大巴山前缘五峰组-龙马溪组干酪根碳同位素特征与有机质类型

大巴山前缘五峰组-龙马溪组有机质类型组成存在较大争议。在万源曹家、城口周溪、巫溪田坝、巫溪白鹿和巴东两河口等地区采集代表性样品进行有机碳含量、成熟度和干酪根碳同位素分析。五峰组-龙马溪组δ13C组成分布为-31.1‰~-28.2‰,田坝地区δ13C最轻,两河口地区δ13C最重。大巴山前缘干酪根类型是碳同位素组成的主要控制因素,有机质成熟度和有机碳含量影响较小。当有机质处于高成熟演化阶段,有机碳含量越高,δ13C组成偏轻;有机质处于过成熟演化阶段,有机碳含量越高,δ13C组成偏重,变化幅度小于1.2‰。按照干酪根碳同位素组成划分干酪根类型原则,大巴山前缘五峰组-龙马溪组有机质类型为I型(腐泥型)和Ⅱ1型(腐殖腐泥型)。     

内蒙古西部额济纳旗及邻区石炭系-二叠系烃源岩干酪根C同位素的特征和影响因素

许多研究者认为,烃源岩干酪根C同位素组成主要受干酪根类型的影响,可以作为评价烃源岩类型、沉积环境和进行油气源对比的重要指标,并得到广泛应用.对额济纳旗及邻区典型剖面石炭系-二叠系烃源岩有机碳(TOC)的丰度、地球化学特征、热演化特征和干酪根C同位素分布的研究表明.研究区石炭系-二叠系烃源岩为浅海陆棚相沉积环境形成的泥质岩,TOC含量中等,以Ⅱ类干酪根为主,烃源岩演化进入成熟-过成熟阶段,干酪根C同位素县有显著偏重的特点.并且干酪根C同位素组成明显与热演化程度和有机碳丰度有关,随着烃源岩演化程度的不断提高,重碳同位素不断富集,在成熟-过成熟阶段,对C同位素的影响可达4‰～6‰随着TOC含量的增加,干酪根C同位素显著偏轻,影响值可达4‰以上.由于研究区烃源岩已进入成熟-过成熟阶段,干酪根C同位素的分布在演化过程中已经发生较大变化,干酪根类型的影响相对降低或已不显著,不能再作为评价烃源岩干酪根类型的指标.     

华北北部前寒武纪有机质碳同位素组成特征及其地球化学意义

华北北部中、上元古界岩样干酪根碳同位素组成在-35‰～-26‰之间,前人研究表明,腐泥型干酪根相对富集^12C(δ^13C小于-28‰)。所以,研究区源岩干酪根类型为腐泥型和腐殖-腐泥型。经研究发现研究区泥质岩比碳酸盐岩更富集轻碳同位素,下马岭组有机碳同位素组成也比其它层位轻。长城系串岭沟组、团山子组到大红峪组干酪根碳同位素组成特征与地质历史表现出的随地史的发展变重的趋势相符。但到了高于庄组,碳同位素组成陡然变轻,然后从高于庄组到蓟县系雾迷山组,其干酪根碳同位素组成又变重。而从蓟县系雾迷山组到青白口系下马岭组干酪根碳同位素组成,随着地史的发展,有变轻的反常趋势。     

烷烃碳同位素对页岩含气性的指示意义——以四川盆地及周缘龙马溪组为例

以四川盆地及周缘龙马溪组为例,分析了烷烃碳同位素平面分布特征以及倒转情况,定量研究了烷烃碳同位素值与热演化程度、埋藏深度及含气量之间的关系,并探讨了造成不同区块烷烃碳同位素倒转程度差异的主要原因。结果表明:(1)龙马溪组页岩气组分具有典型的干气特征:CH4含量介于95.32%～99.59%,平均为98.44%;C2H6含量较少,介于0.09%～0.74%,平均为0.52%;C3H8含量普遍很低。(2)烷烃碳同位素表现为自盆地边缘向盆地中心逐渐变轻的特征,δ13C1值介于-36.9‰～-26.7‰,平均为-30.27‰;δ13C2值介于-42.8‰～-31‰,平均为-34.9‰;δ13C3值介于-50.5‰～-33.1‰,平均为-37.28‰。(3)整体上,四川盆地及周缘龙马溪组页岩气烷烃碳同位素具有完全倒转(δ13C1δ13C2δ13C3)的特征,页岩气成藏过程中干酪根裂解气与滞留烃裂解气的混合可能是导致烷烃碳同位素发生倒转的主要原因。(4)同位素定量分馏模型显示滞留烃裂解气在页岩气中的占比多大于60%,指示两种裂解气混合比不同是造成烷烃碳同位素倒转程度差异的主要原因;整体上,随滞留烃裂解气含量的增多,δ13C2值减小,烷烃碳同位素倒转程度增大,页岩的含气量也逐渐增加。     

内蒙古西部额济纳旗及邻区石炭系—二叠系烃源岩干酪根C同位素的特征和影响因素

许多研究者认为,烃源岩干酪根C同位素组成主要受干酪根类型的影响,可以作为评价烃源岩类型、沉积环境和进行油气源对比的重要指标,并得到广泛应用。对额济纳旗及邻区典型剖面石炭系—二叠系烃源岩有机碳(TOC)的丰度、地球化学特征、热演化特征和干酪根C同位素分布的研究表明,研究区石炭系—二叠系烃源岩为浅海陆棚相沉积环境形成的泥质岩,TOC含量中等,以Ⅱ类干酪根为主,烃源岩演化进入成熟-过成熟阶段,干酪根C同位素具有显著偏重的特点。并且干酪根C同位素组成明显与热演化程度和有机碳丰度有关,随着烃源岩演化程度的不断提高,重碳同位素不断富集,在成熟—过成熟阶段,对C同位素的影响可达4‰~6‰。随着TOC含量的增加,干酪根C同位素显著偏轻,影响值可达4‰以上。由于研究区烃源岩已进入成熟—过成熟阶段,干酪根C同位素的分布在演化过程中已经发生较大变化,干酪根类型的影响相对降低或已不显著,不能再作为评价烃源岩干酪根类型的指标。     

北黄海盆地LV井侏罗系烃源岩特征及油源对比

对北黄海盆地LV井中、上侏罗统烃源岩及上侏罗统原油（油砂抽提物）进行常规有机地球化学分析和碳同位素测试,分析研究烃源岩和原油的地球化学特征并探讨原油的来源问题。测试结果显示,侏罗系烃源岩达成熟-高熟阶段,有机质类型以Ⅲ型为主。中侏罗统烃源岩有机碳含量较高,但生烃潜能、氯仿沥青“A”及总烃含量低值,属于差的烃源岩。干酪根碳同位素总体偏重（-24.4‰～-23.5‰）,与原油碳同位素特征（-29‰左右）差异显著,排除与原油的母岩关系。上侏罗统烃源岩有机碳含量较中侏罗统低,但生烃潜能、氯仿沥青“A”及总烃含量高值。上侏罗统烃源岩抽提氯仿沥青“A”碳同位素（-26‰～-21.5‰）特征、单体烃碳同位素分布模式及甾萜烷生物标志物特征都与原油相似,综合分析认为原油应该来源于上侏罗统中干酪根类型较好、母质为混源的成熟烃源岩。     

湘中桃江中奥陶统黑色岩系岩石学地球化学及成因

桃江中奥陶统黑色岩系主要由黑色页岩等七类岩石组成,主要矿物为伊利石、绿泥石、玉髓等。该岩系经历了强的晚期成岩作用。碳同位素(δ~(13)C=-9.35～-20.13‰)等特征表明硫酸盐还原作用形成了富~(12)C的成岩碳酸盐矿物。黑色岩系富Mn、Ba等元素,B-V图解表明它们为海相,V/Cr值表明其形成于还原环境。湘中中奥陶统黑色岩系的空间分布、几何形态等表明其形成与氧最小带有关。     

青海东昆仑大干沟口黑色岩系钒矿床元素地球化学特征

大干沟口钒矿床产于东昆仑中段的一套黑色岩系中,该套黑色岩系主要由泥钙质板岩、碳质硅质板岩、硅质岩、结晶灰岩及碳质板岩组成。其中钒主要赋存于黑色碳质板岩中,其中的w(Pd)/w(Ir)比值在18.01～293.30之间,变化范围较大;w(Co)/w(Zn)比值在0.01～0.12之间,具有明显的热液成因特征。不同岩石类型中w(SiO_2)/w(Al_2O_3)比值在5.61～30.65之间,w(Al_2O_3)/w(Al_2O_3+Fe_2O_3)比值在0.43～0.70之间,显示出远洋深海环境热水或生物沉积作用的特征。泥钙质板岩w(U)/w(Th)=0.41(1),为正常沉积,其余各岩类w(U)/w(Th)比值均大于1,则为热水沉积,特别是钒钼矿层w(U)/w(Th)比值高达97.14,表明成矿过程受到较强的热液活动的影响。含矿层碳质板岩中的δCe=0.44(1),为δCe负异常,表明成矿环境为干燥气候的较深浅海的还原环境。     

华南寒武纪早期牛蹄塘组黑色岩系中Ni-Mo多金属硫化物矿层的Mo同位素组成讨论

华南寒武纪早期牛蹄塘组黑色岩系底部赋存有一层富Ni-Mo多金属元素的硫化物矿层.Lehmann等(2007)报道Ni-Mo矿石的Mo同位素组成十分均一,δ98/95MoMOMO值为-1.24‰±0.10‰;而赋矿围岩黑色页岩的Mo同位素组成变化较大,δ98/95MoMOMO值为-1.82‰～-0.40‰,并认为Mo全部来源于海水.笔者发现,含Mo低的黑色页岩具有Mo含量与Mo同位素组成的正相关关系,可能反映了海水来源Mo(以富重Mo同位素为特征)与页岩中碎屑组分来源Mo(以富轻Mo同位素为特征)两者的混合.Ni-Mo矿石非常均一的Mo同位素组成可能反映了它们的Mo来源既不是海水,也不是碎屑组分,而很可能是第3种来源,即以海底热液占主导.有必要对含矿与不含矿的该套黑色岩系开展更详细的Mo同位素研究,以便进一步确定寒武纪早期海水的Mo同位素组成和Ni-Mo矿层的成因.     

烷基萘分子稳定碳同位素组成演变的热模拟实验及其意义

萘及烷基萘是原油和沉积有机质的重要组成。目前对于烷基萘单体稳定碳同位素组成随有机质成熟作用加深的演变特征鲜见报道。本研究选取松辽盆地杜601井嫩一段低熟黑色泥岩进行热压模拟生烃实验,采用两步柱色谱层析技术分离烷基萘化合物使其达到稳定碳同位素的在线准确测定,从而厘定有机质不同成熟阶段烷基萘单体稳定碳同位素组成分布面貌。实验结果显示,不同模拟实验温度点排出的一甲基萘(MNs)和二甲基萘(DMNs)各异构体具有相对一致的稳定碳同位素值,分别介于–29.5‰~–29.3‰和–30.9‰~–30.5‰之间,这可能与生烃过程中干酪根的非均一性裂解有关;三甲基萘(TMNs)各异构体之间稳定碳同位素值差异较大,介于–36.8‰~–31.1‰之间,这可能与生源效应有关;其中,1,2,5-TMN稳定碳同位素组成偏轻,介于–36.8‰~–35.6‰之间,可能是细菌来源的藿类化合物降解及其芳构化的产物。实验结果表明,随着有机质热演化作用的加深,烷基萘单体稳定碳同位素组成变化介于0.8‰~1.4‰之间,基本在仪器测试误差范围之内,反映成熟作用所导致的烷基萘单体稳定碳同位素动力学分馏较小。因此,烷基萘单体稳定碳同位素组成可以成为油-源和油-油对比的潜在指标。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

HYDROGEOLOGY

正20141756 Chen Ruige(Mathematical College,China University of Geosciences,Beijing100083,China);Zhou Xun Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Level Fluctuation in a Coastal Confined Aquifer with Sloping Initial Groundwater Level Induced by the Tide(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(7),2013,p.1099-1104,6 illus.,16 refs.) Key words:confined water,groundwater level     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20141408 Cai Jia(Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing100037,China);Liu Fulai Petrogenesis and Metamorphic P-T Conditions of Garnet-Spinel-Biotitebearing Paragneiss in Danangou Area,Daqingshan-Wulashan Metamorphic Complex Belt(Acta Petrologica Sinica,ISSN1000-0569,CN11-1922/P,29(7),     

SERIALS

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GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

正20142386An Guoying(China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources,Beijing 100083,China)Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Regional Hydrogeological Investigation:Taking Cenozoic Strata in Wenquan Sheet(1∶250 000)of Karakoram Range as an Example(Geosci-     

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

正20141016An Chengbang(Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China);Zhao Yongtao Lake Records during the Last Glacial Maximum from Xinjiang,NW China and Their Climatic Impli-     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

正20141538 Cao Qing(School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Xi’an Petroleum University,Xi’an 710065,China);Zhao Jingzhou Characteristics and Significance of Fluid Inclusions from Majiagou Formation,Yichuan Huangling Area,Ordos Basin(Advances in Earth Science,ISSN1001-8166,CN62-1091/P,28(7),2013,p.819-828,7 illus.,3 tables,43 refs.)     

GEOCHEMISTRY

正20142002 Wei Hualing(Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Langfang065000,China);Zhou Guohua Element Content and Mineral Compositions in Different Sizes of Soil in Tongling Area,Anhui Province(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(11),2013,p.1861