对福建李坊重晶石矿床成因的新认识——来自矿石构造、矿物学和流体包裹体的证据

福建李坊重晶石矿床是东南沿海地区发现的一个大型独立重晶石矿床,已有30余年的开采历史,在沉积重晶石矿床中占有重要地位,然而对该矿床的成因和成矿时代仍众说纷纭。本文通过对福建李坊重晶石矿床中矿石组构的野外调查、电子探针分析和重晶石的流体包裹体测温,取得如下发现和认识:①首次在重晶石矿石中发现了管孔状构造、角砾状构造、蜂窝状构造等热水喷流通道相沉积构造;②首次在重晶石矿石中发现具有热水成因指示意义的同生钡冰长石矿物;③140个重晶石的流体包裹体均一温度值为89.3～208.5℃,均值为162.7℃,表明李坊重晶石矿床属于低温热水沉积矿床;综合矿石构造、矿物学和流体包裹体测温等证据,提出李坊重晶石矿床为"白烟囱型"热水沉积矿床的新认识,为华南地区早古生代热水沉积矿床的研究和找矿勘探提供了重要新资料。     

穆家庄铜矿床矿物组构及成因浅析

穆家在铜矿床矿体呈层状,似层状沿构造破碎带产出,矿物组物显示了同生沉积和改造特征,流体包裹体为高盐度的热卤水,矿石及围岩氧,碳同位素具同一来源,矿床成因属变质和构造改造的热水喷流沉积类型。     

内蒙古龙头山多金属硫化物矿床同生重晶石流体包裹体特征——海相热水沉积成因证据

龙头山多金属硫化物矿床位于内蒙古大兴安岭中南段东坡,海西期地槽褶皱带西拉木伦河深大断裂北侧.野外地质研究发现,该矿床主要发育层状和筒柱状两类矿化,两类矿化的产状、蚀变、矿物特征等显示出典型的海底热水沉积成矿作用特征.对与该矿床金属硫化物同生沉积的重晶石进行流体包裹体岩相学研究发现,重晶石中的包裹体反映了热水沉积成矿期快...     

南秦岭大型钡成矿带中毒重石矿床成因新认识——来自单个流体包裹体证据

钡以BaSO_4形式存在的重晶石矿床在世界上广泛分布,但以BaCO_3形式存在的毒重石矿床极为罕见。在南秦岭早古生代硅岩建造中,发育大量层状毒重石和重晶石矿床,两类矿床在空间上表现出既共生又分离的分布规律,构成世界上极为独特的大型钡成矿带。本文对毒重石、钡解石、重晶石及石英等矿物流体包裹体进行了系统研究,结果显示,各矿物中流体包裹体的均一温度都变化于90～310℃,主要集中范围为120～220℃。尽管如此,毒重石、钡解石的形成温度峰值比重晶石高出40℃,而石英的形成温度分布较均一,没有出现明显的峰值。矿物流体包裹体的盐度虽变化于1%～15%NaCl_(eqv),但毒重石、钡解石和石英样品中的盐度值普遍大于5%NaCl_(eqv),而重晶石中的盐度值小于5%NaCl_(eqv)的样品数量占有相当大的比例。由于重晶石的流体包裹体主要以NaCl-H_2O型包裹体为主,而毒重石中富含大量N_2-CO_2-H_2S-CH_4等复杂组分水溶液型包裹体,显示出毒重石与重晶石在成矿环境上有较大差异。由此笔者明确提出,水溶液热化学硫酸盐还原作用是形成毒重石矿床主要机制的新认识。     

黔东北双河重晶石-萤石矿床流体包裹体组合研究及成因

黔东北双河重晶石-萤石矿床的矿体主要产于下奥陶统碳酸盐岩中,严格受断裂构造控制,为探讨其成因,采用流体包裹体组合(FIA)方法对成矿流体进行了研究.结果显示,流体包裹体类型分为单相水溶液包裹体和富液相两相水溶液包裹体;成矿早期萤石和晚期萤石的均一温度分别为89～131℃和99～122℃,盐度分别为3.83％～20.84...     

广西三江老堡铅锌矿床成矿模式

三江县老堡铅锌矿床为广西首次发现的一个中型扬子型铅锌矿床.矿区内共圈定铅锌矿体11个,均呈层状、似层状产于震旦系上统老堡组硅质岩、下统陡山沱组白云岩层间构造中,与地层同步褶曲.矿石组分相对简单,主要金属矿物有闪锌矿、方铅矿,次为黄铁矿:非金属矿物主要有白云石、石英、方解石,次为重晶石和绢云母.围岩蚀变较弱,以白云石化、硅化和方解石化为主.通过综合分析矿床地质、流体包裹体和稳定同位素等证据,笔者认为老堡铅锌矿床为热水沉积一中低温热液改造成因.成矿金属和硫源多来源于地层,少部分来自热液流体.成矿流体为地层中的环流热卤水.     

青海省雁石坪铜铅锌多金属矿床地质特征及成因分析

青海省雁石坪铜铅锌多金属矿床位于西南三江成矿带北段西延部分,矿(化)体赋存于构造破碎带及两侧岩脉中,矿体形态走向与构造走向基本一致,呈似层状、脉状产出,成矿组合为铅-锌-铜-银,流体包裹体显微测温结果表明多金属矿成矿流体为中低温(以低温为主)、中等盐度、中等密度流体。矿床成因类型为火山喷流沉积-热液改造型;热液主要来源于岩浆热液。     

贵州热液型重晶石矿集区地质特征及成矿规律

贵州热液型重晶石矿分布主要在黔东北、黔南及黔东南地区,矿床具有成群、成带和集中分布特点。按照构造分区、矿床式及矿床边界等原则,将贵州热液型重晶石矿床划分为务川-湄潭重晶石矿集区和施秉-都匀重晶石矿集区,按矿床产出构造部位不同分为丰水岭式和顶罐坡式。前者产于黔北隆起区,矿床以萤石、重晶石共生为特征;后者产于黔南坳陷区,矿床以单一重晶石为特征。矿床主要受地层、岩相、构造和Si/Ca界面的控制。建立"矿源层-容矿层-盖层"的找矿模式,区内下寒武系牛蹄塘组(留茶坡组)黑色岩系为主矿源层;当大气降水下渗地下,受地热增温作用发生水-岩反应形成热卤水,热卤水与Ba元素混合形成含矿流体;当成矿流体通过深大断裂运移上升至Si/Ca界面附近发生侧向分异,导致矿液在容矿层(碳酸盐岩)断裂构造带内充填-交代成矿。     

内蒙古额尔古纳地区比利亚谷铅锌(银)矿床成矿流体特征与矿床成因北大核心CSCD

比利亚谷矿床是内蒙古额尔古纳成矿带内新发现的一个铅锌（银）矿床,具有大型矿床的成矿潜力。主矿体呈脉状产于上侏罗统塔木兰沟组和满克头鄂博组火山岩地层中,受NW,NWW向张性断裂构造控制;主要金属矿物有方铅矿、闪锌矿、黄铁矿、黄铜矿、辉银矿等。为确定该矿床的成矿流体特征及成因类型,对矿石中的石英、重晶石和闪锌矿开展了流体包裹体的岩相学观察、显微测温和激光拉曼光谱分析。结果表明,上述矿物中主要发育富液相、CO2三相和少量含子矿物三相包裹体;富液相包裹体的均一温度与盐度分别为102℃～378℃和0．2％～10．5％NaCleqv,CO2三相包裹体的均一温度和盐度分别为124℃～256℃和1．8～11．2％NaCleqv,舍子矿物三相包裹体的均一温度与盐度分别为220℃和42．4％NaCleqv。单个流体包裹体气相成分的激光拉曼光谱分析显示,除石英中的部分富液相包裹体的气体成分含CO2外,不同矿物中的富液相包裹体的气体成分均为H2O。此外,该矿床成矿流体的盐度范围波动较大,重晶石中包裹体的均一温度分布范围较广,因此成矿流体属不均匀流体,流体混合作用是该矿床的重要成矿机制。综合认为,比利亚谷铅锌（银）矿床应属赋存于中生代火山岩中的与浅成一超浅成岩浆作用有关的中低温热液脉型矿床。     

湖北徐家山锑矿床流体包裹体特征及其意义

文章利用激光拉曼光谱和显微测温学方法,对湖北徐家山锑矿床成矿期的石英、重晶石和方解石中的流体包裹体进行了研究。研究表明,这些矿物中的流体包裹体主要有纯液体包裹体和液体包裹体(气相 液相)2类,其液体包裹体的气相成分为H2O±CO2±N2;石英、重晶石和方解石的均一温度分别为134~258℃、154~259℃和145~230℃,主要集中于150~200℃;流体的盐度w(NaCleq)和密度分别集中于3%~6%和0.90~0.96g/cm3。流体包裹体资料揭示出该矿床为典型的中低温热液锑矿床,其成矿流体为中低温、低盐度、中等密度热液。结合H、O、Sr、Pb同位素等研究结果,进一步推断该成矿热液主要是经深部循环演化的大气降水。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

Mountains,nations, parks,and conservation

Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km² and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world.     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).     

NEW SET OF LOW CONCENTRATION STANDARDS FOR LA, CE, SM, YB, LU, Y, SC, V, NB AND TA IN SILICATES

We have developed a set of four synthetic standards for the rare earth and high field strength elements designed for use in the determination of those elements in silicates. The base material is a glass nominally at the eutectic of the MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ ternary system. The nominal doping level was 2 wt% of the elements as oxides. To avoid problems associated with peak interference, the elements were doped in four separate glasses.