黄铁矿±绿泥石±绢云母、(II)沥青铀矿+硫化物+绿泥石+绢云母+暗灰色微晶...     

Mineralogy of the deadhorse creek volcaniclastic breccia complex,northwestern Ontario,Canada

The Proterozoic Deadhorse Creek volcaniclastic breccia complex was emplaced in Archean metasedimentary and metavolcanic rocks of the Schreiber-White River greenstone belt adjacent to the Proterozoic Coldwell alkaline complex. The western sub-complex of the Deadhorse Creek breccia consists of metasomatically-altered breccia, a U-Be-Zr-rich main mineralized zone and a Zr-Y-Th-rich carbonate vein. The main mineralized zone is enriched in beryllium, thorium, uranium, first and second row transition elements, and rare earth elements. The major minerals present include: albite; potassium feldspar; quartz; calcite; apatite; and phenakite. Accessory minerals include: aegirine-jervisite; aegirine-natalyite; allanite; barite; barylite; coffinite; Ca-Mn-silicate; magnetite; monazite-(Ce); niobian vanadian rutile; pyrite; thorite; thorogummite; thortveitite; uraninite; vanadian crichtonite; xenotime-(Y); zircon and hydrated zircon; and zircon-thorite-coffinite solid solutions. The carbonate vein consists of dolomite-ankerite and calcite with accessory zircon, xenotime, and monazite. Barite, baotite and Ba-rich feldspars, were formed during metasomatism of the earlier-formed and genetically-unrelated volcaniclastic breccia adjacent to the main mineralized zone. The complex mineral assemblage of the fault-controlled main mineralized zone is considered to have formed in three stages. An initial emplacement of a “granitic” melt/fluid was followed by introduction of CO₂-bearing Cr-Nb-V-Ti-enriched alkaline fluids. The latter reacted with minerals which had crystallized from the “granitic” melt/fluid to produce the exotic V-, Sc- and Nb-bearing mineral assemblage. Subsequently, a supergene suite of minerals, consisting principally of calcite, thorogummite, hollandite and tyuyamanite, formed during post-Pleistocene alteration was superimposed onto the pre-existing Proterozoic age mineral assemblage. The major mineralogy of the main mineralized zone is essentially ‘granitic” and the melts/fluids are considered to be derived from an A-type granite source. However, the Deadhorse Creek mineralization is older (1129±6 Ma) than the A-type quartz syenites of the adjacent Coldwell complex (1108±1 Ma) which are the nearest potential sources of such melts. Thus, the source of the “granitic” melt together with that of the Cr-Nb-V-Ti-bearing alkaline fluids remains enigmatic.     

若尔盖铀矿田热液矿物微量元素地球化学特征

通过研究若尔盖铀矿田与铀成矿作用密切的热液矿物—方解石、石英、黄铁矿等的微量元素地球化学特征表明,方解石、石英、黄铁矿具有相似的微量元素组成,相对富含Sr、Zr、Ba、Zn、U、Ni、Cr等元素,说明形成方解石、石英和黄铁矿的流体来源相同。相关性分析表明,方解石、石英中成矿元素U与Zr、Ta、Co、Ni等深源元素显著正相关,反映若尔盖铀矿田的成矿流体应当来源于深部。     

粤北棉花坑铀矿床矿物共生组合特征及其意义

基于棉花坑矿床不同类型铀矿石中矿物共生组合关系研究,讨论了棉花坑矿床成矿作用过程中铀的沉淀富集机制.研究结果显示,棉花坑矿床铀矿体主要呈脉状充填或细脉浸染状产出;铀矿石类型包括萤石型、碳酸盐型、硅质脉型和红化型.虽然不同矿石类型中成矿期形成的脉石矿物种类存在差异,但均表现出以下共性特点:铀矿物赋存于脉状充填矿石的中心部...     

Transport and deposition of uranium in hydrothermal ore fluids as exemplified by Uranium Deposit 302

Uranium Deposit 302 is a large hydrothermal uranium deposit occurring in fault zones within a granite. Pitchblende is the only primary uranium mineral found in the ore. The associated minerals include quartz, fluorite, hematite and pyrite. This paper focusses on the mechanism of transport and deposition of uranium in hydrothermal oreforming solutions responsible for the deposit. It is concluded that uranium might be not only oxidized in a relatively reducing environment, but also reduced in a relatively oxidizing environment, depending on the speciation of uranium in the solutions. The formation of pitchblende is closely related to uranium reduction at the stage of uranium mineralization.     

The Nuheting deposit,Erlian Basin,NE China: Synsedimentary to diagenetic uranium mineralization

Sedimentary units deposited during the post-rift stage of the Erlian Basin located in northeast China present an alternation of sandstone and mudstone layers. This sedimentological architecture is at the origin of confined permeable reservoirs hosting sandstone-type uranium deposits. The study of the Nuheting deposit offered the opportunity to identify synsedimentary/early diagenetic uranium concentrations and diagenetic mineralization hosted in mudstone-dominated layers of the Erlian Formation, indicating that a stock of uranium was present in the basin prior to the genesis of sandstone-hosted uranium deposits. Therefore, this pre-existing stock may constitute a significant source of uranium for the formation of roll front deposits present in other parts of the Erlian Basin.Detailed petrographic and geochemical study of drill-core samples from the Nuheting deposit led to the characterization of different stages related to the formation of the uranium ore bodies and allowed to propose a new metallogenic model. Uranium mineralization of the Nuheting deposit is mainly hosted in dark gray silty mudstone of wetland depositional environment of the Late Cretaceous Erlian Formation. Petrographic observations and EMP analyses evidenced that a significant amount of uranium was associated with clay minerals (interstratified clays, smectite, chlorite, palygorskyte, illite and kaolinite), either adsorbed on mineral surfaces as U (VI) ions or reduced mainly as UO₂ nano to microcrystals disseminated in the clayey matrix, which corresponds to synsedimentary/early diagenetic concentrations. Trace elements on pyrite analyzed by LA-ICPMS, petrographic observations and whole-rock geochemical data led to the characterization of a diagenetic uranium mineralization. High As (1–50 ppm), Mo (10–500 ppm) and Se concentrations in the whole rock and the incorporation of these elements in pyrite highlight reducing conditions within the host-rocks during the diagenesis of the Erlian Formation. During the early diagenetic stage, uranium was either desorbed from clay minerals and organic materials to be reduced or directly reduced and precipitated as P-rich coffinite and pitchblende on pyrite crystals. During the late diagenetic stage, uranium was redistributed in situ and locally deposited mainly as coffinite on pyrites. Finally, an epigenetic stage of cementation was identified with sulfate and carbonate minerals, which may enclose some uranium minerals. This epigenetic stage of fluid circulation may be responsible for a minor uranium remobilization. Therefore, the Nuheting deposit experienced three main stages: (i) a synsedimentary/early diagenetic uranium concentration and mineralization, (ii) a late diagenetic in situ uranium remobilization and deposition on pyrite and (iii) an epigenetic cementation. Rock-Eval pyrolysis indicates that the organic matter contained in host-rocks of the Nuheting deposit is of type IV, inherited from land plant, and do not contain free hydrocarbons (very low S1). Therefore, our results do not support that migrated hydrocarbons were involved as a reducing agent for uranium mineralization.     

Stable isotope geochemistry and diagenetic mineralization associated with the Tono sandstone-type uranium deposit in Japan

The Tono sandstone-type uranium mine area, middle Honsyu, Japan is composed of Miocene lacustrine sedimentary rocks in the lower part (18–22 Ma) and marine facies in the upper part (15–16 Ma). Calcite and pyrite occur as dominant diagenetic alteration products in these Neogene sedimentary rocks. The characteristics of calcite and pyrite differ significantly between lacustrine and marine facies. Abundant pyrite, calcite, organic matter, and small amounts of marcasite or pyrrhotite occur in the lacustrine facies, whereas small amounts of calcite and framboidal pyrite, organic matter and no marcasite or pyrrhotite are found within the marine units. The δ¹³C values of calcite in the lacustrine deposits are low (−19 to −6‰ PDB) but those in marine formation are high (−11 to +3‰). This implies that the contribution of marine carbonate is larger in upper marine sedimentary rocks, and carbon in calcite in the lower lacustrine formation was derived both from oxidation of organic matter and from dissolved marine inorganic carbon. The δ³⁴S values of framboidal pyrite in the upper marine formation are low (−14 to −8‰ CDT), indicating a small extent of bacterial seawater sulfate reduction, whereas those of euhedral-subhedral pyrite in the lower lignite-bearing arkose sandstone are high (+10 to +43‰), implying a large extent of closed-system bacterial seawater sulfate reduction. The δ³⁴S and δ¹³C data which deviate from a negative correlation line toward higher δ¹³C values suggest methanogenic CO₂ production. During diagenesis of the lacustrine unit, large amounts of euhedral-subhedral pyrite were formed, facilitated by extensive bacterial reduction of seawater sulfate with concomitant oxidation of organic matter, and by hydrolysis reactions of organic matter, producing CH₄ and CO₂. Uranium minerals (coffinite and uraninite) were also formed at this stage by the reduction of U⁶⁺ to U⁴⁺. The conditions of diagenetic alteration within the lacustrine deposits and uranium mineralization is characterized by low Eh in which nearly equal concentrations of CH₄ and HCO₃ ⁻ existed and reduced sulfur species (H₂S, HS⁻) are predominant among aqueous sulfur species, whereas diagenetic alteration of the marine formations was characterized by a predominance of SO₄ ²⁻ among dissolved sulfur species. Modern groundwater in the lacustrine formation has a low Eh value (−335 mV). Estimated and measured low Eh values of modern and ancient interstitial waters in lacustrine environments indicate that a reducing environment in which U⁴⁺ is stable has been maintained since precipitation of uranium minerals. Received: 9 February 1996 / Accepted: 11 April 1997