GIS与ANN整合技术在森林资源蓄积量预测中的应用

基于MO和MATLAB平台,采用地理信息二次开发技术,建立了帽儿山林场老山实验站森林资源蓄积量评估和预测的地理信息系统,该系统整合在GIS平台上整合BP人工神经网络模型,模拟计算老山实验站森林蓄积量。系统具有前后台数据传输功能,并实现了基于GIS的智能分析计算,为森林资源蓄积量的模拟和预测提供了数字化、可视化、智能化方法。     

敦煌湖泊湿地生态系统地表辐射平衡特征

利用2013年干旱环境背景下敦煌湖泊湿地生态系统的辐射数据,分析了该地区的辐射变化特征。结果表明：不同的天气背景,各辐射分量的日变化过程差异较大,晴天变化曲线呈平滑的单峰型,多云天气平滑度不如晴天,阴天、雨天和沙尘天气呈现了不规则的多峰型变化;各季辐射通量的日变化都呈单峰型,但收入量差异较大,极值出现的时间也不相同。向下短波辐射、向上和向下长波辐射、净辐射月总量的变化表现出明显的季节性,夏季 > 春季 > 秋季 > 冬季,向上短波辐射的月总量的季节变化不太明显。各辐射分量日平均值具有明显的季节性,夏、春季较大,秋、冬季较小,最大值出现在6月或7月,最小值出现在12月或1月。生长季的地表反照率要低于非生长季,各季日平均反照率都是早晚高,中午低,呈"U"型。     

我国落叶松林生产力的空间变化特征

落叶松林在我国有着广泛的分布。其空间差异也比较大。采用地统计学方法对我国落叶松林生产力的空间特征进行了分析。结果表明。落叶松种群和群落地理替代作用明显；落叶松林生产力空间异质性较大。其变化与空间尺度密切相关；地理位置、海拔高度等是影响落叶松林生产力的重要因素；在天然落叶松林的管理和保护以及人工落叶松林的发展上应考虑其空间特征。     

钛酸锶的掺杂研究

采用溶胶 -凝胶方法 ,以 Co(AC) 2 、Zn(AC) 2 、Mg(AC) 2 、Ca(AC) 2 、Y2 O3、L a2 O3为掺杂物 ,对 Sr Ti O3进行了掺杂研究 ,研究结果表明 ,以醋酸盐为掺杂物所制得的样品 ,分散开的颗粒近似呈球形 ,粒径约为5 0 nm ,主相是 Sr Ti O3;以氧化钇为掺杂物所制得的样品 ,颗粒明显呈六边形 ,粒径约为 2 5 0 nm。各样品的阻温曲线显示 ,室温电阻率可达 10 6 欧姆·厘米。各样品的表征都是基于 XRD分析、TEM分析     

绥化市可持续发展状况的生态足迹分析

可持续发展定量测度的核心内容是确定人类是否生存于生态系统的承载力范围之内。本文应用Wackernagel等提出的生态足迹概念和方法对绥化市的生态足迹进行了计算和分析,并进行了生态足迹的多样性和发展能力的测算。绥化市2001年人均生态赤字为0.42 hm²,较1998和1999年赤字的幅度有所下降,同时通过万元GDP的生态足迹分析表明,其资源的利用效益在不断提高。建议通过增加生态足迹的多样性提高资源的利用效益,降低生态足迹,使绥化市进入可持续发展的模式。     

中国省域生态-文化-旅游协调发展时空分异及影响因素研究

基于生态-文化-旅游协调发展机理,构建三大系统协调发展评价指标体系,运用耦合协调度模型、ESDA和GWR空间分析方法,对我国省域生态-文化-旅游协调发展的时空分异特征、空间相关性及影响因素进行探究。我国省域生态-文化-旅游协调发展指数较低,十年来虽呈上升趋势但增幅较小,处于濒临失调阶段;协调发展指数高值区主要分布于东部沿海及西南部四川省,十年来呈现高值区扩散、低值区面积有所缩减的发展态势;三大子系统在不同的省域单元上空间表现各异,发展水平差异表现为生态>旅游>文化,东部省份三大子系统整体较高,西部整体较低且生态发展水平明显高于文化、旅游发展水平,中部省份介于两者之间;省域生态-文化-旅游协调发展具有明显的空间正相关关系;从影响机制来看,行政力度、经济基础、市场条件及开放程度对区域生态-文化-旅游协调的发展产生重要影响,且存在显著的空间差异。     

土地利用空间格局的图形信息表达初步研究

土地利用表现为在自然要素和人类活动的综合作用下的一系列异质性的图形。不同的土地利用空间格局的地学形成机制、生态功能、演化方向和对环境的影响各不相同,其空间图形也千差万别。运用景观生态学原理、地理图形信息理论,以位于中国北方农牧交错带的吉林省前郭县作为研究区,在GIS的支持下,归纳、抽象了各主要土地利用类型斑块形状及其描述参数,探讨了土地利用空间格局和空间分布的表达方法(VCM曲线),实现了土地利用空间格局图形的数量化描述和分析。其结果为从图形信息机理的角度研究土地利用格局的地学形成机制及生态功能、时空演化等方面奠定了基础     

ICP-OES法测定渣驯中9种金属元素

采用两种不同的分解方法处理渣驯样品,用ICP-OES法测定了样品中Al、Ba、Ca、Fe、K、Mg、Mn、Ni、Sr元素的含量,并进行比较。结果表明,两种不同的分解方法所测定的金属元素含量基本相一致,相对误差都小于5%。说明两种分解方法所建立的分析方法都能准确、快速测定Al、Ba、Ca等9种金属元素,是值得推荐的有效测定方法。     

中国陆地海岸线尺度效应研究(英文)

Spatial scale is a fundamental problem in Geography. Scale effect caused by fractal characteristic of coastline becomes a common focus of coastal zone managers and researchers. In this study, based on DEM and remote sensing images, multi-scale continental coastlines of China were extracted and the fractal characteristic was analyzed. The results are shown as follows. (1) The continental coastline of China fits the fractal model, and the fractal dimension is 1.195. (2) The scale effects with fractal dimensions of coastline have significant differences according to uplift and subsidence segments along the continental coastlines of China. (3) The fractal dimension of coastline has significant spatial heterogeneity according to the coastline types. The fractal dimension of sandy coastline located in Luanhe River plain is 1.109. The dimension of muddy coastline located in northern Jiangsu Plain is 1.059, while that of rocky coastline along southeastern Fujian is 1.293. (4) The length of rocky coastline is affected by scale more than that of muddy and sandy coastline. Since coastline is the conjunction of sea, land and air surface, the study of coastline scale effect is one of the scientific bases for the researches on air-sea-land interaction in multi-scales.     

塔里木河下游常见植物繁殖体形态特征比较

4- 以塔里木河下游荒漠河岸林21种常见植物繁殖体为研究对象,对其形态特征进行了比较分析.结果表明:(1)不同繁殖体之间重量差别很大.单粒重最小的是多花柽柳(0.019 8 mg),最大的是沙枣(131.387 2 mg);(2)繁殖体三维(长、宽、高)的方差最小的是胀果甘草(0.022),方差最大的是蒲公英0.145.菊科、禾本科、茄科和荚竹桃科植物繁殖体均偏离圆球形较大(方差>0.05);(3)柽柳科、杨柳科、菊科和夹竹桃科均具有附属物,这些形态特征有利于物种的扩散和定居;(4)有7种植物的繁殖体重量小于1 mg,且比较接近圆球形(方差小于0.09),有利于形成持久土壤种子库.     

Transformation of the vegetation cover in the zone of air emissions from the enterprises of the city of Norilsk

The influence of air emissions from the enterprises of the city of Norilsk on the vegetation cover of adjacent territories was revealed. The categories of resistance of some plant species and communities to technogenic loads have been ascertained. The protective role of overmoistening of habitats was observed for plants.     

电化学阻抗谱在锂离子电池正极材料LiFePO4研究中的应用

回顾了EIS的基本理论。综述了等效电路设计、锂离子扩散系数理论计算和EIS在LiFePO4研究中的具体应用。EIS在测量LiFePO4时,频率必须大于临界值才能满足EIS的线形基本条件。等效电路设计思路源于基本的Randles等效电路。锂离子扩散系数计算源于对等效电路的数理推导。EIS谱图可以定量和定性分析得到电极动力学信息与界面信息。     

Statistical study of the occurrence of shallow earthquakes

Summary. The time—space-magnitude interaction of shallow earthquakes has been investigated for three catalogues: worldwide ( M ≥ 7.0), Southern and Northern California ( M ≥ 4.0) and Central California ( M ≥ 1.5). The earthquake sequences are considered as a multi-dimensional stochastic point process; the estimates of the parameters for a branching model of the seismic process are obtained by a maximum-likelihood procedure. After applying magnitude—time and magnitude—distance scaling, the pattern of relationship among earthquakes of different magnitude ranges is almost identical. The number of foreshocks diminishes as the magnitude difference between the main shock and the foreshocks increases, while the magnitude distribution of aftershocks has the opposite property. The strongest aftershocks are likely to occur at the beginning of the sequence; later they migrate away with velocities of the order of km/day. The sequences which are composed of smaller aftershocks last longer and there are indications that they remain essentially in the focal region. Foreshocks also appear to migrate, but in this case, toward the main shock. The rate of occurrence of dependent shocks increases as t ^-1 as the origin time of the main shock is approached, effectively making every earthquake a multi-shock event. This interaction of earthquakes was modelled by a Monte-Carlo simulation technique. The statistical inversion of simulated catalogues was undertaken to derive the information we would be able to retrieve from actual data, as well as possible errors of estimates. The possibility of using these results as a tool for seismic risk prediction is discussed and evaluated.     

风力作用下沙粒蠕移概率的转化特征

建立了沙粒从蠕移状态向静止、跳跃转化以及继续滚动的概率模型.根据滚动沙粒简化的运动方程,结合两个关键随机变量-沙床表面风速和床面位置参数,求出了静止概率、滚动概率、跳跃概率随时间变化的表达式.在此基础上通过对时间求极限得到稳定情况下沙粒处于三种运动状态的概率.利用沙粒蠕移概率除蠕移概率和跃移概率之和,得到沙粒相对蠕移概率,并以此反映蠕移输沙量占总输沙量的比例.计算结果表明,三种转移概率是时间、沙床表面风速和沙粒直径的函数.静止概率随时间增大而增大,但随粒径增大而减小;滚动概率随时间的变化根据粒径的不同表现出不同的特点.粒径较小,滚动概率随时间的增大先增大后减小,存在极大值;粒径较大时,滚动概率随时间的增大逐渐增大,不存在峰值.跳跃概率随时间的增大而增大.三种概率达到稳定状态所需要的时间随粒径的增大而减少.同粒径的沙粒在相同的时间内,三种转移概率会趋于定值.稳定概率和相对蠕移概率由沙床表面风速分布和粒径大小来确定,具有很大的取值范围;静止稳定概率和跳跃稳定概率随粒径的增大分别增大和减小;而滚动稳定概率随粒径的增大逐步先增大后减小.在一定风速条件下,相对蠕移概率随风速和方差的变化都不大,沙粒粒径是最主要的影响因素.     

台特玛湖干涸湖盆区植物风影沙丘的形态特征

对台特玛湖干涸湖盆区盐穗木、柽柳和碱蓬3种植物风影沙丘的形态参数进行野外了测定,应用统计学方法,分析对比了不同植物风影沙丘的形态特征及阻沙能力。结果表明：（1）风影沙丘处于由沙嘴向沙堆演化阶段,沙丘形态参数间相关性显著（P<0.01）,其中沙丘高度与水平尺度相关性较好,沙丘垂向发育速度快于水平扩展。（2）风影沙丘与植物形态参数间亦存在相关性,受植物生物特性的影响,不同植物的相关性差异较大,其中碱蓬呈高度正相关（R>0.85,沙丘背风坡坡度除外）,盐穗木次之,柽柳灌丛相关性微弱。（3）在相同的区域环境下,3种植物的单株阻沙能力呈柽柳 > 盐穗木 > 碱蓬,盐穗木、碱蓬积沙量受株高影响较大,两者呈二次函数关系;柽柳积沙量主要取决于灌丛迎风剖面的面积。     

Evolution of the plain-taiga geosystems of Western Siberia

The role of the Ob-Irtysh valley in the dynamics and evolution of the soil-earth materials factor of taiga-plain landscape is considered. The study demonstrates the mechanisms of operation of the soil-earth materials factor that is responsible for the formation of zonal forest facies along the valley which undergo swamping at the final stage of their functioning. The progressive development of this regional process leads to marked changes of the biogeochemical situation, and to a deterioration of habitat quality. The problem is complicated by technogenic impacts on the landscape sphere of the oil and gas production complex of Western Siberia.     

气候变化对祁连山北坡农林牧业结构的影响与对策研究

揭示了气候持续变暖是祁连山北坡现代气候变化的基本特征。1986年是气候发生明显转折的年份,1987—2003年的平均气温比1961—1986年升高0.8℃,≥0℃积温和≥10℃积温增加142℃和131℃,呈线性上升趋势;降水量平均增加7.5 mm,呈曲线缓慢增多趋势。由于气候变暖,使农作物适生种植区和作物种植上限高度不同程度的提高,其中喜热棉花、喜温玉米和喜凉甘蓝型油菜分别提高100 m左右、150 m左右和200 m左右,种植面积迅速扩大,呈直线上升趋势。依据农业气候生态资源垂直分布特征和15种主要作物气候生态适生种植区以及农林牧业结构布局特点,采用气候生态相似原理,将祁连山北坡大体分为5个农林牧业气候生态区,建议性提出各区农林牧业结构的比重以及夏粮、秋粮、经济作物和饲草的种植比例,并阐明了各区未来主要发展方向。     

不同类型林带防护效应的数值模拟

分别对紧密、疏透、通风型林带绕林流场进行了数值模拟,分析了林带结构特征对绕林带流场的影响,比较了不同林带结构在同一高度上的沿流相对风速变化情况,并指出了它们各自的适用范围和在防沙治沙中的作用。     

陕北土地沙漠化及其防治区划

本文对陕北榆林地区土地沙漠化划分了四种类型及描述了沙漠化土地分布的特点,并对这一地区的沙漠化土地进行了防治区划,为全区制定综合农业区划提供科学依据。沙漠化是土地在自然和人为因素作用下,植被和土壤逐渐衰退破坏导致沙地出现的过程。当今,沙漠化迅速发展和扩大的特征是以人口的迅猛增长及滥用土地为主要标志,它所带来的对人类生活及环境的威胁,正越来越引起人们的重视。陕北地区是我国沙漠化严重地区之一,研究其发生发展的历史和现状,预测其发展趋势,从而制定沙漠化土地的治理区划,对本区沙漠化土地整治和预防具有重要意义。     

Extreme phases of denudation and questions of geomorphological security of the Upper Angara region

An analysis is made of the manifestations of fluvial and aeolian processes in the southern, developed areas of Irkutsk oblast belonging to the upstream part of the Angara basin. We examine the formation probability and the recurrence frequency of disastrous geomorphological events. The study revealed their association with positive (fluvial processes) and negative (aeolian processes) extremes and anomalies of atmospheric moistening. It is shown that at the time of an extreme event the rate of the processes and the volumes of transported material increase abruptly (by an order of magnitude), and the affected areas show an increase. The criteria for an extreme fluvial event can be represented by a spasmodic buildup of gullies and appearance of new gullies, an abrupt increase in soil losses due to erosion of agricultural lands reaching 100?200 m³/ha, death of crops, releases of mud flows, and destruction of roads, dams, bridges and other structures. The geomorphological consequences of the 1960 summer storm rains are considered to exemplify the disastrous fluvial events. The extremes of aeolian processes have the character of hurricanes encompassing most of the agricultural areas of Irkutsk oblast. The hurricanes are accompanied by a powerful removal of aeolian material from north-west to south-east to the water area of Baikal, to windward slopes and watershed divides of the mountain ranges along the eastern coast. The finest dust particles are transported to neighboring areas of Buryatia, Mongolia and China. The negative consequences of extreme aeolian events include agricultural crop destruction or damage, soil deflation, pollution of surface waters by deflation products, fires, damage to power transmission lines or even death of people. The findings were used in zoning the Upper Angara region according to the degree of geomorphological security of the territory.