软体动物腹足纲分类学研究进展——从近海到深海

随着科学技术的不断进步和研究的不断深入,我国关于海洋的研究已由浅海逐步向深海发展,不断取得新的发现和认知。自2014年4月起,中国科学院海洋研究所依托先进的"科学"号海洋科学综合考察船,搭载"发现"号水下机器人(remotely operated vehicle,ROV),先后对冲绳海槽热液区、南海冷泉区、雅浦海山区以及马努斯热液区等深海区域进行了综合性科学考查,采集到了大量深海腹足纲(Gastropoda)标本,其中有一些为未经发现和描述的新种,极大地推动了我国关于深海软体动物物种多样性研究,实现了深海环境和软体动物资源的新认知。本文对近年来从深海采集到的腹足类标本进行了整理分类,对其中的11属13种进行描述,并对深海特殊环境中腹足纲物种多样性进行了总结,对中国软体动物腹足纲从近海至深海的分类现状进行研究论述。     

深海热液喷口生物群落的研究进展

深海热液喷口生物群落并不依赖光合作用获取能量,它们是一类独特的生物类型,其食物链的基础是化学合成细菌,这些细菌依靠喷口热液中的还原无机物氧化．利用CO。合成有机碳,它们共生于大个体动物的软组织或绍中,向寄主提供生存必需的有机碳。地质时期古热液喷口生物群落的研究还表明,该类生物群落在古生代（可能更早）即已出现。此外,现代热液喷口与古热液喷口生物群落的比较研究,在探索该生物群落乃至早期生命的起源、演化方面也取得了可喜进展。     

中国近海三种囊舌目(异鳃亚纲, 腹足纲)软体动物的分类学修订

由于部分囊舌目物种存在较大程度的种内变异,我国早期基于形态学的囊舌目研究存在种名鉴定错误、同物异名等现象。为解决我国沿海囊舌目物种种名使用混乱的问题,结合比较形态学和分子系统学技术手段,对采自山东青岛、浙江舟山、海南陵水的囊舌目样品进行了外部形态和齿舌扫描电镜的检视,并基于COI基因进行系统发育树和遗传距离分析,对国内记录的深绿海天牛Elysia atroviridis Baba,1955重新进行了分类学描述;发现华丽海天牛Elysia ornata (Swainson,1840)应暂定为三边海天牛Elysia marginata (Pease,1871);指状棍螺Placida dendritica (Alder&Hancock1843)是马场棍螺Placida babai Ev. Marcus,1982的误定。回顾了以上几种囊舌目物种及其相似物种的分类学研究历程,对E. atroviridis、E. marginata和P. babai进行了分子系统学和形态学研究,并为解决这三种囊舌目物种的分类存疑问题提供了新的材料和方法。     

中国近海豆滨螺属Peasiella(腹足纲,滨螺科)两物种的分类学研究

在对历年来在中国近海采集的滨螺科(Littorinidae)贝类标本进行系统整理和研究的过程中,鉴定出隶属于豆滨螺属Peasiella的2个物种:波部豆滨螺Peasiella habei D. ReidMak, 1998和罗豆滨螺Peasiella roepstorffiana Nevill, 1885。标本采自中国山东省及海南省沿海区域,栖息于潮间带及浅海的礁石上。本文对2个物种的贝壳形态、齿舌特征及地理分布等方面进行了详细描述,并对其分类地位以及主要鉴别特征进行了讨论,提出齿舌数量及排列方式即齿式为该属物种区分的重要依据。同时,将张氏马蹄螺Trochus zhangi Dong,2002归于罗豆滨螺Peasiella roepstorffiana Nevill,1885的次异名。     

从探索到深造,从近海到深洋——漫谈海洋工程的发展

提及海洋工程这个名词,人们的第一反应往往是雄伟壮观的跨海大桥,或者是深埋水下的海底隧道。其实,海洋工程涵盖了人类对海洋的探索、开发、利用和保护等方方面面的内容.     

深海钻探船“地球号”在下北半岛近海试运行——2007年服务于IODP的检验和培训

科学钻探船“地球号”于2001年4月份开始建造,2005年夏季竣工。船体总长210 m,总吨位57 087 t,位于船中部的钻塔其顶部距海面有121 m,目前是世界上最大的科学钻探船。“地球号”不仅船体庞大,同时也综合了科学钻探定位和分析的集成技术,这包括可以在水深2 500 m(将来可达4 000     

“从源到汇”的时间尺度——根据U系同位素计算海洋沉积物的搬运时间

东亚边缘海陆源碎屑沉积物的"从源到汇"过程是我国陆海相互作用和海洋地质研究的重要内容。目前我国已开展的沉积物源汇研究大多集中于源汇过程中的"源"和"汇"2个端元的讨论,而对沉积物从源到汇的过程尤其是时间尺度缺乏系统和定量的探讨。根据234 U/238 U比值定量计算沉积物的搬运时间,是国际上最近发展的一种同位素地球化学示踪方法,已经成功应用于世界多条河流和海洋沉积物的搬运时间计算。对该方法的理论基础和应用情况进行了系统的介绍,该方法在我国的应用和推广将有助于深化我国东部边缘海不同构造—气候—人类活动背景下河流入海沉积物的从源到汇过程研究。     

Investigation on Touching Sea Bottom by a FPSO in Bohai Oilfield with Shallow Water

As one of the key safety problems, the motion performance and touching sea bottom of a FPSO are paid much attention by the ocean oil companies when the FPSO is exposed to survival storms in the shallow-water working areas. In this paper, timedomain numerical simulations are carried out on a 160 kDWT FPSO with a Yoke mooring system moored in the BZ25-1 oilfield with a water depth of 16.7m. The results are compared with those of the corresponding model tests. Good agreement shows that the time-domain simulations can be used to predict the performance of the FPSO in shallow-water reasonably. It is found that the touch of seabed by a fully loaded FPSO occurred few times under survival storm conditions. Therefore, the FPSO should be less loaded than that in the fully loaded condition under the survival storms.     

进海路及人工端岛工程对滩海地貌变迁的影响及预测

根据实测资料,阐述了南堡滩海地貌的变迁,以东线进海路工程为例,研究了海岸线、砂坝、潮沟等地貌变迁,并进行了原因分析,对进海路及人工岛建成后海底地貌进行了定性的预测,提出了浅海滩涂油气开发建设宜采用栈桥式进海路设计。     

埕岛海域浅水区人工构筑物周边海底地形演化与海洋灾害地质现象关系研究

高分辨率的回声测深、旁侧声纳及3．5kHz浅地层剖面的探测发现：埕岛海域浅水底坡人工构筑物周边沉积物块体运动极为发育。这种使局部浅水区浅层沉积物向深水洼地填充的沉积物再搬运营力，大大减缓了埕岛海域浅水区人工构筑物周围水力冲刷凹坑的水深增大幅度，而凹坑边缘区域在沉积物块体运动、海洋水动力侵蚀和底床固结沉降的共同作用下，水深平均增加幅度高达0．4m／a，“凹坑”面积逐年扩大，边坡坡度平均每年以5‰减缓。     

Experimental Study of Wave Energy Spectrum in Shallow Water

Wave energy spectrum in shallow water can be studied in wind wave channel in combination with irregular wave- maker. Fetch length is successfully extended and by "Relay" method the corresponding spectrum pattern and the wind velocity scale are obtained.     

Large Eddy Simulation of Open Ocean Deep Convection with Application to the Deep Water Formation in the East Sea (Japan Sea)

Various important features could be found on the open ocean deep convection and the subsequent deep water formation from large eddy simulation (LES), and the results were applied to the East Sea (Japan Sea). It was found that under a strong cold wind outburst with the heat flux of 1000 Wm⁻² for 5 days generates a deep convection which can penetrate to the depth 1500 m, but under the continuous cooling with the heat flux of 250 Wm⁻² the growth of a mixed layer is suppressed at 700 m. The effects of the spatial and temporal variations of the surface forcing were investigated with regard to the penetrative depth of convection, the generation of baroclinic eddies, the volume of the water mass formation, and the intensity of the rim current. The deep water formations in the intermediate and deep layer of the East Sea were explained in terms of the simulation results, and the intensity of the consequent circulation and the volume of water mass formation were compared with the observation data. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

东海西北部中层冷水的成因

根据1959—1996年4—6月存在中层冷水的28°～30.5°N,124°E以西海域的温、盐、密度资料,对中层冷水的特征,深度与盐、密度跃层的配置及中层冷水的存在和发展与表层热含量和底层盐含量间的关系进行了分析。指出:中层冷水是存在于密跃层之中,高密度(台湾暖流)水的浮力效应使其叠置于它的上方;在春季,表层热含量和表征台湾暖流的底层盐含量的同步提加,提高了密度跃层的强度,是中层冷水得以维持的重要因素。中层冷水核心的温度与其对应冬季表层温度间的相关分析及三维流场的数值模拟结果揭示,研究海区中层冷水的来源为:(1)当地冬季表层水(南下黄海表层水与东海表层水的混合水)冷却对流;(2)几种水组成的浙闽沿岸水于冬季下沉和向东伸展。     

卫星高光谱数据反演南沙岛礁区海域浅海水深和光学参数

利用卫星高光谱数据反演南海岛礁区浅海地形无疑具有重要意义,它不依赖于常规水深测量数据,可获得较高反演精度,同时可获得海底反射率和海水光学参数。本文利用美国NASA EO-1卫星装载的高光谱成像仪Hyperion数据,以及Z P Lee提出的半分析模型和高光谱优化算法HOPE,反演南沙岛礁海域的浅海水深、海底反射率和固有光学参数。收集了覆盖南沙海域12个岛礁区9幅2007—2011年Hyperion L1数据,以及有关的水深现场测量资料。反演结果以中洲礁为例,0~15m水深范围,平均百分误差为14%,均方根误差为1.53,相关系数为0.96,0~25m水深范围,平均百分误差为15%,均方根误差为2.68,相关系数为0.93。中洲礁,中业岛,信义礁和双黄沙洲4个岛礁区浅海水深反演的平均百分误差为14%。研究结果证明,半分析模型和HOPE算法用于南中国海岛礁区浅海水深及光学参数测量效果良好,并可推广应用于在轨运行的中国HJ-1A卫星HSI高光谱数据及其他将投入运行的卫星高光谱数据。     

深海吸力锚水平极限承载力研究

深海吸力锚基础的极限承载能力是海洋工程锚固系统的一个关键问题。基于Coulomb摩擦接触对原理,给出一种模拟吸力锚承载能力的有限元模型。在该数值模型基础上,利用通用有限元分析软件ABAQUS,研究系泊点位置、吸力锚长径比对极限承载力的影响,并给出深海吸力锚失稳模式。结果表明,系泊点位置极大地影响着吸力锚的极限承载力与稳定性,系泊点位置的变化会导致吸力锚出现前倾转动、平移滑动和后仰转动失稳模式,同时吸力锚失稳模式受长径比的影响。为工程实际和理论分析提供了技术支持和理论指导。     

Recent changes in the Labrador Sea Water within the Deep Western Boundary Current southeast of Cape Cod

Water properties measured by the central mooring in the Line W mooring array southeast of Cape Cod document a large character shift during the period of November 2001 to April 2008. The observed temperature, salinity and planetary potential vorticity (PPV) anomalies manifest changes in the formation region of the water masses present at Station W, specifically upper Labrador Sea Water (uLSW), deep Labrador Sea Water (dLSW) and Overflow Water (OW). During the observation period, the minimum in the PPV anomaly field relative to the record mean PPV profile migrated from 1500 m, where it was originally found, to 700 m. Temporal changes in the vertical distribution of temperature and salinity were correlated with the PPV changes. This suggests a dLSW-dominated first half of the record versus an uLSW-dominated second half. The structure of these anomalies is consistent with observations within the Labrador Sea, and their transit time to Line W agrees well with tracer-derived times for signals spreading along the western boundary. In that context, the observed water properties at Line W in the early 2000s reflected the intense deep convection in the Labrador Sea in the mid-1990s, with less intense convection subsequently affecting lighter isopycnals. The observed velocity field is dominated by high-frequency (periods of days to months) fluctuations, however, a fraction of the velocity variability is correlated with changes in water mass properties, and indicate a gradual acceleration of the southwestward flow, with a corresponding increase in Deep Western Boundary Current transport.