Petrology and geochemistry of shoshonitic plutons from the western Kunlun orogenic belt, Xinjiang, northwestern China: implications for granitoid geneses

A series of granitoids from Proterozoic to Cenozoic age occurred in the western Kunlun orogenic belt, Xinjiang, northwestern China. Several intrusions such as the West Datong (Middle Caledonian age), North Kuda (Late Caledonian age) and Kuzigan, Karibasheng, Zankan (Himalayan age) plutons have shoshonitic affinity. Their rock assemblages include (quartz) monzodiorite–(quartz) monzonite–quartz syenite (Middle Caledonian) or monzonitic granite–granite (Late Caledonian) or biotite (monzonitic) granite–diopside granite–diopside syenite (Himalayan). Generally, biotite is iron–phlogopite, with some eastonite and high Mg/(Mg+Fe_T) and Fe³⁺/Fe²⁺ ratio. Amphibole is mainly edenitic hornblende and magnesian hastingsitic hornblende, with some edenite and higher Mg/(Mg+Fe_T) and Fe³⁺/Fe²⁺ ratio. The rocks show SiO₂ contents of 52.77–71.85% and high K₂O+Na₂O (mostly >8%, average 9.14%), K₂O/Na₂O (mostly >1, average 1.50) and Fe₂O₃/FeO (0.85–1.51, average 1.01) and low TiO₂ contents (0.15–1.12%, average 0.57%). Al₂O₃ contents (13.01–19.20%) are high but variable. The granitoids are prominently enriched in LILE, LREE and volatiles such as F. However, the studied shoshonitic granitoids among the three intrusive periods also show differences in isotopic compositions and trace element concentrations, suggesting their different geneses: the origin of the West Datong pluton is probably related to the involvement of subducted oceanic crust sediments into the mantle source; the North Kuda and Himalayan plutons could have been generated by partial melting of subducted oceanic crust sediments or metasediments of thickened continental lower crust in the process of late-orogenic slab break-off or lithospheric thinning.     

Pressure effect on Ti- or P-rich accessory mineral saturation in evolved granitic melts with differing K2O/Na2O ratios

The solubility of Ti- and P-rich accessory minerals has been examined as a function of pressure and K₂O/Na₂O ratio in two series of highly evolved silicate systems. These systems correspond to (a) alkaline, varying from alkaline to peralkaline with increasing K₂O/Na₂O ratio; and (b) strongly metaluminous (essentially trondhjemitic at the lowest K₂O/Na₂O ratio) and remaining metaluminous with increasing K₂O/Na₂O ratio (to 3). The experiments were conducted at a fixed temperature of 1000 °C, with water contents varying from 5 wt.% at low pressure (0.5 GPa), increasing through 5–10 wt.% at 1.5–2.5 GPa to 10 wt.% at 3.5 GPa. Pressure was extended outside the normal crustal range, so that the results may also be applied to derivation of hydrous silicic melts from subducted oceanic crust.

For the alkaline composition series, the TiO₂ content of the melt at Ti-rich mineral saturation decreases with increasing pressure but is unchanged with increasing K content (at fixed pressure). The P₂O₅ content of the alkaline melts at apatite saturation increases with increased pressure at 3.5 GPa only, but decreases with increasing K content (and peralkalinity). For the metaluminous composition series (termed as “trondhjemite-based series” (T series)), the TiO₂ content of the melt at Ti-rich mineral saturation decreases with increasing pressure and with increasing K content (at fixed pressure). The P₂O₅ content of the T series melts at apatite saturation is unchanged with increasing pressure, but decreases with increasing K content. The contrasting results for P and Ti saturation levels, as a function of pressure in both compositions, point to contrasting behaviour of Ti and P in the structure of evolved silicate melts. Ti content at Ti-rich mineral saturation is lower in the alkaline compared with the T series at 0.5 GPa, but is similar at higher pressures, whereas P content at apatite saturation is lower in the T series at all pressures studied. The results have application to A-type granite suites that are alkaline to peralkaline, and to I-type metaluminous suites that frequently exhibit differing K₂O/Na₂O ratios from one suite to another.     

大别—苏鲁超高压地体中面理化含榴花岗岩的成因研究

大别—苏鲁超高压地体中的面理化花岗岩因为常含石榴石而被简称为含榴花岗岩, 其岩石类型主要为二长花岗岩、花岗岩和微斜长石花岗岩, 岩石具有花岗结构和片麻状构造.详细的野外地质研究表明, 超高压片麻岩作为超高压榴辉岩的围岩与含榴花岗岩呈渐变过渡关系, 或在含榴花岗岩中呈与面理平行的残留条带, 体现超高压片麻岩通过构造置换和部分熔融向含榴花岗岩转化.含榴花岗岩在常量元素的总体组成上, w(SiO₂)为71.73%~79.15%;A/CNK为0.83~1.09, 平均0.98, 为准铝质; w(K₂O+Na₂O)为6.15%~9.00%, w(K₂O)/w(Na₂O)为0.16~1.54(绝大多数集中在0.9~1.1), 具有相对弱富钠-弱富钾特征.从标准矿物组成上看, 大别含榴花岗岩主要相当于奥长花岗岩; 山东含榴花岗岩主要相当于花岗岩; 东海含榴花岗岩主要相当于钾质花岗岩.在微量元素特征上, 含榴花岗岩的∑REE、∑LREE明显富集, δEu具有明显的负异常, 在原始地幔标准化蛛网图上, 相对亏损Nb、Ta、P、Zr、Ti等高场强元素及大离子亲石元素Sr, 富集Ba、La、Nd、Y、K等大离子亲石元素, 结合其贫w(Al)(平均11.6%)富w(Ga)(> 17×10-6)、(Fe/Mg)_M(1.087~20.330)等特征, 表明其地球化学特征相当于非造山的A型花岗岩.结合前人超高压变质作用和构造演化等研究成果, 可以推断含榴花岗岩是超高压地体折返到中下地壳, 在底侵、构造体制转换等因素作用下, 由高压片麻岩的部分熔融形成的.含榴花岗岩在大别—苏鲁不同区域上的规律变化, 表明东海含榴花岗岩的出露相对于大别更低位.      

Syngenetic inclusions of yimengite in diamond from Sese kimberlite (Zimbabwe) — evidence for metasomatic conditions of growth

Syngenetic inclusions of yimengite K (Cr, Ti, Mg, Fe, Al)₁₂O₁₉, a potassium member of the magnetoplumbite mineral group, have been recorded in an octahedral macrodiamond from the Sese kimberlite (50 km south of Masvingo, Zimbabwe). One yimengite inclusion carries lamellae of chromite suggesting peridotitic diamond paragenesis. The diamond and inclusions were studied in situ in a plate polished parallel to (011). Cathodoluminescence (CL) imaging has shown blue colour and octahedral zonation of the diamond, lack of cracks and the location of five yimengites in different growth zones. Nitrogen (N) contents (at. ppm) in the diamond determined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) steadily decrease from 576 (core) to 146 (rim). N aggregation (%1aB) is correspondingly 40% in the core and 30% in the rim. Hydrogen (H) content is high in the core, moderate in the intermediate and very high in the rim zones. Four yimengites were dated using the laser ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar method. Three inclusions yielded total gas ages that agree with, or are younger than, or within error of, the Sese kimberlite eruption age (538±11 Ma) but may be compromised by gas loss. One inclusion, with the highest tapped interface gas yield, gave a total gas age of 892±21 Ma that is a likely minimum yimengite age. Time–T °C constraints from N aggregation systematics give a range of possible ages from kimberlite eruption date back to Archean and do not resolve the variable results of the ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar dating. Compared with the published chemistry of yimengite from kimberlites, inclusions from the Sese diamond contain higher Al, Mg, and Sr and have lower concentration of Fe³⁺. The chondrite-normalised REE pattern of the yimengite shows enrichment in LREE and depletion in HREE, but LREE/HREE fractionations are lower than for lindsleyite–mathiasite series mantle titanates and rather similar to the REE concentrations in kimberlite and lamproite rocks. It is suggested that Sese yimengite formed in the lithospheric mantle from metasomatism of chrome spinel by a fluid rich in Ti, K, Ba and LREE.     

辽东岫岩地区两类古元古代花岗岩年代学、地球化学及地质意义

辽东半岛岫岩一带出露大面积的辽河岩群变质地层与花岗岩类,是研究胶-辽-吉造山带早期演化的良好场所.通过系统采集岫岩地区大房身钾长花岗岩岩体与牧牛、松树沟二长花岗岩岩体和四门子花岗闪长岩岩体样品,进行了岩相学、地球化学与锆石U-Pb年代学研究.结果显示大房身与牧牛、松树沟岩体具有相近的高钾钙碱性A型花岗岩特征,SiO₂含量介于70.56%~74.52%,Al₂O₃含量在11.85%~14.03%,K₂O/Na₂O高;岩石富集Ga、Zr、REE等元素,Sr、P、Ti等含量低;四门子岩体样品则具有较高的CaO含量（0.50%~3.76%）,K₂O/Na₂O比值和A/CNK值均较低,相对更为亏损Nb、Ta、Hf等高场强元素,显示出I型花岗岩特征.锆石LA-ICP-MS测试显示钾长花岗岩样品U-Pb年龄为2 198±11 Ma,二长花岗岩U-Pb年龄在~2 171~2 167 Ma,花岗闪长岩U-Pb测试结果为2 166±11 Ma,几类花岗岩结晶年龄基本在误差范围内一致.I型花岗岩可能来自古元古代中期（~2.2~2.1 Ga）俯冲作用导致的弧岩浆活动,而A型花岗岩可能来自中下地壳物质的部分熔融的低压高温环境.结合辽吉地区报道的古元古代花岗岩类年龄资料,认为在岫岩地区及周边采集的两类古元古代花岗岩均产出在弧后拉张的构造背景下,胶辽吉造山带在古元古代中期演化接近“弧陆碰撞”模式,洋壳俯冲可能由西向东（现今方向）发生,并持续了较长时间.      

Zircon U-Pb ages and geochemistry of the monzonitic granite in Rongguo area in Middle Gangdise Belt

In order to determine the geochronology, petrogenesis and tectonic background of the monzonitic granite in Rongguo area, the authors conducted the research on petrology, LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb geochronology and geochemistry. The results show that the zircons from the monzonitic granite are of magmatic genesis, and the zircon ²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U dating is (69±1) Ma, belonging to the Late Cretaceous. Al₂O₃, Na₂O, K₂O contents and K₂O/Na₂O ratio are 13.83%~14.41%, 3.68%~3.94%, 4.28%~4.35% and 1.08~1.18 respectively. The average aluminum saturation index (A/CNK) is 1.02, belonging to the weak peraluminous series. The rocks are enriched in LILE (Rb,U,K), strongly depleted in HFSE (Nb, Ta, Ti, etc.). Combined with the study of regional tectonics, the authors insisted that magma activity had not stopped from 80 to 69 Ma. The rock mass is the magmatic product of the subduction of the Neo-Tethys Ocean, forming in the orogenic environment during the whole orogenic movement period.     

冈底斯中段容果地区二长花岗岩锆石U-Pb年龄及其地球化学特征

为确定容果地区二长花岗岩的形成时代、成因及其地质意义,对容果地区二长花岗岩进行了岩相学、LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄及地球化学研究。结果表明: 二长花岗岩中的锆石为岩浆成因,²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U年龄加权平均值为(69±1) Ma,侵入时代属于晚白垩世; 二长花岗岩中Al₂O₃含量为13.83%~14.41%,Na₂O含量为3.68%~3.94%,K₂O含量为4.28%~4.35%, K₂O/Na₂O为1.08~1.18,相对富钾,铝饱和指数A/CNK平均为1.02,属弱过铝质岩石; 微量元素特征表现为相对富集Rb、U、K等大离子亲石元素,亏损Nb、Ta、Ti等高场强元素的特征。结合区域构造演化背景,可得出在80~69 Ma之间,该区的岩浆活动并未停止,仍然持续在发生,所生成的岩体是新特提斯洋壳俯冲的岩浆产物,形成于造山环境下,形成过程贯穿整个造山运动。     

滇西加里东期平河复式花岗岩体锆石U-Pb年龄、Hf同位素特征及其风化壳型稀土矿成矿认识

加里东期平河复式花岗岩体位于滇西保山地块西部边缘,其岩石类型主要为二长花岗岩、似斑状二长花岗岩。平河复式花岗岩体主量元素显示岩石全碱（w（K₂O+Na₂O））值分别为6.89%和7.44%,K₂O/Na₂O值分别为1.59和2.65,铝饱和指数（A/CNK）值分别为1.58和1.76,里特曼指数（σ）分别为1.65和1.73;微量稀土元素显示岩石总体上富集Rb、Th等大离子亲石元素,亏损Ta、Nb等高场强元素,轻稀土元素富集,LREE/HREE值分别为1.40和6.43,具低-中等负铕异常（δEu=0.16和0.75）。2件花岗岩样品的锆石U-Pb年龄变化于478~476 Ma,表明这些花岗岩类侵位于早奥陶世;2件样品38颗锆石测点的ε_Hf（t）值显示较大的变化范围,对应的Hf同位素地壳模式年龄集中在2.2~1.7 Ga。这些地球化学特征显示平河复式花岗岩体属钙碱性过铝质S型花岗岩,为泛非运动构造碰撞后应力松弛阶段产物,其形成可能与滇西地区原特提斯地史阶段地块挤压碰撞、裂离过程密切相关。在大团山地区,该期岩体中首次发现含稀土矿物——锰铁铈氧化物,其对全风化岩体稀土氧化物总量贡献最大;岩体风化壳稀土氧化物总量（REO）总体不高,为279.05×10^-6~791.77×10^-6,总体富集Y、La、Ce元素,局部轻稀土元素Nd富集,重稀土镝氧化物配分较高,为2.30%~4.62%。大团山稀土矿点的发现,表明滇西加里东期花岗岩亦有寻找花岗岩风化壳型稀土矿的潜力。     

1.8 Ga Svecofennian post-collisional shoshonitic magmatism in the Fennoscandian shield

At least 14 small (1–11 km across) 1.8 Ga Svecofennian post-collisional bimodal intrusions occur in southern Finland and Russian Karelia in a 600-km-long belt from the Åland Islands to the NW Lake Ladoga region. The rocks range from ultramafic, calc-alkaline, apatite-rich potassium lamprophyres to peraluminous HiBaSr granites, and form a shoshonitic series with K₂O+Na₂O>5%, K₂O/Na₂O>0.5, Al₂O₃>9% over a wide spectrum of SiO₂ (32–78%). Although strongly enriched in all rocks, the LILE Ba and Sr and the LREE generally define a decreasing trend with increasing SiO₂. Depletion is noted for HFSE Ti, Nb and Ta. Available isotopic data show overlapping values for lamprophyres and granites within separate intrusions and a cogenetic origin is thus not precluded. Initial magmas (Mg#>65) in this shoshonitic association are considered to be generated in an enriched lithospheric mantle during post-collisional uplift some 30 Ma after the regional Svecofennian metamorphic peak. However, prior to the melting episode, the lithospheric mantle was affected by carbonatite metasomatism; more extensively in the east than in the west. The melts generated in the more carbonate-rich mantle are extremely enriched in P₂O₅4%, F12,000 ppm, LILE: Ba9000 ppm, Sr7000 ppm, LREE: La600 ppm and Ce1000 ppm. The parental magma underwent 55–60% fractionation of biotite+clinopyroxene+apatite+magnetite+sphene whereupon intermediate varieties were produced. After further fractionation, 60–80%, of K-feldspar+amphibole+plagioclase±(minor magnetite, sphene and apatite), leucosyenites and quartz-monzonites were formed. In the west, where the source was less affected by carbonatite metasomatism, calc-alkaline lamprophyres (vogesites, minettes and spessartites) and equivalent plutonic rocks (monzonites) were formed. Removal of about 50% of biotite, amphibole, plagioclase, magnetite, apatite and sphene produced peraluminous HiBaSr granites. The impact of crustal assimilation is considered to be low. At about 1.8 Ga, the post-collisional shoshonitic magmatism brought juvenile material, particularly enriched in alkalis, LILE, LREE and F, into the crust. Although areally restricted, the regional distribution of the post-collisional intrusions may indicate that larger volumes of 1.8 Ga juvenile material resides in unexposed parts of the crust.     

东天山大白石头南新元古代片麻状花岗岩锆石U-Pb年代学、岩石地球化学及地质意义

对东天山大白石头南片麻状花岗岩的研究,可以为新元古代早期Rodinia超大陆汇聚事件提供约束.在野外调查和岩相学研究的基础上,对该片麻状花岗岩开展了LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年、全岩地球化学和锆石原位Hf同位素分析.研究显示,片麻状花岗岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄为922.7±7.9 Ma.岩石富SiO₂（70.04%~71.60%）、碱（Na₂O+K₂O=5.93%~6.58%）、Al₂O₃（13.88%~14.91%）和低MgO（1.13%~1.29%）.岩石Al₂O₃/TiO₂（25~27）小于100,CaO/Na₂O（0.7）大于0.3,K₂O/Na₂O（1.6~2.2）大于1.0,富集大离子亲石元素Rb、Th、K及La等,亏损Ba、Ta、Nb和Sr等,（La/Yb）_N（7.29~8.11）小于10,δEu小于0.5,均显示出S型花岗岩特征.锆石ε_Hf（t）均为正值（3.226 78~13.727 46）,二阶段模式年龄为920~1 598 Ma,表明新元古代花岗岩形成于大陆边缘构造环境.综合已有研究结果,可以推断天山地区出露的该期构造岩浆事件可能对应于新元古代的罗迪尼亚（Rodinia）超大陆汇聚事件.      

辽东三叠纪弟兄山岩体SHRIMP U-Pb年龄、地球化学特征及其地质意义

SHRIMP锆石U-Pb年龄测定表明,辽东半岛弟兄山岩体的侵位时代为三叠纪（205.2±2.1 Ma）,是华北东部三叠纪花岗岩的一部分.全岩岩石化学分析结果显示,弟兄山花岗岩具有高SiO₂、Al₂O₃、K₂O,低TiO₂、Na₂、MnO和CaO的特征,K₂O+Na₂变化范围为7.88%~9.28%,K₂O/Na₂ ≥ 1.16~1.46;CaO/Na₂=0.08~0.23,铝指数A/CNK=0.95~1.10,并且在矿物组合中出现白云母,属准铝-过铝质花岗岩.在SiO₂-Zr图解中,所有样品点均落在S型花岗岩区域中.以上特征均显示该花岗岩为准铝-过铝质S型花岗岩.稀土曲线和稀土参数表现出强烈的轻、重稀土分异特征和明显的Eu负异常特征,反映源区岩浆形成后发生过斜长石或其他富Ca矿物的分离结晶作用,是典型准铝-过铝质花岗岩的稀土元素特征.在原始地幔标准化的微量元素蛛网图上,所有花岗岩均富集Rb、Th,明显亏损Nb、Ta、Sr和Ti.所有样品的Rb=133×10^-6~360×10^-6,绝大多数样品高于花岗岩的平均值（200×10^-6）;Sr（25×10^-6~135×10^-6）和Ba（48×10^-6~507×10^-6）明显低于花岗岩的平均值（Sr 300×10^-6,Ba 830×10^-6）,Ba、Sr亏损反映岩浆经历了较为完全的分离结晶作用;大离子亲石元素Rb、Th富集,Nb和Ta亏损显示陆壳物质为岩浆的源岩.上述特征表明岩浆物质来源于陆源碎屑岩石.结合区域构造演化历史,认为弟兄山岩体是库拉-太平洋板块向欧亚大陆俯冲的产物,是印支晚期华北岩石圈处于弱伸展状态背景的响应.     

草桃背矿床白垩纪橄榄玄粗岩与铀成矿关系

赣南会昌断陷盆地沿石城-寻乌深断裂分布一条白垩纪橄榄玄粗岩系列的火山岩带。草桃背大型铀矿床内出露大富足岩体中-粗粒黑云母花岗岩及早白垩世晚期到晚白垩世早期橄榄玄粗岩系列火山岩。大富足花岗岩体岩石w(SiO₂)平均为74.67％,碱总量(w（K₂O+Na₂O）)平均为7.99％,w(K₂O)>w(Na₂O),w(CaO)平均为0.54％,w(Al₂O₃)>w(CaO+Na₂O+K₂O),属高钾钙碱性岩石系列。橄榄玄粗系列火山岩岩石w(SiO₂)为45.78 %~59.78 %,w(K₂O+Na₂O)平均为7.37%,K₂O/Na₂O平均为1.02,w(TiO₂)平均为0.86%, 全铁质量分数平均为7.09%,属偏碱性橄榄玄粗质火山岩类。草桃背铀矿床赋矿岩性为橄榄玄粗岩、碎裂花岗岩及隐爆角砾岩。赋存于碎裂花岗岩及隐爆角砾岩中铀矿石化学成分,与围岩花岗岩成分相似;赋存于橄榄玄粗岩中铀矿石,Fe₂O₃+Fe₂O、CaO、MgO不同程度地带出,w(SiO₂)明显增高,表明橄榄玄粗岩在成矿过程中,通过输出大量Fe、Mg、Ca等阳离子而促进铀离子从含矿溶液中沉淀。草桃背矿床的铀矿化与充填在草桃背火山口的橄榄玄粗岩关系密切,在时间上相近、在空间上相伴、在成生上相关,受橄榄玄粗岩岩浆系列热动力的影响,铀元素发生活化、转移或物质交换而成矿,成岩成矿时代属早白垩世晚期到晚白垩世早期。从草桃背铀矿床岩石学、地球化学及赋矿特征入手,总结了铀成矿是富铀矿的花岗岩基底、北东向构造及火山作用结合的产物,橄榄玄粗岩提供热源,并指出半岭、上寮、小富足等地段是寻找草桃背式铀矿床的极有利地区。     

内蒙古科尔沁右翼前旗地区黑云母二长花岗岩的岩石地球化学、年代学特征及其地质意义

兴蒙造山带的构造格局、分布规律和演化过程十分复杂,特别是古亚洲洋“剪刀式”闭合的最后时限及随后的陆-陆碰撞过程仍未达成统一共识。文中研究区位于兴蒙造山带东段,大地构造位置夹持于贺根山—黑河断裂带和索伦—西拉木伦—长春断裂带之间,为研究中亚造山带东段的地质演化提供重要窗口。内蒙古科尔沁右翼前旗黑云母二长花岗岩岩体呈岩株状产出,长轴约400 m,短轴150~250 m,长轴呈NE向展布,北侧侵入大石寨组,南部与林西组呈断层接触关系。岩石为中-细粒花岗结构,块状构造,主要由钾长石(40%)、斜长石(25%)、石英(20%)和黑云母(14%)及少量的绿泥石(1%)等组成。锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb测年结果为(221.1±2.1) Ma,表明黑云母二长花岗岩形成于晚三叠世。岩石地球化学表现为高SiO₂(68.46%~70.38%),高K₂O+Na₂O(9.02%~9.39%),低P₂O₅(0.09%~0.17%),低MgO(0.60%~0.80%),低TiO₂(0.54%~0.58%),中等K₂O/Na₂O(0.90~1.54),轻重稀土元素分馏明显,轻稀土相对富集(∑LREE含量为(163.55~226.55)×10^-6),重稀土相对亏损(∑HREE含量为(11.96~21.67)×10^-6),明显富集大离子亲石元素Rb、Th、Ba和K,亏损高场强元素Nb、Zr和Hf,表现出过铝质高钾钙碱性I型花岗岩特征,同时与华北陆块北缘二叠纪末—三叠纪岩浆岩形成于后碰撞/后造山的构造环境相符。综合前人研究成果和区域地质资料,推断内蒙古科尔沁右翼前旗地区黑云母二长花岗岩形成于岩石圈拆沉及软流圈上涌的环境中。     

冈底斯南缘拉隆地区变形花岗岩地质特征及其构造意义

冈底斯岩浆弧中发育了1条重要的韧性剪切带,为深入了解该韧性剪切带上变形花岗岩的成因、变形作用及其性质,对冈底斯南缘拉隆地区变形花岗岩开展了地球化学、变形构造和锆石U-Pb同位素年代学研究。通过对冈底斯南缘拉隆地区出露的变形花岗岩进行实测地质剖面测制及野外地质填图,发现变形花岗岩呈近EW向展布,北侧与中生代麻木下组呈断层接触,其余被第四系覆盖。岩石类型主要为英云闪长岩,属于高硅钙碱性系列岩石。SiO₂含量为66.2%~71.0%,平均值为68.3%,全碱(Na₂O+K₂O)含量、Al₂O₃含量和MgO含量均较高,轻稀土元素总量(∑LREE)大于重稀土元素总量(∑HREE),Rb、Th等大离子亲石元素富集,Ta、Zr、Nb等高场强元素亏损,Sr含量高,Y含量低,Sr/Y为73.02~99.05,整体显示具有埃达克质岩石的特征属性。变形花岗岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄为(83.56±0.83) Ma,为晚白垩世,代表了其岩浆结晶形成的年龄。变形花岗岩主要为新特提斯洋壳向北俯冲削减背景下,增厚的下地壳部分熔融形成的产物,在中新世28~13 Ma遭受了近EW向左旋剪切、向北滑覆的韧性剪切变形作用。     

Geological characteristics and tectonic implications of the deformed granite in Lalong area in the southern margin of Gangdise

In the Gangdise magmatic arc develops an important ductile shear zone. In order to peer deeper into the genesis of the deformed granite and its deformation and properties, the authors studied the whole rock geochemistry, deformation structure and zircon U-Pb geochronology of the deformed granite in Lalong area in the southern margin of Gangdise. It is found that the deformed granite is distributed in nearly EW direction, the north side contacts with Mesozoic Mamuxia Formation along a fault,and the rest is covered by Quaternary system,after the geological profile measurement and field geological mapping of the deformed granite exposed in Lalong area in the southern margin of Gangdise.The main rock type is tonalite, belonging to high silica calc alkaline series. SiO₂ content ranges from 66.2% to 71.0%, with an average of 68.3%. The content of total alkali (Na₂O + K₂O) is higher,so is the content of Al₂O₃ and MgO.The content of light rare earth elements (∑LREE) is higher than that of heavy rare earth elements (∑HREE). Rb, Th and other large ion lithophile elements are enriched, while Ta, Zr, Nb and other high field-strength elements are depleted. Sr content is high, Y content is low, and Sr/Y value is 73.02~99.05. All shows that the rock has the adakitic rock characteristics. The LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb age of the deformed granite is (83.56±0.83) Ma, which is the late Cretaceous and represents the magmatic crystallization age.The deformed granite was mainly formed by partial melting of the thickened lower crust under the background of northward subduction and reduction of Neo-Tethys Ocean. During Miocene 28~13 Ma, the deformed granite underwent nearly EW trending left-lateral shear and northward slip ductile shear deformation.     

Source regions of granites and their links to tectonic environment: examples from the western United States

This review, in honor of Ilmari Haapala's retirement, reflects on lessons learned from studies of three granitic systems in western North America: (1) Mesoproterozoic samples from west Texas and east New Mexico; (2) Laramide granitic systems associated with porphyry-copper deposits in Arizona; and (3) granites of the Colorado Mineral Belt. The studies elucidate relationships amongst tectonic setting, source material, and magma chemistry.

Mesoproterozoic basement samples are from two different felsic suites with distinct elemental and isotopic compositions. The first suite, the “plutonic province”, is dominantly magnesian, calc-alkalic to alkali-calcic, and metaluminous. It has low K₂O/Na₂O and Rb/Sr, and Nd model ages of 1.56 to 1.40 Ga. The second suite, the “Panhandle igneous complex”, is magnesian, metaluminous, alkalic, and is part of the Mesoproterozoic belt of magmatism that extends from Finland to southwestern United States. Samples from the Panhandle igneous complex demonstrate three episodes of magmatism: the first pulse was intrusion of quartz monzonite at 1380 to 1370 Ma; the second was comagmatic epizonal granite and rhyolite at 1360 to 1350 Ma. Both of these rock types are high-K to slightly ultra-high-K. The third pulse at 1338 to 1330 Ma was intrusion of ultra-high-K quartz syenite. Nd model ages (1.94 to 1.52 Ga) are distinct from those of the “plutonic province” and systematically older than crystallization ages, implying a substantial crustal input to the magmas.

At the Sierrita porphyry-copper deposit in the Mazatzal Province of southeastern Arizona, trace element, Sr, and Nd isotopic compositions were determined for a suite of andesitic and rhyolitic rocks (67 Ma) intruded by granodiorite and granite. Isotopic composition and chemical evolution are well correlated throughout the suite. Andesite has the least negative initial ε_Nd (−4.3) and lowest ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr_i (0.7069). It is also the oldest and chemically most primitive, having low concentrations of Rb, SiO₂, and high concentrations of transition elements. These parameters change through the system to the youngest unit (granite), which has the most negative ε_Nd (−8.5), the highest ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr_i (0.7092), and is chemically most evolved. Correlation between chemical and Nd isotopic evolution probably resulted from a continuous process of progressive assimilation, in which mafic magmas invade and incorporate continental crust. Deposits in Arizona with ε_Nd values more negative than the −8.5 of Sierrita lie in the older Yavapai province in the northwestern part of the state. The difference in the most negative epsilon Nd implies that Nd isotopic signature is sensitive to the age of the Precambrian domain.

The granites from the Colorado Mineral Belt were emplaced during the transition from Laramide convergence to mid-Tertiary extension. Three different groups of granites are recognized. The first is Laramide and was formed during assimilation-fractional crystallization involving lower crustal mafic source materials; the second and third groups are mid-Tertiary and represent intracrustal melting of heterogeneous sources. This change in source regions and melt regimes in transition from convergence to extension is fundamental to the Mesozoic and Cenozoic evolution of western North America.     

南阿尔金陆块科克萨依新元古代花岗岩成因及地质意义

南阿尔金陆块是阿尔金造山带的重要组成部分.大量新元古代花岗岩出露于南阿尔金亚干布阳-帕夏拉依裆-科克萨依一带.这些花岗岩记录了与Rodinia超大陆汇聚有关的动力学信息,因此对其进行研究有利于对阿尔金造山带演化历史的认识和理解.选取了科克萨依花岗岩岩体进行了岩相学、地球化学、锆石U-Pb年代学和Hf同位素组成的研究.研究结果表明:（1）科克萨依二长花岗岩的主要矿物有:石英、钾长石、斜长石、黑云母和白云母;花岗岩的锆石U-Pb年龄为947~945 Ma.（2）地球化学特征显示,岩石具有高SiO₂（71.54%~74.69%）、高Na₂O+K₂O（6.33%~7.40%）,低CaO（1.59%~2.00%）,低MgO（0.43%~0.61%）和TiO₂（0.25%~0.37%）的特征,相对富钾,K₂O/Na₂O比值为1.02~1.71,A/CNK在1.10~1.14之间,属高钾钙碱性系列的过铝质花岗岩.富集Rb、Th、K、La等元素,亏损Nb、Ta、P、Ti等元素;轻稀土富集而重稀土亏损,具有明显的负Eu异常.（3）锆石ε_Hf（t）为-4.09~+3.87之间,二阶段模式年龄t_DM2为1.6~2.0 Ga.这些特征表明科克萨依二长花岗岩是古老地壳富长石贫黏土的（变）杂砂岩部分熔融形成的S型花岗岩.结合相邻地区新元古代花岗岩类的地球化学、同位素特征及阿尔金区域构造资料,认为科克萨依二长花岗岩形成于新元古代时期,是碰撞造山环境下的产物,是Rodinia超大陆汇聚碰撞过程的响应.      

内蒙古东部突泉地区宝合屯晚侏罗世I型花岗岩——地球化学特征、岩石成因及地质意义

内蒙古东部突泉地区宝合屯侵入体出露于大兴安岭中段东坡,锆石U-Pb测年结果显示花岗斑岩年龄为145.9±3 Ma,形成于晚侏罗世.岩石地球化学数据显示该侵入体高硅（Si₂O含量为69.62%~77.43%,平均值为74.14%）,富碱（K₂O+Na₂O含量为6.93%~8.94%,平均含量为8.27%）,富铝（Al₂O₃含量为12.27%~14.46%,平均值为13.35%）,贫Ti、Fe、Mg,A/CNK值大于1.1,属于高钾钙碱性系列;微量元素富集Th、K、Hf、Rb,而亏损Ba、Nb、Ta、Sr、P、Ti,稀土元素富集LREE （（La/Yb）_N=2.2-13.8）,并具明显的负铕异常（δEu=0.1~0.63）.这些特征表明突泉盆地花岗斑岩为过铝质高分异的I型花岗岩.在构造判别图解上位于造山期后区,说明该区花岗岩属造山后花岗岩类.结合前人资料认为：宝合屯花岗斑岩与蒙古-鄂霍次克洋闭合后的伸展构造环境有关.     

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674987111001150

The Erlangmiao granite intrusion is located in the eastern part of the East Qinling Orogen.The granite contains almost 99 vol.％ felsic minerals with accessory garnet,muscovite,biotite,zircon,and Fe-Ti ...     

Boundary lines within petrologic diagrams which use oxides of major and minor elements

Use of some petrologic diagrams applied to analyses of volcanic rocks is unnecessarily difficult due to lack of data for construction of discriminant lines between rock series. Coordinates are provided for sufficient points to enable accurate plotting of the boundary lines within seven diagrams, viz.: (1) TAS - total alkalies (Na₂O+K₂O) vs. SiO₂; (2) K₂O vs. SiO₂; (3) AFM; (4) Jensen; (5) KTP - K₂O---TiO₂---P₂O₅; (6) FMS - (FeO^*/MgO) vs. SiO₂; and (7) TAKTIP - K₂O/(Na₂O+K₂O) vs. TiO₂/P₂O₅. Different versions of these boundaries are collated to indicate their variable position, and it is demonstrated that inter-laboratory analytical precision suffices to account for almost all of their spread on the TAS and K₂O vs. SiO₂ diagrams.