考虑近断层方向性效应及土层非线性影响的场地概率危险性分析

针对一典型砂土场地基于等效线性分析方法,研究了土层对输入近断层地震动脉冲特性的影响。选取两组近断层脉冲和非脉冲地震动对地表加速度反应谱放大系数进行了对比研究。结果表明：基岩非脉冲地震动经过土层的高频滤波作用传至地表后有转换成脉冲地震动的可能;基岩脉冲地震动经土层传播至地表后仍具有脉冲特性,部分含有潜在第二脉冲的地震动由于共振作用会产生附加脉冲。与非脉冲地震动相比,脉冲地震动会引起土层较强的非线性响应,导致加速度反应谱放大系数随基岩加速度值的增大衰减较快;而对于长周期加速度反应谱（3 s）,脉冲地震动引起的放大系数在基岩加速度大于0.1 g时远大于非脉冲地震动引起的放大系数。最后通过回归分析得到场地放大系数方程,建立了一种考虑近断层脉冲特性及土层非线性相互影响的场地概率地震危险性分析方法。     

考虑近断层方向性效应及土层非线性影响的场地概率危险性分析

针对一典型砂土场地基于等效线性分析方法,研究了土层对输入近断层地震动脉冲特性的影响。选取两组近断层脉冲和非脉冲地震动对地表加速度反应谱放大系数进行了对比研究。结果表明：基岩非脉冲地震动经过土层的高频滤波作用传至地表后有转换成脉冲地震动的可能;基岩脉冲地震动经土层传播至地表后仍具有脉冲特性,部分含有潜在第二脉冲的地震动由于共振作用会产生附加脉冲。与非脉冲地震动相比,脉冲地震动会引起土层较强的非线性响应,导致加速度反应谱放大系数随基岩加速度值的增大衰减较快;而对于长周期加速度反应谱（3 s）,脉冲地震动引起的放大系数在基岩加速度大于0.1 g时远大于非脉冲地震动引起的放大系数。最后通过回归分析得到场地放大系数方程,建立了一种考虑近断层脉冲特性及土层非线性相互影响的场地概率地震危险性分析方法。     

瑞利阻尼矩阵对深厚场地地震反应的影响分析

介绍场地时域分析基本理论和几种常见的阻尼矩阵确定方法,并基于有限差分方法,采用实际地震记录,考虑输入地震动强度和频谱特性,分别选择5种不同的瑞利阻尼矩阵形式,比较分析其对深厚场地时域动力反应的影响。结果表明:不同阻尼矩阵对加速度和反应谱均有影响,影响程度和输入地震动的频谱特性有关;当土层基频接近输入地震动卓越频率时,只根据土层基频确定阻尼矩阵是可行的,但当输入地震动卓越频率高于或远高于土层基频时,该方法会严重低估地表加速度峰值和反应谱谱值,时域分析中阻尼的确定应综合考虑土层特性和地震动频谱特性。     

瑞利阻尼对砂土场地非线性地震响应的影响分析

在地震荷载作用下,自由场地会产生土体侧向变形和地表响应放大现象。由于土体的高度非线性,计算自由场地地震响应时,不同的阻尼比及剪切模量取值是造成其计算结果与试验结果相差较大的原因之一。目前动力计算常采用瑞利阻尼方法,其系数取值会在一定程度上影响计算结果。选用两模态简化瑞利阻尼系数计算方法,分析土体阻尼比及控制频率的取值对计算结果的影响,对比离心机模型试验,利用开源有限元平台OpenSees,采用适合于土体动力分析的多屈服面本构模型(PDMY),建立剪切梁模型模拟三维自由场地,并分析瑞利阻尼参数对自由场地地震响应和侧向变形计算结果的影响。结果表明,针对相对密度为60%的Nevada干砂,阻尼比为4%、控制频率比为5时,场地响应计算结果与试验结果较为符合。综合分析显示场地非线性响应时域计算时,应特别注意选用的瑞利阻尼参数值。     

土层地震反应的数值模拟

利用土层地震反应分析的一维模型,系统地讨论了波动数值模拟时域算法的基本概念,首先阐明了模拟上层下卧基岩的精确辐射条件与多次透射公式之间的关系,给出了实现精确辐射条件的简化方法,然后将此边界条件与土层有限元运动方程结合,提出了半无限土层地震反应的一种解耦的有限元算法,本文还进行了这一算法的数值模拟试验,讨论了时域算法较之常用的频域算法的优点,复阻尼和粘性阻尼影响的差异以及研究与复阻尼理论对应的时域,     

黄土高填方场地地震动参数特性分析

削山造地后形成的黄土高填方场地对地震动参数特性影响较大。以实际工程项目为研究对象,构造不同填土高度的计算剖面,采用一维等效线性化方法计算土层地震动参数,分析基岩地震动输入参数和填土高度对场地地表放大效应的影响。研究表明:场地地震放大系数随填土层的高度增加呈递减趋势。在多遇地震动和基本地震动作用下,场地地震放大系数递减速度比罕遇地震动和极罕遇地震动作用下要大。当填土高度达到一定程度后放大效应趋于平稳;填土高度的变化,会改变地表加速度反应谱的形状。填土高度越大,地表反应谱长周期的频谱成分越显著,反应谱曲线向后移,反应谱峰值点均明显向长周期移动,并出现多个峰值点,反应谱特征周期值变大;下伏基岩的刚度越大,地表峰值加速度的放大效应越大。地表加速度反应谱特征值相比变小。当填土高度增大到一定程度时,下伏基岩的种类对地表地震动特性影响则不明显。该研究成果对高填方场地的地震安全评价和结构抗震设计提供参考。     

浅硬场地剪切波速变异性对结构地震输入的影响

场地对地面结构地震动力的输入分析有决定性影响。本文用Shake 2000程序计算并讨论了浅硬场地多工况下剪切波速变化对不同周期结构动力响应的影响,主要结论如下:浅硬场地剪切波速测试标准差对地表加速度反应谱的影响很大,影响程度与输入地震动的强度、频率和剪切波速有关;剪切波速测试标准差对地表加速度反应谱的影响在大多数情况下不可忽略;对于不同周期的结构,剪切波速变化对短周期和1s周期的影响程度与地表加速度反应谱峰值略有不同;场地剪切波速减小对反应谱的影响明显大于波速增大时的影响;浅硬场地波速标准差对短周期的影响基本不可忽略,对1 s周期的影响则可以忽略;随地震动强度增加,剪切波速的减小对反应谱短周期的影响程度加大。     

软弱土层的厚度及埋深对深厚软弱场地地震效应的影响

就软弱土层的埋深和厚度对深厚场地地震动的影响进行了数值分析。场地1、场地2和场地3分别选自南京、盐城和天津。场地1、场地2用于分析软弱表层土的厚度对地表地震动参数的影响：场地1的软弱表层土厚度从2m依次增加到30m，构造了18个土层剖面；场地2的软弱表层土的厚度从2m依次增加到36m，构造了21个土层剖面。场地3用于分析软弱夹层的埋深和厚度对地表地震动参数的影响：软弱夹层的埋深从2m增加到62m，构造了16个剖面；软弱夹层的厚度从2m增加到10m，构造了5个剖面。选用Taft、E1 Centro和Northridge地震记录作为输入地震动，将Taft、El Centro和Northridge地震波加速度时程的峰值水平调整为0．35m／s^2，0．70m／s^2和0．98m／s^2，利用程序SHAKE91对不同的构造剖面、不同的输入地震波及不同的峰值加速度水平，共进行了507种组合的场地地震反应分析。分析表明：对于给定的输入地震动条件，当软弱表层土的厚度超过一定界限值时，地表加速度峰值及放大系数的变化已不很明显；当软弱表层土的厚度超过一定界限值时，加速度放大系数会小于1。也即软弱表层土可起到减震的作用；对于同一场地，输入地震动强度越大，此软表层厚度值越小。对于给定的输入地震动和峰值加速度水平，随着软弱夹层埋深的增加，地表加速度峰值和放大系数入都有减小的趋势，当埋深超过一定值后，地表加速度放大系数小于1．0；软弱夹层厚度对地表加速度峰值的影响与软弱夹层所处位置有关。     

关于土层地震反应分析中阻尼矩阵建模方式的讨论

阻尼矩阵的选择对土层时域内地震反应计算的准确性有重要意义。本文构造了质量比例阻尼、刚度比例阻尼、Rayleigh阻尼、Caughey阻尼和Clough阻尼矩阵,研究各阻尼对土层地震反应分析精度的影响。以苏通大桥5号桥塔基础处的工程场地为例,分别以人工合成基岩波,Northridge波、Parkfield波和汶川波为输入,得到不同阻尼模型下土层的地震反应,结果表明Clough阻尼在计算精度和误差稳定性上要优于其他阻尼模型,针对Clough阻尼的不足之处提出了改进方法,算例表明改进后的Clough阻尼能在保证计算精度的前提下减少计算机的存储量和计算量。     

Morison方程中动水阻力项对桥梁桩柱地震反应的影响

深水桥梁地震反应计算时,当采用Morison公式考虑水的作用时,增加了一个附加惯性项和一个附加阻尼项,其中附加阻尼项是非线性的。由于非线性附加阻尼项的存在,给采用反应谱方法求解桥梁的地震反应带来不便。讨论了非线性阻尼项对一般桥梁桩、墩结构地震反应的贡献,得到的结论是阻尼项的贡献很小,可以忽略。从而水中桥梁地震反应的计算就得到了很大的简化。     

Soil and structure damping from single station measurements

In seismology and seismic engineering soils and structures are modeled as oscillators characterized by modal (resonance) frequencies, shapes and damping. In 1973 Cole proposed the RandomDec technique to estimate both the damping and the fundamental mode of structures from the recorded time series at a single point, with no need for spectral analyses. Here we propose a number of modifications to the original RandomDec approach, that we group under the name DECÓ, which allow to determine the damping as a function of the frequency and therefore the damping of all the vibration modes. However, the motion of structures is so amplified at the resonance frequencies that detecting the characteristic parameters by recording ambient vibrations is relatively easy. More interesting is to apply the DECÓ approach to the soil in the attempt to estimate the mode damping from single station measurements. On soils, the resonance frequencies are normally identified as peaks in the horizontal to vertical spectral ratios of microtremors. However, at these frequencies what is observed is a local minimum in the vertical spectral component, sometimes associated to local maxima in the horizontal components, whose visibility depend on the specific amount of SH and Love waves at the site. The determination of soil damping is therefore a much less trivial task on soils than on structures. By using microtremor and earthquake recordings we estimate the soil damping as a function of shear strain and observe that this is one order of magnitude larger than what is measured in the laboratory on small scale samples, at least at low-intermediate strain levels. This has severe consequences on the numerical seismic site response analyses and on soil dynamic modeling.     

MODAL ANALYSIS OF SOFT-SOIL SITES INCLUDING RADIATION DAMPING

For the one-dimensional analysis of soft-soil layers on an elastic half-space, a general form of analytical solution is developed for converting radiation damping due to energy leaking back to the half-space into equivalent modal damping, allowing the modal analysis technique to be extended to a site where radiation damping has to be accounted for. Closed-form solutions for equivalent modal damping ratios and effective modal participation factors are developed for a single layer with a shear wave velocity distribution varying from constant to linearly increasing with depth. Compact and recursive forms of solutions for equivalent modal damping ratios are developed for a system with an arbitrary number of homogeneous layers on an elastic half-space. Comparisons with numerical solutions show that the modal solutions are accurate. The nominal frequency of a site, i.e. the inverse of four times the total shear wave travel time through the layers, is an important parameter for estimating the high mode frequencies. A parameter study shows that for the same impedance ratio of the bottom layer to the elastic half-space, a system of soil layers with an increasing soil rigidity with depth has, in general, larger peak modal amplifications at the ground surface than does a single homogeneous layer on an elastic half-space, while a system with a decreasing soil rigidity with depth has smaller modal peak amplifications. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

动三轴试验固结时间对动剪切模量比和阻尼比影响的初步分析

动三轴试验是将试样在轴对称的三轴应力下进行固结,在不排水条件下进行的振动试验,同时可测定土样的动剪切模量比和阻尼比。土的动剪切模量比和阻尼比是土动力学特性的2个重要参数,在工程场地地震安全性评价工作和土层地震反应分析中不可缺少。为了减少工期,提高工效,及时而又准确地提交报告,我们结合自己多年的土工试验经验,对可塑状态以上的粘性土试样进行了缩短固结时间的对比试验,并得到理想的试验结果。     

基于混合边界条件的有限单元法GPR正演模拟

从Maxwell方程组出发,推导了探地雷达(GPR)有限元波动方程.阐述了透射边界条件和Sarma边界条件的原理,推导了这两种边界条件的理论公式;通过在衰减层内加入过渡带优化了Sarma边界条件的加载方法,压制了介质区和衰减层交界面处的人为反射.考虑到透射边界条件与Sarma边界条件不同的理论机制,提出了一种结合透射边界条件和Sarma边界条件的混合边界条件,它利用Sarma边界条件对到达边界区域的GPR波能量衰减功能和透射边界对GPR波能量的透射功能,使GPR波经过Sarma边界条件的衰减吸收后,再通过透射边界条件将剩余能量透射出去,集成了二者的优势.并以二维均匀模型中的中心脉冲激励源方式为例,通过Matlab程序实现,以GPR的全波场快照的直观方式,对比了有、无边界条件及不同边界条件对人工截断边界的处理效果,说明了该混合边界条件对到达截断边界处的GPR波的处理优于单一边界条件.最后,以基于混合边界条件的有限单元法对两个典型的GPR地电模型进行了正演模拟,指导了GPR数据处理与工程实践.     

水平分层土层系统等效阻尼比的简化计算方法

在实际工程场地中,很多土层可视为水平分层,各层土的物理和力学性质存在差异,其中包括土的振动阻尼比。本文讨论水平分层土层系统的等效阻尼比的近似计算方法,基于5个不同的加权函数推导了10种等效阻尼比的计算公式。通过2个算例,分别以等效阻尼比为参数计算水平分层土层的地震反应,并与准确解相比较,分析了不同等效阻尼比近似计算方法的计算精度。数值结果表明,若等效阻尼比计算方法选择不恰当,会导致土层地震反应的计算结果出现较大误差。针对2种不同类型的水平分层土层,建议采用基于三角形分布的加权函数来计算土层系统的等效阻尼比。     

Estimation of damping ratio of soil sites using microtremor

It is widely known that the seismic response characteristics of a soil site depends heavily on several key dynamic properties of the soil stratum, such as predominant frequency and damping ratio. A widely used method for estimating the predominant frequency of a soil site by using microtremor records, proposed by Nakamura, is investigated to determine its effectiveness in estimating the damping ratio. The authors conducted some microtremor measurements of soil sites in Hong Kong and found that Nakamura’s method might also be used to estimate the damping ratio of a soil site. Damping ratio data from several typical soil sites were obtained from both Nakamura’s ratio curves using the half power point method and resonant column tests. Regression analysis indicates that there is a strong correlation between the damping ratios derived from these two different approaches. Supported by: Research project (PolyU 5076/97E), of the Department of Civil and Structural Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University     

ESTIMATING MODAL PARAMETERS FOR A SIMPLE SOFT-SOIL SITE HAVING A LINEAR DISTRIBUTION OF SHEAR WAVE VELOCITY WITH DEPTH

Simple approximate expressions are derived for estimating equivalent modal parameters of a single soft-soil layer that has a straight line distribution of shear wave velocities and is on a flexible half space which is more rigid than the overlying soil layer. It is shown that radiation damping from the flexibility of the half space can be converted approximately into an equivalent material damping and that a site of a single soft-soil layer on a flexible half space can be replaced by an equivalent single layer, with the same shear wave velocity distribution, on a rigid bedrock. The implementation for modal analyses and non-linear analyses of the equivalent site under earthquake excitation is discussed.     

Efficient seismic analysis for nonlinear soil-structure interaction with a thick soil layer

The direct finite element method is a type commonly used for nonlinear seismic soil-structure interaction(SSI) analysis. This method introduces a truncated boundary referred to as an artificial boundary meant to divide the soilstructure system into finite and infinite domains. An artificial boundary condition is used on a truncated boundary to achieve seismic input and simulate the wave radiation effect of infinite domain. When the soil layer is particularly thick, especially for a three-dimensional problem, the computational efficiency of seismic SSI analysis is very low due to the large size of the finite element model, which contains an whole thick soil layer. In this paper, an accurate and efficient scheme is developed to solve the nonlinear seismic SSI problem regarding thick soil layers. The process consists of nonlinear site response and SSI analysis. The nonlinear site response analysis is still performed for the whole thick soil layer. The artificial boundary at the bottom of the SSI analysis model is subsequently relocated upward from the bottom of the soil layer(bedrock surface) to the location nearest to the structure as possible. Finally, three types of typical sites and underground structures are adopted with seismic SSI analysis to evaluate the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed efficient analysis scheme.