In-Situ Measurements of Cloud-Precipitation Microphysics in the East Asian Monsoon Region Since 1960

A large number of in-situ measurements of cloud-precipitation microphysical properties have been made since 1960, including measurements of particle size distribution, particle concentration, and liquid water content of clouds and rain. These measurements have contributed to considerable progress in understanding microphysical processes in clouds and precipitation and significant improvements in parameterizations of cloud microphysics in numerical models. This work reviews key findings regarding cloud-precipitation microphysics over China. The total number concentrations of various particles vary significantly, with certain characteristic spatial scales. The size distributions of cloud droplets in stratiform clouds can generally be fit with gamma distributions, but the fit parameters cover a wide range. Raindrop size distributions(RSDs)associated with stratiform clouds can be fit with either exponential or gamma distributions, while RSDs associated with convective or mixed stratiform-cumuliform clouds are best fit with gamma distributions.Concentrations of ice nuclei(IN) over China are higher than those observed over other regions, and increase exponentially as temperature decreases. The particle size distributions of ice crystals, snow crystals, and hailstones sampled at a variety of locations can be reliably approximated by using exponential distributions,while aerosol particle size distributions are best described as the sum of a modified gamma distribution and a Junge power-law distribution. These results are helpful for evaluating and improving the fidelity of physical processes and hydrometeor fields simulated by microphysical parameterizations. The comprehensive summary and analysis of previous work presented here also provide useful guidelines for the design of future observational programs.     

Application of aircraft observations over Beijing in cloud microphysical property retrievals from CloudSat

Cloud microphysical property retrievals from the active microwave instrument on a satellite require the cloud droplet size distribution obtained from aircraft observations as a priori data in the iteration procedure.The cloud lognormal size distributions derived from 12 flights over Beijing,China,in 2008-09 were characterized to evaluate and improve regional CloudSat cloud water content retrievals.We present the distribution parameters of stratiform cloud droplet （diameter ＜500 tm and ＜1500 μm） and discuss the effect of large particles on distribution parameter fitting.Based on three retrieval schemes with different lognormal size distribution parameters,the vertical distribution of cloud liquid and ice water content were derived and then compared with the aircraft observations.The results showed that the liquid water content （LWC） retrievals from large particle size distributions were more consistent with the vertical distribution of cloud water content profiles derived from in situ data on 25 September 2006.We then applied two schemes with different a priori data derived from flight data to CloudSat overpasses in northern China during April-October in 2008 and 2009.The CloudSat cloud water path （CWP） retrievals were compared with Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer （MODIS） liquid water path （LWP） data.The results indicated that considering a priori data including large particle size information can significantly improve the consistency between the CloudSat CWP and MODIS CWP.These results strongly suggest that it is necessary to consider particles with diameters greater than 50 tm in CloudSat LWC retrievals.     

回流天气系统层状云的非均匀性

利用一次回流天气过程的PMS资料,从微物理结构上对回流天气系统层状云的不均匀性进行了分析,发现飞机在进入较强降水云带时,云物理量(液水含量、云滴浓度、云滴平均直径,温度)等会产生剧烈变化,表现为液水含量跃增、云滴浓度快速增大、云滴谱谱宽拓宽、温度下降等,在同一较强云带中,温度变化不大并且比周围低,较强降水云带冰晶含量丰富,自然催化较好。     

山西夏季层积云降水微物理特征分析

利用Droplet Measureinent TeehnologY（DMT）资料,分析了山西2008年7月17日降水性层积云的云微物理结构,通过对云中粒子浓度、直径、二维图像以及谱型分布变化,并结合宏观记录特征,详细分析了飞机上升和下降阶段云系的垂直结构特征。结果表明：飞机上升阶段云系为高积云,飞机下降阶段云系为高积云一层积云结构,Cloud Droplet Probe（CDP）和Cloud Imaging Probe（CIP）测得粒子浓度偏大,最大浓度分别为236em。和9．74cm^-3。层积云云中微物理量水平分布特征具有明显的不均匀性。上升阶段降水的雨滴主要是冰粒子融化形成的,冷云过程占主导地位,在0℃层附近存在明显的融化层亮带。下降阶段降水机制为高积云冷云过程和层积云暖云过程相结合。     

二维粒子形状分类技术在云微物理特征分析中的应用

本文介绍了一种针对飞机粒子探测系统中云二维图像探头开发的二维粒子形状分类技术。该技术利用粒子形状几何参数特征把云粒子分为8种类型,分别为微小状、线形状、聚合状、霰状、球状、六角形状、不规则状和枝状。同时结合冰水质量关系,给出了探头液水含量和冰水含量的计算方法。最后应用该技术对2006年4月6日一次飞机探测获取的数据进行了云微物理结构分析,聚合状、霰状、六角形状、不规则状的总出现频率为78%,其中霰状粒子的出现频率随着温度的降低而增加。非降水云中的液水含量、液滴粒子浓度、冰晶浓度明显小于降水云,非降水云中液水含量的平均值为0.01 g m-3,冰水含量的平均值0.007 g m-3,冰晶粒子浓度的平均值为11.9 L-1。     

Observational Evidence of High Ice Concentration in a Shallow Convective Cloud Embedded in Stratiform Cloud over North China

In this study we observed the microphysical properties, including the vertical and horizontal distributions of ice particles,liquid water content and ice habit, in different regions of a slightly supercooled stratiform cloud. Using aircraft instrument and radar data, the cloud top temperature was recorded as higher than -15℃, behind a cold front, on 9 September 2015 in North China. During the flight sampling, the high ice number concentration area was located in the supercooled part of a shallow convective cloud embedded in a stratiform cloud, where the ambient temperature was around -3℃. In this area,the maximum number concentrations of particles with diameter greater than 100 μm and 500 μm(N_(100) and N_(500)) exceeded 300 L~(-1) and 30 L~(-1), respectively, and were related to large supercooled water droplets with diameter greater than 24 μm derived from cloud–aerosol spectrometer probe measurements. The ice particles types in this region were predominantly columnar, needle, graupel, and some freezing drops, suggesting that the occurrence of high ice number concentrations was likely related to the Hallett–Mossop mechanism, although many other ice multiplication processes cannot be totally ruled out.The maximum ice number concentration obtained during the first penetration was around two to three orders of magnitude larger than that predicted by the Demott and Fletcher schemes when assuming the cloud top temperature was around-15℃.During the second penetration conducted within the stratiform cloud, N_(100) and N_(500) decreased by a factor of five to ten, and the presence of columnar and needle-like crystals became very rare.     

改进的Holroyd云粒子形状识别方法及其应用

云降水粒子形状是影响云微物理过程的重要因素,准确的云粒子形状信息是诸多云微物理参量计算的前提。为获取机载云粒子成像仪（CIP）所测云粒子的形状信息,文中提出了一种改进的Holroyd云粒子形状识别方法,即先对云粒子形状进行预分类,然后针对预分类后的完整粒子和可识别的部分状粒子,分别选出合适的参数及其阈值再进行具体的分类,最终可将云粒子分为微小状、线形状、聚合状、霰、球形、板状、不规则和枝状。利用实测数据对原始的Holroyd方法和改进的Holroyd方法进行识别效果对比验证。结果表明改进的Holroyd方法在云粒子形状识别的准确度方面比原Holroyd方法有较大的提高。将所提方法应用于太原地区一次降水性层状云的云微物理飞机观测资料以分析不同的降水阶段云中冰晶粒子的形状分布、增长机制、冰晶粒子数浓度以及冰水含量的垂直分布特征,所获取的云中冰晶粒子属性表明新提出方法有助于云微物理分析。      

太行山东麓层状云微物理特征的飞机观测研究

本文利用“太行山东麓人工增雨防雹作业技术试验”的飞机和地面雷达观测数据,重点研究分析了2018年5月21日一次典型西风槽天气系统影响下的层状云微物理特征。结果表明,?5°C层的过冷水含量低于0.05 g m?3,冰粒子数浓度量级101～102 L?1。冰粒子数浓度高值区主要以针状和柱状冰晶为主。这可能低层是Hallett-Mossop机制和其他冰晶繁生机制共同作用下所产生的冰晶碎片在冰面过饱和条件下凝华增长所形成的。冰粒子数浓度低值区的冰晶形状基本以片状或枝状为主。?5°C层的冰雪晶增长主要以凝华和聚并增长为主,凇附过程很弱。零度层附近云水含量峰值区的液态水占比达到70%以上。云水含量峰值区的粒子主要以直径10～50 μm的云滴为主,伴随着少量聚合状冰晶。零度层其他区域的过冷水含量维持在0.05 g m?3左右,冰晶形态主要以聚合状、凇附状及霰粒子为主。液水层则主要以球形液滴及半融化状态的冰粒子为主。垂直探测表明:零度层以上的冰雪晶数浓度呈现随高度递增的趋势。在发展稳定的层状云内,混合层的过冷水含量很低,冰粒子主要通过凝华和聚并过程增长,云体冰晶化程度较高。而在发展较为旺盛的层状云区里过冷水含量也较高,大量液滴的存在也表明混合层冰-液相之间的转化不充分。不同温度层的粒子谱显示,冷水含量高值区的冰粒子平均浓度比过冷水低值区高,但平均直径比过冷水低值区小。     

Retrieving microphysical properties and air motion of cirrus clouds based on the doppler moments method using cloud radar

Radar parameters including radar reflectivity,Doppler velocity,and Doppler spectrum width were obtained from Doppler spectrum moments.The Doppler spectrum moment is the convolution of both the particle spectrum and the mean air vertical motion.Unlike strong precipitation,the motion of particles in cirrus clouds is quite close to the air motion around them.In this study,a method of Doppler moments was developed and used to retrieve cirrus cloud microphysical properties such as the mean air vertical velocity,mass-weighted diameter,effective particle size,and ice content.Ice content values were retrieved using both the Doppler spectrum method and classic Z-IWC(radar reflectivity-ice water content) relationships;however,the former is a more reasonable method.     

Optical properties of a vertically inhomogeneous mid-latitude mid-level mixed-phase altocumulus in the infrared region

A vertically inhomogeneous mid-latitude mixed-phase altocumulus cloud was observed around 17:26 UTC on Oct. 14, 2001 during the 9th Cloud Layer Experiment (CLEX9). In this study the microphysical and optical properties of this cloud are investigated on the basis of in-situ observed vertical profiles of particle size and habit distributions. Two cloud models, assuming that the cloud properties were vertically homogeneous and inhomogeneous, are adopted to derive the bulk optical and radiative properties of this cloud. The observed microphysical properties are combined with the theoretical solutions to the scattering and absorption properties of individual cloud particles to determine the bulk optical properties at various heights within the cloud layer. The single-scattering properties of spherical liquid water droplets and nonspherical ice crystals are obtained from the Lorenz–Mie theory and an existing database, respectively. The bulk microphysical and optical properties associated with the inhomogeneous model depend strongly on the height above the cloud-base whereas the dependence is smoothed out in the case of the homogeneous model. Furthermore, the transfer of infrared radiation is simulated in conjunction with the two cloud models. It is shown that the brightness temperatures at the top of the atmosphere in the case of the homogeneous model can be 1.5% (3.8 K) higher than their counterpart associated with the inhomogeneous cloud model. This result demonstrates that the effect of the vertical inhomogeneity of a mixed-phase cloud on its radiative properties is not negligible.     

青海东北部春季系统性降水高层云系微物理结构分析

利用1977－1979年5－6月青海东北部系统性降水高层的云滴谱飞机观测资料，统计分析了该云系云滴群体特征量及微物理结构特点。云特征量的滴浓度，含水量，平均直径，最大直径随高度的分布表明，降水高层云系垂直微结构配置或云水凝物相态可划分为4个不同发展分层，在海拔约5.0km高度上存在一活跃增长层可能是高层发生降水的一个重要特征层，同时分析了云液态含水量随云温的分布特征及与降水的关系。     

Idealized simulation of the Colorado hailstorm case: comparison of bulk and detailed microphysics

One of the purposes of the Fourth Cloud Modeling Workshop was to compare different microphysical treatments. In this paper, the results of a widely used bulk treatment and five versions of a detailed microphysical model are presented. Sensitivity analysis was made to investigate the effect of bulk parametrization, ice initiation technique, CCN concentration and collision efficiency of rimed ice crystal–drop collision. The results show that: (i) The mixing ratios of different species of hydrometeors calculated by bulk and one of the detailed models show some similarity. However, the processes of hail/graupel formation are different in the bulk and the detailed models. (ii) Using different ice initiation in the detailed models' different processes became important in the hail and graupel formation. (iii) In the case of higher CCN concentration, the mixing ratio of liquid water, hail and graupel were more sensitive to the value of collision efficiency of rimed ice crystal–drop collision. (iv) The Bergeron–Findeisen process does not work in the updraft core of a convective cloud. The vapor content was always over water saturation; moreover, the supersaturation gradually increased after the appearance of precipitation ice particles.     

1960年以来东亚季风区云-降水微物理的直接观测研究

云-降水的直接观测结果是云微物理参数化的重要依据。自1960年以来,处于东亚季风影响下的中国实施了大量对云-降水微物理参数的观测和研究,旨在加深对云-降水微物理过程的认识,从而改进数值模式中云微物理参数化方案和指导人工影响天气作业。云-降水微物理参数包括气溶胶、冰核、云滴、雨滴、冰晶、雪晶、冰雹等粒子浓度和谱分布,以及云滴、雨滴含水量等。中国已有云-降水微物理参数的成果可归纳为:(1)通常云-降水微物理粒子浓度变化较大,但总体变化有一定的范围;(2)采用Γ函数拟合云滴谱更接近实际谱,但不同拟合谱参数差异较大;(3)可用指数函数和Γ函数来拟合层状云降水雨滴谱,Γ函数拟合积云和层积混合云降水雨滴谱精度更高;(4)中国冰核浓度较高,冰核浓度随温度的降低近似成指数变化;(5)冰晶谱、雪晶谱、冰雹谱通常采用指数函数来描述;(6)通常使用荣格(Junge)和Γ函数来分段描述气溶胶粒子谱拟合误差更小。由于云-降水过程及其反馈作用描述不准确是数值模式预报结果不确定性的最大因素,中国正在不断地推进云降水的微物理观测研究,以期进一步加深对东亚季风区云-降水微物理特征的认识,从而为模式中微物理参数化方案的改进提供观测依据和科学指导。基于数值预报模式中云微物理过程参数化发展的需要,总结了中国1960年以来云-降水微物理直接观测的研究成果,可为东亚地区云-降水微物理研究及其模式参数化方案的改进提供观测依据。此外,针对云微物理参化发展的需求,结合过去已有的大量观测提出了几点建议,为今后云-降水物理综合性观测方案的设计提供参考。     

山西夏季层积云降水微物理特征分析

利用Droplet Measurement Technology(DMT)资料,分析了山西2008年7月17日降水性层积云的云微物理结构,通过对云中粒子浓度、平均直径、二维图像以及谱型分布变化,并结合宏观记录特征,详细分析了飞机上升和下降阶段云系的垂直结构特征。结果表明,飞机上升阶段云系为高积云,下降阶段云系为高积云—层积云结构,云粒子探头(Cloud Droplet Probe,CDP)和云粒子图像探头(Cloud Imaging Probe,CIP)测得粒子浓度偏大,最大浓度分别为236cm-3和9.74cm-3。层积云云中微物理量水平分布特征具有明显的不均匀性。飞机上升阶段降水的雨滴主要是冰粒子融化形成的,冷云过程占主导地位,在0℃层附近存在明显的融化层亮带。飞机下降阶段降水机制为高积云冷云过程和层积云暖云过程相结合。     

山西一次降雪云物理特征的飞机观测研究

通过飞机直接进入降雪云进行探测,并配合MICPAS（气象信息综合分析处理系统）、雷达和卫星等资料,对2011年11月29日山西一次降雪云宏、微观结构特征进行分析。研究发现:本次降雪过程的雷达回波以10～20 dBZ大片层状云回波为主,镶嵌了超过30 dBZ的块状强回波,雷达径向速度零线呈较强的“S”型弯曲,出现“牛眼”结构,从低层到高层有较强的风垂直切变。液态水含量主要位于3.2 km以下,最大值为0.0697 g m?3,N₅₀（粒子直径大于50 μm的冰雪晶数浓度）、N₂₀₀（粒子直径大于200 μm的冰雪晶数浓度）和冰水含量主要产生于层积混合降雪云的上部,极大值出现在?9.3°C附近,分别为188.4 L?1、33.5 L?1和0.121 g m?3。?14.4°C～?19.7°C冰晶图像以针状、柱状和不规则状为主,以冰晶的凝华增长为主。?9.3°C附近冰雪晶图像以辐枝状、不规则状为主,辐枝状冰晶的聚并碰撞和折裂繁生可能是造成此处冰雪晶高浓度的主要原因。利用指数形式能较好地拟合冰雪晶谱分布,谱拟合参数可以用幂函数N_os=1.021λ1.684表示（其中,N_os、λ分别表示截距和斜率,N_os越大表示小粒子数浓度越大,λ越大表示小粒子数浓度占总粒子数浓度比例越高）,相关系数R2为0.86。3.2 km以下存在三次逆温,逆温层的出现使云微物理特征量和拟合参数N_os减小,抑制了云内凇附增长和凝华增长,导致本次观测谱拟合参数N_os、λ随温度的变化规律与以往的观测不一致,逆温强度越大抑制作用越大。     

华北秋季一次低槽冷锋积层混合云宏微物理特征与催化响应分析

利用2013年10月13日机载粒子测量系统（PMS）在张家口涞源地区对积层混合云中上部进行的增雨探测数据,分析了云的垂直微物理结构、云区的可播性和作业前后液态云粒子、冰晶及降水粒子的微物理变化。结果表明,此次降水性积层混合云的垂直结构由冷、暖两层云配置,云层发展厚实,冷云区云粒子浓度平均为62 cm-3,液态水含量最大0.05 g/m3;2DC和2DP探测的冰晶及降水粒子平均浓度分别为1.9和2.2 L-1;暖云内云粒子数浓度集中在300 cm-3左右,液态水含量约0.1 g/m3。探测区域云粒子数浓度的水平分布不均匀。利用云内过冷水含量和冰晶浓度等参数判断,该降水性积层混合云的播撒作业层具有强可播性。对比作业前后云中粒子浓度及平均直径发现,云粒子在作业前时段内的平均浓度为31 cm-3,远高于作业后平均浓度（17.6 cm-3）;但平均直径变化不大。作业后冰晶粒子通过贝吉龙过程消耗过冷水长大,浓度由之前的0.86 L-1增至4.27 L-1,平均直径也增至550 μm。冰晶粒子逐渐长大形成降水,降水粒子浓度也相应有所升高,谱明显变宽。      

华北一次积层混合云微物理和降水特征的数值模拟与飞机观测对比研究

为考察云数值模式中的云物理方案和对实例云物理和降水过程的模拟能力, 本文将中尺度数值模式(WRF)模拟的华北地区一次积层混合云的微物理结构特征、降水过程与国家科技支撑计划重点项目环北京地区三架飞机联合云探测实验数据以及雷达、地面降水观测数据进行了深入的比较和验证研究。结果表明:WRF 模式能够较好地模拟出此次积层混合云的云系演变、雷达回波和降水分布特征。对比结果是:(1)模式模拟的云中液态水浓度(LWC)与飞机观测值具有较好的一致性, 在3℃ 层, 飞机观测的LWC 最大值为0.8 g m-3, 模拟的飞机路径上的LWC 最大值为0.78 g m-3, 两者接近;在－8℃ 层, 飞机观测LWC 最大值为1.5 g m-3, 模拟的飞机路径上的LWC 最大值为1.1 g m-3, 模拟值偏小;在－5℃ 层以下, 模式能够准确模拟云中水凝物的垂直分布, 包括融化层的分布, 模拟的水凝物质量浓度与实测吻合。而对固态水, 在－6～－10℃, 由于模式中雪粒子凇附增长过程较大, 聚合过程发生的高度偏高, 导致模式模拟的固态水凝物质量浓度高于实测值, 说明模式在雪粒子增长过程的处理方面有待进一步改进。(2)在云粒子谱参数方面, 在－8℃ 层, 由于模拟的雪粒子质量浓度偏高, 所以模式计算的粒子谱的截距和斜率都小于飞机观测值, 模拟偏小;在－5℃ 层, 两者比较接近;在3℃ 层, 由于云中小粒子浓度逐渐减少, 所以模式计算的斜率接近观测值, 但是截距大于观测值, 说明模式降水粒子谱参数的描述方案有待改进, 模式中谱形参数μ 不应一直设置为0, 而是应该随着高度变化而变化。     

SACOL站冰云粒子下降末速度的反演及其时空分布特征研究

冰云是影响气候变化最为重要的因子之一,其生命周期的变化在很大程度上决定了冰云的气候辐射效应。冰云粒子下降末速度是影响冰云生命周期的关键参数。为了开展对冰云粒子下降末速度的研究,利用兰州大学半干旱气候与环境监测站Ka波段毫米波云雷达2013年8月至2015年7月连续观测数据,反演了冰云粒子的下降末速度（V_t）,并根据雷达反射率因子（Z）与V_t的关系计算了拟合因子a、b的值;在此基础上应用聚类分析方法,对比分析了4种不同特性冰云Z、V_t和拟合因子a、b的时、空分布特征,进而尝试通过参数垂直分布特征识别研究云中不同位置上云微物理过程的变化。结果表明:冰云粒子下降末速度的分布与雷达反射率因子有很好的对应,最大频率都出现在距离地面约7 km高度处,且具有显著的季节变化,粒子下降末速度在暖季较冷季可增大25%,峰值出现在6月和9月;云层较厚且持续时间长的第一、三类冰云,其雷达反射率因子、粒子下降末速度及拟合因子a和b的平均值都显著大于云层较薄且持续时间短的第二、四类云。垂直方向上,Z、V_t和拟合因子b从云顶到云底随着高度的降低呈现先增大后减小的趋势,体现了云粒子在云顶区域成核和水汽凝华效应,随着粒子在下落过程中碰并增长,云滴粒子逐渐增大,水汽的凝华和粒子的聚合起主要作用,最后在云底部分,云粒子蒸发、升华减小消亡的过程。由此表明中纬度干旱半干旱地区冰云是从云顶到云底自上而下的形成过程。      

太赫兹频段雷达探测的冰云微物理参数反演算法模拟研究

在假设冰云粒子呈球形以及粒子谱服从对数正态分布的条件下,利用离散偶极子近似法(DDA),计算出太赫兹频段(220 GHz)冰云粒子的雷达反射率因子,及其与瑞利假设下雷达反射率因子的比值。忽略衰减和多次散射的影响,根据太赫兹波段冰云的雷达反射率因子,基于最优估计理论反演冰云的微物理参数,并验证该算法的可靠性。反演结果表明,当冰云粒子大小在设定的尺度范围内时,有效粒子半径(r_e)的反演误差小于4%,粒子谱宽(σ)的误差小于2.5%、粒子数密度(N_T)的误差小于1%,冰水含量(IWC)的误差小于5%。还分析了当N_T和σ为定值时,反演结果随粒子尺寸的变化情况,当冰云粒子尺寸在模拟计算设定的范围内时,r_e的反演误差小于0.04%,σ的反演误差小于0.02%,N_T的反演误差小于0.50%,IWC的反演误差小于0.08%,如果冰云粒子大小超出模拟计算设置的范围,反演误差随着r_e增加而增大。该结果证明了基于最优估计理论反演得到的冰云微物理参数与模拟设定值有良好的一致性,说明该方法可应用于太赫兹频段云雷达的冰云观测及云微物理参数的反演和研究。