滇西宝兴厂喜山期复式岩体锆石标型特征及成因意义

文章运用Pupin的锆石群型研究方法,对滇西宝兴厂喜马拉雅期复式岩体中锆石的鉴定和统计,研究表明,本区复式岩体中的锆石有18种亚型,主要由{100}、{110}柱面和{111}、{311}锥面组成,其中柱面以{100}特优发育,锥面以{111}最为发育;众所周知,温度、酸性、碱性程度等对晶形的发育影响很大,本次研究锆石结晶速度较快,结晶温度较低,且在偏碱性的环境下形成的。锆石的结晶标型显示本区复式岩体是以壳源为主的壳幔混合成因的花岗岩,具有富水、富碱、富含成矿物质的特征,成为有利成矿的岩浆系统。     

西藏冈底斯造山带几乎同时形成的两套埃达克岩为什么一套含矿一套不含矿？

野外地质调查结合锆石U-Pb年龄测定和岩石化学成分分析,发现西藏冈底斯碰撞造山带晚中新世发育两套埃达克岩.一套呈NS向岩墙产出,锫石U-Pb-LAICP-MS年龄为15.6～16.8 Ma,地球化学上以富Na2O、贫K2O、Sr/Y比值高为特点,不含矿;另一套呈岩株产出,锆石 U-Pb SHRIMP 年龄为14.0～15.3 Ma,地球化学上以富K2O、贫NaO、Sr/Y比值低为特点,伴随着大规模的斑岩型铜钼矿化.两套埃达克岩都高度富集大离子不相容元素(LILE)Rb、Ba、Th、U、K、Sr、Pb,强烈亏损高场强元素(HFSE)Nb、Ta、Ti,反映出俯冲组分对岩浆源区的明显影响,具备岛弧岩浆作用的基本特征.比较而言,含矿埃达克岩更富集Rb、Th、U、K、Pb,而不含矿埃达克岩更富集Sr;不含矿埃达克岩的高场强元素Nb、Ta、Ti亏损更加强烈,Zr、Hf相对富集.两套埃达克岩都是形成于碰撞后地壳伸展的同一地球动力学背景下,其岩石地球化学差异主要与岩浆源区有关.研究表明,含矿埃达克岩的岩浆源区较浅,位于下地壳底部,参与岩浆作用的俯冲组分以沉积物熔体为主,岩浆的氧化性较强,并且经历了更多的分异过程.不含矿埃达克岩的岩浆源区较深,位于岩石圈地幔上部,参与源区岩浆作用的俯冲组分主要是板片流体,岩浆氧化性较低,岩浆分异过程较少.两套埃达克岩含矿与不含矿的原因包含了源区物质组成和岩浆生成条件两方面的差异.     

岩浆储库的活化：以浙江西部马头石英二长岩为例

东南沿海地区发育大量早白垩世晚期到晚白垩世早期的碱性岩, 主要为石英正长岩和石英二长岩。然而, 这些岩石的成因一直都存在争议。为了明确这些岩石的成因, 本论文选择了浙江西部的马头岩体进行研究, 分析了其中石英二长岩全岩主微量元素组成和矿物相特征, 并结合锆石U-Pb年代学、锆石Hf同位素、锆石微量元素、磷灰石微量元素和斜长石电子探针等技术对其进行了详细研究。锆石U-Pb定年结果显示, 马头岩体形成于100±1Ma, 属于早白垩世晚期岩浆活动产物。野外观察发现, 马头岩体中发育大量的闪长质暗色包体。马头石英二长岩中的锆石ε_Hf(t)(-10.4~-0.4)变化极大, 表明其是由古老陆壳来源的酸性岩浆与地幔来源基性岩浆混合所形成。马头岩体中的锆石结构十分复杂, 在CL图像上普遍显示出黑色的核部、白色的幔部以及黑色的边部。最早期的黑色锆石核部具有相对高的Th、U、Hf含量, 变化较大的Eu/Eu^*(0.5~0)、Zr/Hf (40~70)和Th/U比值、Ti含量, 表明它们结晶自地壳中的演化程度较高的低温且结晶度较高的硅质岩浆储库。白色的幔部锆石具有低的Th、U、Hf含量, Eu/Eu^*比值相对较高(0.15~0.37), 表明由于基性岩浆的注入导致先存岩浆储库发生活化和熔融, 使得岩浆储库内温度升高且熔体比例增加, 而随着矿物进一步结晶, 晶体间隙之中的熔体演化程度升高, 其中结晶了最晚期的具有高U和Hf含量、低Eu/Eu^*和Zr/Hf的黑色锆石边部。斜长石电子探针数据表明, 随着斜长石斑晶的结晶, 岩浆储库经历了晶体-熔体分离过程, 导致活化后储库内的熔体从富钙向富钠演化, 最终结晶形成了细粒状的石英和钠长石。石英二长岩中的磷灰石具有较低的Sr含量(113×10^-6~417×10^-6), 较高的U、Y、轻稀土和较低的重稀土含量, 表明先存岩浆储库在经历活化之后, 也经历了斜长石、榍石和磷灰石等矿物的分离结晶。锆石记录了岩浆储库的活化和熔融过程, 而斜长石和磷灰石等矿物仅记录了岩浆储库活化后的晶体-熔体分离和熔体抽离过程。因此, 马头石英二长岩表明其代表岩浆储库活化后经历了熔体抽离的残余岩浆储库, 与之同时形成的高硅流纹岩(或高硅花岗岩)是从岩浆储库中抽离出的富硅熔体。最后, 我们研究表明岩浆储库在大部分时间内处于低温、低熔体比例的状态, 基性岩浆的注入使得先存岩浆储库经历了活化和熔融, 这是浅部地壳岩浆储库能再次经历晶体-熔体分离和火山喷发的关键因素。

     

云南澜沧老厂花岗斑岩中锆石标型特征及地质意义

运用Pupin的锆石标型研究方法,通过对锆石晶形的鉴定和统计来探讨云南省澜沧老厂花岗斑岩的成因信息。研究表明,本区花岗斑岩中的锆石有20种亚型,主要由{110}、{100}柱面和{101}、{211}锥面构成,其中柱面以{110}最为发育,锥面{101}和{211}都发育,但{101}较{211}更为发育;T.E.T曲线比较短,且主要分布在演化趋势图的右上角,表明锆石主要在低温过碱环境中形成,结晶速度较快,结晶温度范围750～600℃。锆石的结晶标型显示,本区隐伏花岗斑岩是以壳源为主的壳幔源混合成因的花岗斑岩。     

东天山七角井-巴里坤地区辉绿岩脉年代学及岩石成因

新疆东天山七角井-巴里坤一带石炭系中广泛发育辉绿岩脉, 具有相对较高的Al2O3和MgO, 低TiO2, 贫P2O5及K2O的地球化学特征;岩石轻稀土富集、重稀土相对亏损的右倾型稀土模式, Cs、K等大离子亲石元素富集而Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf等高场强元素明显亏损, 微量元素配分曲线, 均一的SiO2含量和大离子亲石元素丰度的不显著波动等地球化学特征以及接近于软流圈地幔与岩石圈地幔界面温度的岩浆形成温度, 暗示岩浆来源于受流体/熔体交代的富集岩石圈地幔;较高的Mg#(0.64～0.67), 较低的Ce/Y(1.55～1.79)和Dy/Yb(1.97～2.02)以及La/Sm-La图解等表明其原始岩浆可能为石榴子石橄榄岩较高程度部分熔融的产物, 分异演化程度较低;Zr、Hf、Y等稳定元素及判别图解指示岩石形成于板内环境;对辉绿岩中锆石进行LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年, 获得(314.7±1.5)Ma的形成年龄, 表明从晚石炭世开始, 博格达造山带已转变为伸展环境。     

小秦岭金矿含金石英脉中黄铁矿晶体的表面微形貌研究

利用微分干涉显微镜、扫描电镜、透射电镜等对小秦岭金矿含金石英脉中黄铁矿晶体的表面微形貌进行了研究。黄铁矿晶体的{210}面上发育自由生长层，表明{210}面是F面，其生长机理受二维成核层生长所制约。除简单的五角十二面体外，其他形态黄铁矿晶体的{210}面上也发育有自由生长层。{210}面上的正条纹有些是由{100}面上生长层的边缘台阶在{210}面上叠堆形成，另一些正条纹则是{210}面上生长层边缘台阶堆叠的产物。透射电镜和电子衍射花样研究表明，负条纹黄铁矿晶体是由30～50nm大小的核团经自动定向附生作用形成，每个核团不是单晶体，而是由许多早先在溶液中形成的小微晶聚合而成。这些特征表明负条纹黄铁矿晶体是在溶液过饱和度极高和温度梯度小的理想环境中形成，它的形成与杂质无关。PBC理论和唐纳-哈克定律能较好地解释自然界中黄铁矿晶体{100}面上普遍发育自由生长层、而{210}面上自由生长层极为罕见的原因。除日本释迦内矿区黑矿之上的浮岩凝灰岩中产生出负条纹黄铁矿晶体外，在石英脉型金矿床中也有负条纹黄铁矿晶体产出。     

秦皇岛茹各庄火山碎屑岩地球化学、锆石U-Pb定年、Hf同位素组成及其地质意义

冀东秦皇岛地区位于华北板块东部,广泛发育中生代火山岩,为进一步研究该地区中生代岩浆作用的构造背景及其运动机制,本文对秦皇岛茹各庄流纹质晶屑凝灰岩开展了LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年代学,Hf同位素组成以及全岩主量、微量元素测试分析。研究结果显示：锆石具有清晰的环带结构,Th/U值为0.37～0.83,为岩浆锆石,测年结果为(113±1)Ma;岩石具高硅(平均质量分数为75.95%)、富碱(平均质量分数为8.47%)、明显贫钙(平均质量分数为0.39%)的特点;岩石中富集高场强元素(Th、U、Ce、Nd、Zr、Hf),亏损大离子亲石元素(Ba、Sr、P、Ti),稀土元素配分型式为微弱右倾型,δEu强负异常(0.02～0.30),暗示斜长石大量晶出;岩浆在演化过程中伴随磷灰石、钛铁矿等矿物晶出,Nb/Ta值接近陆壳,暗示岩石具地壳岩石特征;锆石Hf同位素组成和演化说明该岩石的岩浆源区为古元古代晚期—中元古代中期华北板块古老下地壳幔源岩浆底侵热源引起部分熔融的产物。研究结果表明茹各庄流纹质晶屑凝灰岩为早白垩世岩浆活动的产物,形成于古太平洋板块俯冲后撤而驱动的板内拉张环境。     

壳幔作用导致武平花岗岩形成——Sr-Nd-Hf-U-Pb同位素证据

岩石学、元素地球化学和Sr—Nd—Hf-U—Pb同位素的综合研究显示,武平花岗质杂岩体是由形成时代和成因不同的黑云母花岗岩和含石榴子石花岗岩组成。LA—ICPMS锆石U—Ph定年指示前者形成于161.4Ma,后者形成于113Ma。黑云母花岗岩以中等富集大多数不相容元素和中等轻重稀土分异为特征,岩石具有低的^87Sr／^86Sr初始比值（〈0.710）和高的εNd（t）值（-2．6～-5．7）。结合与附近基底变质岩的同位素对比,论文指出黑云母花岗岩岩浆是由元古代基底变质岩部分熔融产生的熔体与幔源岩浆的强烈混合形成．不均匀的锆石Hf同位素组成（εHf（t）=-3．6～-10.8）支持了这种混合成因模式。含石榴子石花岗岩以富Si、Al、Na、K、Nh、Ta、Y和HREE而贫P、Sr、Ba、LREE、Zr和Hf含量为特征,它们具有低的（La／Yb）n,Zr／Hf、Nb／Ta比值和高的Rh／Sr比值,显示了强烈的以斜长石为主的分异特征;它们的^87Sr／^86Sr初始比值大于0.710,εNd（t）=-7．1,锆石的Hf同位素较低且相对均匀（εHf（t）平均值为-9．7）,表明岩浆没有受到明显的地幔组分混染。结合它们高的HREE含量,论文指出它们的母岩浆很可能是由早期熔融事件的富石榴子石残留相再次熔融形成．因此,南岭地区中生代花岗岩的地球化学差异很可能反映了岩浆形成过程中壳幔作用的强弱。     

挥发份对高硅岩浆演化趋势的制约:以东南沿海白垩纪晚期花岗岩类岩石为例SCIEI北大核心CSCD

东南沿海分布大面积的白垩纪晚期侵入岩。这些岩石可分为两期:其中115~100Ma以钙碱性系列岩石为主,岩石组合为辉长岩-闪长岩-花岗闪长岩-二长花岗岩-碱性长石花岗岩;而100~86Ma的岩石为碱性系列,岩石组合为石英二长斑岩-正长斑岩-碱性长石花岗岩。115~100Ma的辉长岩以角闪辉长岩为主,具有极高的CaO、MgO和Al_(2)O_(3)含量,具有极低的SiO_(2)(42.9%~53.8%)、全碱(K_(2)O+Na_(2)O:0.86%~5.28%)、Ba、Nb、Th、Rb和Zr含量,也具有极低的FeO^(T)/MgO、La/Yb和Zr/Hf比值,较高的Eu/Eu^(*)、Sr/Y比值和Sr含量,为基性-超基性堆晶岩。与辉长岩同期的闪长岩和细粒暗色包体具有较高的SiO_(2)(50.34%~63.68%),较低的CaO、P_(2)O_(5)、MgO、Al_(2)O_(3)含量,相对低的Eu/Eu^(*)和Sr/Y比值,变化较大的La/Yb和Zr/Hf比值,代表了从基性岩浆储库中抽取的富硅熔体。115~100Ma的花岗闪长岩和二长花岗岩类岩石为准铝质岩石,SiO_(2)含量变化较大(61.7%~75.3%),具有较低的FeO^(T)/MgO、Ga/Al比值和Nb、Zr及Nb+Zr+Ce+Y元素含量,显示出典型I型花岗岩的特征。这些花岗岩具有相对高的La/Yb、Eu/Eu^(*)和Zr/Hf比值和高的Sr、Ba和Zr含量。结合岩相学特征,这些花岗岩为堆晶花岗岩。而115~100Ma的碱性长石花岗岩具有极高的SiO_(2)含量(大于75%),低的Eu/Eu^(*)、La/Yb、Zr/Hf和Sr/Y比值,具有低的Ba、Sr和Zr含量和高的Rb、Nb、Y和Th含量和Rb/Sr比值,表明这些花岗岩是由富硅岩浆储库中抽离的高硅熔体侵入地壳形成。100~86Ma期间形成的二长斑岩和正长斑岩具有极高的全碱含量,可以达到8%~12%,其SiO_(2)主要集中在60%~70%,具有极高的Zr、Sr和Ba含量和Eu/Eu^(*)、La/Yb和Sr/Y比值,显示出堆晶花岗岩的特征。而100~86Ma期间形成的大部分碱性长石花岗岩具有极高的SiO_(2)含量(大于75%),并显示出A型花岗岩的特征,具有高的Rb/Sr比值和高的Rb、Y和Th和低的Ba、Sr含量和低的Zr/Hf、La/Yb、Eu/Eu^(*)和Sr/Y比值,表明它们是由富硅岩浆储库抽离的高硅熔体侵入浅部地壳形成。东南沿海高硅花岗岩的形成和穿地壳岩浆系统密切相关,高硅花岗岩是由浅部地壳内晶体-熔体分异产生的熔体侵入地壳所形成,而高硅花岗岩的地球化学特征与岩浆储库的水及挥发份含量密切相关。115~100Ma期间,从富水的岩浆储库抽离的熔体形成具有低高场强元素含量和低Rb/Sr比值的高硅花岗岩,这一过程与古太平洋板块俯冲有关;100~86Ma期间,从富挥发份的岩浆储库抽离的熔体形成碱性特征、富含高场强元素和具有高的Rb/Sr比值的高硅花岗岩,这一过程和古太平洋板块回撤软流圈上涌有关。     

赣南淘锡坑锡矿床中锡石晶体形态学和地球化学研究

本文对淘锡坑锡矿床的含矿石英脉中的锡石晶体开展了晶体形态学和地球化学的系统研究。按晶面组合特征,淘锡坑锡矿床中的锡石可分为三种类型:由{111}锥面+{110}柱面共2个单形构成的A型锡石、由{111}锥面+{110}柱面+{100}柱面共3个单形构成的B型锡石和由{111}锥面+{101}锥面+{110}柱面+{100}柱面共4个单形构成的C型锡石。综合各种锡石晶型与结晶条件的资料分析,本文推测A型、B型锡石的结晶温度高于C型锡石的。本文首次利用电子探针分析仪对锡石进行阴极发光（CL）成像观测,发现淘锡坑锡矿床中的锡石经历了两期结晶作用:早期锡石以CL荧光亮度较小（黑色——暗灰色）为特征,边缘有明显的溶蚀痕迹,常见典型的韵律振荡构造和砂钟构造,其晶面组合特征显示了早期锡石属于A型或B型锡石;晚期锡石以CL荧光亮度较大（白色——浅灰色）为特征,往往沿着早期锡石的溶蚀边界面充填生长,一般不显示韵律振荡构造和砂钟构造,其晶面组合特征显示了晚期锡石属于C型锡石。电子探针分析显示,淘锡坑锡矿床中锡石的FeO、Ta₂O₅含量较高,指示其形成于高温热液环境;HfO₂含量较高,Zr/Hf比值较低,说明成矿热液来源于高度分异的花岗质岩浆。两期锡石的FeO含量和In₂O₃含量的对比结果显示,早期锡石相对富FeO而贫In₂O₃,反映了早期锡石的结晶温度和压力均高于晚期锡石的,故两期锡石的结晶作用分别与淘锡坑矿床的两期岩浆热液成矿作用相关。     

锆石形态标型特征及标型生长机制探讨

本文在系统总结归纳不同研究者对锆石形态标型特征的研究成果基础上，重点从晶体生长、晶体化学和地球化学理论为重点探讨了锆石形态标型特征的生长机制。研究表明：锆石晶体结构中不同的面网方向，其平面内的原子组成、比例、化学键联结和键力以及面网间距和密度都是有差别的，由此决定了锆石晶体在不同的结晶介质条件下，不同面网的生长速度发生改变，生成相应的晶形。例如，尽管碱性元素并不进入锆石晶格，但它们可以影响Ｚｒ、Ｓｉ、Ｏ离子的扩散速度，但是富钾和富钠的介质对锆石晶形发育的影响是有差别的，表现为：在富钾的介质中，将导致柱面的法向生长速度较锥面快得多，而锥面中，｛１１１｝的法向生长又较｛３１１｝快，由此决定了形成以｛３１１｝锥为主的双锥状晶体；在富钠的介质中，柱面和锥面都有一定程度的发育，但前者弱于后者，而柱面中，｛１００｝的法向生长较｛１１０｝慢，由此决定了形成以｛１００｝柱和｛１１１｝锥为主的短柱锥状晶体。根据类似方法，论证了其它形态标型特征的客观性，从而揭示了标型之间的内在联系和本质，展示了花岗岩研究中锆石形态标型特征应用推广的前景，也可为单颗粒锆石定年研究提供更多的分析应用价值     

Factors controlling the development of prism faces in granite zircons: a microprobe study

Based on microprobe work, we present arguments that the size relations of the two common prisms {100} and {110} of accessory granite zircons are strongly influenced by chemical factors. Magmatic growth zoning patterns, which we have studied by means of backscattered electron imaging in special zircon sections orientated perpendicular to the c-axis, do not support previous models which assumed temperature or the degree of ZrSiO₄ supersaturation to be the primary prism-form-directing factors. The element U, which usually occupies the Zr-sites of granite zircoms to some degree, is strongly suspected of producing an (adsorptive) growth-blocking effect for {110}-type faces thus creating crystals with {110}-dominated prism morphology. A second independent mechanism that is likely to form zircons with large {110} prisms is the common substitution Zr⁴⁺+Si⁴⁺ versus Y(REE) and P contents (relative to Zr) are, according to our model, predestinated to produce zircons with large {100} prisms and vice versa.Dedicated to Prof. Günther Frasl on the occasion of his seventieth birthday     

黄铁矿成因形态学

在1981—1986年野外工作的基础上,作者对胶东三县四个金矿床黄铁矿晶体形态进行了系统研究,对其中2495粒晶体进行了统计,对300粒晶体进行了测角,对60粒晶体进行了微形貌观察。根据以上实际工作及国内外有关资料提出了黄铁矿晶休常见单形出现频率的定量资料与晶体微形貌的特点,特别是{210}面上负条纹的特征与成因探讨。并讨论了黄铁矿晶体形态与分带性,与形成温度,与主、微量成分,与共生组合及与矿化等的关系。查明黄铁矿形态及其晶面微形貌的发育与硫逸度、温度、冷却速度等密切相关。在以上基础上提出了胶东四个金矿床中蚀变岩型金矿及石英脉型金矿两种成因类型黄铁矿形态特征上的五点差异。最后对黄铁矿研究方法要点进行了总结。     

New Zr–Hf Geothermometer for Magmatic Zircons

A geothermometer equation \(T = \frac{{1531}} {{\ln K_d + 0.883}}\), where \(K_{\dot d} = \frac{{X_{Zr}^S X_{Hf}^m }} {{X_{Zr}^m X_{Hf}^s }}\) [X _j ⁱ is the concentration (in ppm) of component i in phase j] is the Zr and Hf distribution coefficient between melt and zircon, and T is temperature in K, was derived by thermodynamic processing of literature experimental data on Zr and Hf distribution between acid melts (m) and zircon (s) and on the solubility of zircon and hafnon in the melts with variable silica content. In calculations with this equations, we assumed the Zr concentration in zircon to be constant: 480000 ppm. It is shown that the commonly observed increase in Hf concentration from the cores to margins of magmatic zircon crystals is caused by the fractional crystallization of zircon. For differentiated acid magmatic series, the initial crystallization temperature of zircon in the least silicic cumulates should be evaluated using the cores of large zircon grains with the highest Zr/Hf ratio. Application of the geothermometer for mafic and intermediate rocks may be hampered due to simultaneous crystallization of zircon with some other ore and mafic minerals relatively enriched in Zr and Hf. The newly derived geothermometer has some advantages over other indicators of the crystallization temperature of magmatic zircon based on the zircon saturation index (Watson and Harrison, 1983; Boehnke et al., 2013) and on Ti concentration in this mineral (Ferry and Watson, 2007) as it does not depend on the major-oxide melt composition and on the accuracy of the estimated SiO₂ and TiO₂ activities in the melts. Calculations of the Zr and Hf fractionation trends in the course of zircon crystallization in granitoid melts allow one to evaluate the temperature at which more evolved melt portions were segregated.     

Systematics of internal zircon morphology in major Variscan granitoid types

The internal morphologies of zircon crystals from different types of granitoids (alkaline, calcalkaline and anatectic) are revealed by cathodoluminescence imaging and are described in terms of growth rates of the crystal faces relative to each other. Zircons in the alkaline granitoids are characterized by high and constant growth rates of {010} relative to the pyramidal forms and by symmetric grwoth of {011}. Zircons in the calcalkaline and anatectic granitoids are characterized by fluctuating or gradually decreasing relative growth rates of {010}, by asymmetric and highly variable growth of {011}, and by a tendency of {110} to become grwoth-inhibited. Corrosion events are interspersed during zircon growth in the calcalkaline magmas. In the calcalkaline and anatectic magmas, a discontinuity breaks the morphological evolution at late stages of crystallization. The discontinuity coincides with a sharp drop in cathodoluminescence. The growth behaviour of each crystal form is analysed and compared with predictions made by the periodic bond chain (PBC) theory. It is argued that the relative growth rate of {010} depends on supersaturation, that the growth rates of {011} faces are changed in response to different ratios of adsorbing cations (Na, K, Al), and that {110} faces become growth-inhibited by the adsorption of H₂O or trace elements enriched in the residual liquid. Morphological and chemical discontinuities at late stages of crystallization are reasonably explained by the formation of larger growth units (from smaller ionic entities) in the residual liquid. Important factors controlling the zircon morphology in different types of granitoids are: high cooling rates (alkaline magmas), magma mixing (calcalkaline magmas), enrichment of H₂O and trace elements in residual liquids (calcalkaline and anatectic magmas), and the major element chemistry of the magma, possibly the ratio of Na and K to Al (agpaicity).     

Influence of lysozyme on the precipitation of calcium carbonate: a kinetic and morphologic study

Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain the interactions between proteins and mineral surfaces, among them a combination of electrostatic, stereochemical interactions and molecular recognition between the protein and the crystal surface. To identify the mechanisms of interaction in the lysozyme-calcium carbonate model system, the effect of this protein on the precipitation kinetics and morphology of calcite crystals was examined. The solution chemistry and morphology of the solid were monitored over time in a set of time-series free-drift experiments in which CaCO₃ was precipitated from solution in a closed system at 25°C and 1 atm total pressure, in the presence and absence of lysozyme. The precipitation of calcite was preceded by the precipitation of a metastable phase that later dissolved and gave rise to calcite as the sole phase. With increasing lysozyme concentration, the nucleation of both the metastable phase and calcite occurred at lower Ω_calcite, indicating that lysozyme favored the nucleation of both phases. Calcite growth rate was not affected by the presence of lysozyme, at least at protein concentrations ranging from 0 mg/mL to 10 mg/mL.Lysozyme modified the habit of calcite crystals. The degree of habit modification changed with protein concentration. At lower concentrations of lysozyme, the typical rhombohedral habit of calcite crystals was modified by the expression of {110} faces, which resulted from the preferential adsorption of protein on these faces. With increasing lysozyme concentration, the growth of {110}, {100}, and finally {001} faces was sequentially inhibited. This adsorption sequence may be explained by an electrostatic interaction between lysozyme and calcite, in which the inhibition of the growth of {110}, {100}, and {001} faces could be explained by a combined effect of the density of carbonate groups in the calcite face and the specific orientation (perpendicular) of these carbonate groups with respect to the calcite surface. Overgrowth of calcite in the presence of lysozyme demonstrated that the protein favored and controlled the nucleation on the calcite substrate. Overgrowth crystals nucleated epitaxially in lines which run diagonal to rhombohedral {104} faces.     

On the kinematics of zircon growth and its petrogenetic significance: a cathodoluminescence study

The relative growth rates of zircon crystal faces are recorded by growth zoning, which is recognizable in cathodoluminescence photographs of oriented crystal sections. The kinematics of zircon growth is graphically presented by the slopes of Grabahnen between crystal sectors. The relative velocities of advance of crystal faces correlate to the pattern of growth zoning. Widely spaced zoning, interrupted by surfaces of dissolution, on the one hand, and narrowly spaced uninterrupted oscillatory zoning, on the other hand, are interpreted as markers of low and high zircon-supersaturation of the melt, respectively. The following model is deduced from this correlation. The prism {110} is that crystal form, the growth rate of which reacts most sensitively to the zircon-supersaturation of the melt. The growthrate of the steep pyramid {211} is not primarily controlled by zircon-supersaturation. Instead, the growth of {211} is delayed by the adsorption of foreign atoms on its faces. The kinematics of zircon growth in anatectic, plutonic and meta-rhyolitic host rocks in the pre-Mesozoic basement of the Tauern Window (Eastern Alps) is explained by this model. Results show that the kinematics of zircon growth carry a much greater petrogenetic significance than has been previously suggested for the final shape of crystals alone.     

Evolution of zircon deformation mechanisms in a shear zone (Lanzo massif,Western-Alps)

Magmatic zircons within two sheared gabbroic dykes from the peridotitic massif of Lanzo (Western-Alps, Italy) revealed evolution of deformation from crystal plasticity to rigid body rotation during shear zone evolution. This is the first time that multiple zircon grains have been analysed in a kinematic context in a shear zone. Zircon grains recorded crystal plastic deformation activating the commonly inferred <100>{001} and <001>{100} glide-systems to the newly identified <001>{110} glide-system. The exact selection of glide-system could be dependant of deformation conditions such as pressure, temperature, and strain rate. Moreover, the activation of one or several glide-systems within a single grain could be favoured by the primary orientation of the grains combined with a high strain rate. In these sheared gabbros, the deformation mechanisms evolve from plastic deformation at low strain rate conditions to increase strain, strain softening and localisation of deformation. The progressive shear zone development and the softening of the matrix relative to the zircon has lead to a switch from crystal-plasticity to rigid body rotation of zircon. The zircon grains rigid body rotation involved that their long axes became parallel to the lineation of the shear zone, causing reorientation and dispersion of the misorientation axes away from kinematic Y.