江苏灌河口湿地景观生态规划:可持续发展的方案

灌河是江苏省除长江外唯一的未在入海口建闸的河流,上通盐河、京杭运河和淮河,腹地广大,灌河河口段可满足万吨轮航运条件,有巨大的开发价值。在分析研究灌河口湿地资源、环境与景观生态特征的基础上,利用景观生态学中景观生态规划的方法和原理,提出了建立景观生态保护区,开发河海牧场、生态农业和生态旅游资源,加快中等港口群和临港产业区建设并举的景观生态规划方案,通过灌河口湿地一体化开发、保护和管理的示范作用,带动整个流域的经济与生态环境保护的协调发展。     

中国南方传统聚落景观区划及其利用价值

聚落文化景观是文化景观研究的最有效的切入点。由于中国南方地区较为多样化的地理环境和文化背景,传统聚落景观的多样化特点比北方地区表现得更为鲜明。不同地方环境与文化背景下的南方传统聚落景观,表现出较为明显的地域分异和景观意象差异,从而划分出识别性较强的8个聚落景观区和40个景观亚区。8个聚落景观区为:Ⅰ.江浙水乡聚落景观区;Ⅱ.皖赣徽商聚落景观区;Ⅲ.闽粤赣边客家聚落景观区;Ⅳ.浙南闽台沿海丘陵聚落景观区;Ⅴ.岭南广府聚落景观区;Ⅵ.湘鄂赣平原山地聚落景观区;Ⅶ.云贵高原及桂西北多民族聚落景观区;Ⅷ.四川盆地及周边巴蜀聚落景观区。南方传统聚落景观区的保护与利用价值主要表现在其独特的遗产价值、科学价值、美学价值及旅游价值。     

景观敏感度的理论及其应用意义

1. 中国科学院东北地理与农业生态研究所, 长春130012; 2. 中国科学院研究生院, 北京100039     

基于RS和GIS的九龙江河口湿地景观变化驱动力研究

利用1986年和2000年遥感影像作为基本信息源,在RS和GIS技术的支持下,建立湿地空间数据库。运用景观生态学原理,选取反应景观空间结构和景观异质性的指数,对九龙江河口湿地景观空间格局的变化情况及其驱动力进行了分析。结果显示,1986-2000年,湿地景观发生子较大变化,人为因子是九龙江河口湿地景观变化的直接驱动力,自然因子以不同强度和方式影响湿地景观的演化。     

文化遗址的景观敏感度评价及可持续利用--以新疆塔什库尔干石头城为例

文化遗址景观是人类社会所共同拥有的文化和文明延续的载体,是我国重要的文化景观类型,也是重要的景观资源。文化遗址景观的脆弱性一直是关系到遗址景观保护与持续利用方式的关键因素。本文以石头城为案例,以文化遗址景观敏感度研究为出发点,在对景观生态敏感度、景观视觉敏感度和景观建筑及其环境敏感度评价的基础上,对遗址景观敏感度进行综合评价。以敏感度评价为基础,探讨基于敏感度的遗址可持续利用对策。     

福建洛阳江口红树林湿地及其周边地区景观变化研究

利用"3S"技术,对福建洛阳江口红树林湿地及周边地区1993年、2001年、2003年和2006年遥感影像进行了动态分析.将研究区的景观类型划分为红树林、米草(Spartina)地、滩涂、水域、建设及交通用地、其他林地与农田7类;分析各类型景观格局特征和动态变化以及各景观类型间的转化.结果表明,4个时期的红树林面积发生明显变化,与1993年相比,2006年红树林的面积增加了5倍,达到145.08 hm2;红树林的空间分布范围也在不断向南延伸,红树林空间质心变化由早期向西北偏移变为后期向东南偏移.4个时期中,研究区红树林的平均斑块面积在2001年最小(0.34 hm2),而斑块数(58)、破碎度(0.000 291)、分离度(223.15)、斑块形状指数(20.67)、分维数(1.50)都在2001年达到最大,红树林在2001年破碎化现象最明显,分布零散,斑块形状最复杂.2001年,研究区其他6种景观类型的连续性和整体性较差,这与研究区附近城乡建设和经济发展有关.滩涂与其他林地的动态度在2003～2006年间最大;红树林、米草地、建设及交通用地以及农田的动态度在2001～2003年间最大,这主要与城乡建设以及红树林湿地恢复和外来入侵物种防治工作有关.在其他林地、建设及交通用地和农田的面积转化中,建设及交通用地面积在1993～2006年间增加了1 526.17 hm2.     

黄海南部海门近岸牡蛎礁发育的物质基础与环境背景

中国的现代牡蛎礁多发育在河口,但位于黄海南部的海门市近岸牡蛎礁却发育在非河口地区。利用对岩芯和剖面进行的岩相、粒度、硅藻及¹⁴C年代等因子的分析测试数据,对黄海南部的海门市近岸牡蛎礁的发育场所和环境背景进行了探讨。结果发现,该地在距今5630年左右发生了一次重要的沉积环境变化,由之前的潮间带环境转变为之后的河口砂坝或者受河口影响的潮流砂脊相环境,形成了适宜牡蛎生长和牡蛎礁发育的条件。尽管牡蛎礁现在出露在粉沙淤泥质潮滩上,但是其发育的基底不是粉砂淤泥质潮滩,而是河口砂坝或者受河口影响的潮流砂脊。黏土矿物特征还显示出,海门牡蛎礁的发育还与长江口的影响密切相关。     

景观敏感度与阀值评价研究

景观敏戚度是景观被注意到的程度的量度,景观阀值是景观对外界干扰的抵御能力的量度,它们是风景旅游区景观保护规划的基本依据。以南太行山峡谷景观为例,文章探讨了景观敏感度和景观阀值的评价原理与方法,以及基于达两项评价的景观保护规划。     

山东南部景观生态特征研究

以地貌和基质为基本线索,以植被为标志,建立了山东南部的景观生态分类系统。该系统为二级分类系统,包括７个景观型、１７个景观亚型。以景观亚型或景观亚型的组合为基本制图单位,以１：１００万土壤图为基础底图,参考多种比例尺的卫星照片、植被图、土地利用图、地貌图等,编制了山东南部１：１００万景观生态类型图;在景观生态类型图上量算了各景观亚型的面积,并且分析了山东南部主要景观型的生态问题,据此提出了相应的生态对策。     

兰州市南北两山生态建设效应的遥感监测

利用1999年Landsat ETM+、2005年Landsat TM卫星影像和2009年“环境与灾害监测预报小卫星”影像提取兰州南北两山地区三期土地利用数据,将景观生态学的理论与兰州南北两山环境绿化工程的实际相结合,运用GIS分析、景观指数计算及数理统计等多种方法,对兰州南北两山地区1999—2009年的土地利用与景观格局动态变化进行分析。结果表明,10 a来兰州南北两山的土地利用变化主要表现为林地和建设用地的增加,草地和农田的减少;景观格局趋于破碎化,多样性增大,景观结构趋于多样化和均匀化。驱动力分析表明,人类活动和政策因素是导致该区土地利用和景观格局变化的主要原因。     

Sequence morphodynamics at an emergent barrier island, middle Atlantic coast of North America

The southern Delmarva Peninsula is located along the middle Atlantic Coastal Plain of the United States. The axial highland of the peninsula formed in four stages of Pleistocene spit progradation. The landward shoreline of the peninsula is on the Chesapeake Bay. The seaside shoreline of the peninsula is on the Atlantic Ocean. The coast of the peninsula is composed of five landscape sections described as a headland, a left-hand spit, a right-hand spit, a wave-dominated barrier island, and tide-dominated barrier islands.Fisherman Island is a barrier island located at the southern end of the southern Delmarva Peninsula. The landscape features on Fisherman Island do not illustrate a direct linkage to (1) the sediment dispersion from the Delaware headland or (2) the influence of local antecedent topography. The island has a bipolar progradational history that is normal to the axis of the southerly sediment dispersion pattern from the Delmarva headlands.During the late Holocene, sea-level rise flooded the low-elevation land at the distal end of the southern Delmarva Peninsula. The submerged area formed a shallow platform in the entrance to the Chesapeake Bay. Two sediment dispersion tracts affected the development of this area. On the ocean side of the peninsula, sediment moved southward along the lower shoreface to the Chesapeake Bay entrance. On the west side of the peninsula, southerly moving bay currents also dispersed sediment to the entrance of the bay. The two tracts converged on the northern side of the bay entrance forming a broad sand shoal. Wave diffraction and refraction around the margins of the shoal “swept” sediment into linear sand bars that migrated back toward the peninsula.By the middle of the 19th century, the fusion of sand bars on the shoal surface produced a permanent nucleus for island development. Wave refraction caused wave crests to “wrap around” the island core producing separate easterly and westerly components of shore aggradation. The westerly aggradational history is recorded in closely spaced sets of beach ridges. The easterly aggradational history is recorded in broadly spaced hammocks.     

Steady, balanced rates of uplift and erosion of the Santa Monica Mountains, California

Topographic change in regions of active deformation is a function of rates of uplift and denudation. The rate of topographic development and change of an actively uplifting mountain range, the Santa Monica Mountains, southern California, was assessed using landscape attributes of the present topography, uplift rates and denudation rates. Landscape features were characterized through analysis of a digital elevation model (DEM). Uplift rates at time scales ranging from 10⁴ to 10⁶ years were constrained with geological cross-sections and published estimates. Denudation rate was determined from sediment yield data from debris basins in southern California and from the relief of rivers set into geomorphic surfaces of known age. First-order morphology of the Santa Monica Mountains is set by large-scale along-strike variations in structural geometry. Drainage spacing, drainage geometry and to a lesser extent relief are controlled by bedrock strength. Dissection of the range flanks and position of the principal drainage divide are modulated by structural asymmetry and differences in structural relief across the range. Topographic and catchment-scale relief are ≈300–900 m. Mean denudation rate derived from the sediment yield data and river incision is 0.5±0.3 mm yr^?1. Uplift rate across the south flank of the range is ≈0.5±0.4 mm yr^?1 and across the north flank is 0.24±0.12 mm yr^?1. At least 1.6–2.7 Myr is required to create either the present topographic or the catchment-scale relief based on either the mean rates of denudation or uplift. Although the landscape has had sufficient time to achieve a steady-state form, comparison of the time-scale of uplift and denudation rate variation with probable landscape response times implies the present topography does not represent the steady-state form.     

Infill of a structurally controlled estuary: An example from southern Whanganui Inlet, New Zealand

Abstract:  Whanganui Inlet, South Island, New Zealand, is a structurally controlled estuary where most of the accommodation space has been occupied by sediment and expanses of mud/sand flats are exposed at low tide. A flood-tide delta extends 1.5 km from the entrance; however, both a mud basin and surfical fluvial deltas are absent from the inlet. Sedimentological and foraminiferal analysis of vibrocores from the inlet's southern half indicates that the intertidal flats accreted close to modern elevations soon after sea level flooding. The present surfical morphology of Whanganui Inlet therefore appears to be inherited from sedimentation that took place soon after sea level stabilized, with little deposition now occurring on the intertidal flats.     

乌鲁木齐景观生态功能区划及生态调控研究

乌鲁木齐作为中国西部发展较快的特大城市，城市生态环境问题日趋明显。对城市生态环境的研究，有利于充分认识城市发展与环境保护这对矛盾的生态学实质，在对乌鲁木齐城市生态环境调查的基础上，总结了乌鲁木齐城市生态环境的特征，根据综合整体、地域分异、景观异质、功能结构、城市发展、环境容载等景观生态学和城市生态学原则，划分了乌鲁木齐城市区域景观生态功能区，包括城市建设及中心区，城市生态平衡与开发区和城市生态保护及后备区，据此，对乌鲁木齐城市生态调控提出了初步建议，包括环境控制工程，生物控制工程、景观生态建设和生态管理调控。     

浅谈湿地观鸟园景观设计思路——以丹东市鸭绿江口湿地观鸟园为例

在观鸟旅游的迅速发展下,湿地观鸟园建设已成为湿地景观的一个重要组成部分。结合丹东市鸭绿江口湿地观鸟园实际情况,对设计原则和园区规划等方面进行了系统分析,采用综合比较的方法总结湿地观鸟园的设计思路,并对湿地观鸟园中存在的若干问题提出了一些建议,希望能够为我国湿地观鸟园的建设提供理论依据。     

浙江自然地理环境与采石文化的关系

浙江是石材大省,采石文化源远流长,近年来陆续发现多个古代采石遗迹。浙江采石文化是在浙江特有的地质、地貌、水系、气候等自然地理要素的综合作用下产生和发展起来的。浙江的地质条件是区域采石文化发生和发展的前提条件。“七山一水二分田”的地貌格局对采石文化的产生和发展具有重要影响。山地丘陵本身就是潜在的采石场所,蕴藏着丰富的石材资源,平原中的孤丘、平原与山地丘陵过渡地带以及盆地边缘地带常常分布有采石场,而特殊的河口地貌、漫长曲折的海岸线和数量众多的岛屿都会在一定程度上对采石文化产生影响。纵横交错的水系为石材的运输提供了便捷,有利于采石文化的传播,而河流水利工程的建设也会对采石文化产生一定的影响。特殊的沿海气候条件也会对采石文化产生一定的影响。采石文化对自然地理环境会产生一定的反作用,影响并且改变当地的地貌、水文、植被等自然地理环境要素。人类的采石活动对自然地理环境的改变主要是通过采石场景观的形成和石材的使用两条途径来实现的。     

辽河三角洲湿地景观格局对养分去除功能影响的模拟

以辽河三角洲湿地净化的空间模型为基础，研究了不同景观空间格局对养分去除功能的影响。根据辽河三角洲的实际情况及研究需要，设计了4个系列的实验测试图：灌渠密度、苇田面积大小、苇田缩减格局和泵站位置。结果表明，每个因子对总养分去除率的影响不超过10％。开挖更多的灌渠对提高养分去除效果没有太大意义，而小面积的苇田效果反而更好。在不同的苇田分布格局中，以集中式分布最有利于保持较高的养分去除效率，泵站位置也以靠近苇田边缘为佳。     

The manifestations of the Holocene Little Climatic Optimum in the southern Far East

An analysis is made of the changes in biotic components of landscapes during the Holocene Little Climatic Optimum on the island and mainland shores of the southern Far East which manifested themselves in all landscape zones. Some paleoclimatic parameters and the shift of landscape zones have been assessed.     

南沙群岛景观的类型和演化

南沙群岛景观分５种类型：礁丘热带海洋生物繁生景观，环礁带海洋生物繁生景观，灰沙岛热带常绿刮灌林磷积石灰土景观，大陆架热带海海海洋生物繁生景观，深海热带大洋性和深海性海洋生物景观，这５种景观归纳为两类，一类为热带海洋景观，包括浅海和深海；另一类为热带珊瑚礁景观，下分礁丘，环礁和灰沙岛３种，南沙群岛景观类型分布和演化与古地理和现代化环境条件有关。     

云南南部城市化对生态系统服务的生物多样性保护的影响（英文）

Urbanization can profoundly influence the ecosystem service for biodiversity conservation. However, few studies have investigated this effect, which is significant for maintaining regional sustainable development. We take the rapidly developing, mountainous and biodiversity hotspot region, Jinghong, in southern Yunnan Province as the case study. An integrated ecosystem service model(PANDORA) is used to evaluate this regional BESV(ecosystem service value for biodiversity conservation). The modeled BESV is sensitive to landscape connectivity changes. From the 1970 s to 2010, regional urban lands increased from 18.64 km2 to 36.81 km2, while the BESV decreased from $6.08 million year-1 to $5.32 million year-1. Along with distance gradients from the city center to the fringe, BESV varies as an approximate hump-shaped pattern. Because correlation analysis reveals a stronger influence of landscape composition on spatial BESV estimates than the landscape configuration does, we conclude that the projected urban expansion will accelerate the BESV reduction. Of the projected urban land, 95% will show a decreasing BESV trend by approximately $2 m-2 year-1. To prevent this, we recommend compact urban planning for the mountainous city.