Numerical simulation of seepage flow field in groundwater source heat pump system and its influence on temperature field

Energy utilization in the aquifers is a new technology closely related to development of heat pump technique. It is significant for the flow distribution to be predicted in the aquifer surrounding the Groundwater Source Heat Pump System (GSHPS). The authors presented a new concept of "flow transfixion" by analyzing general features of aquifers, and then discussed interaction of the flow transfixion with the heat transfixion, which has practical significance to projects. A numerical model of groundwater flow was established based on the basic tenets of water-heat transferring in the aquifer. On this basis the flow field and the temperature field of GSHPS for a site in Shenyang City were numerically simulated. The basis of the flow transfixion was obtained; it was discussed for the influence of the flow transfixion on the heat transfixion. To a certain extent, the study offers some reference for the projects' design of GSHP in the studied area.     

波纹开缝翅片管换热器传热与流动性的数值模拟

提出一种波纹开缝翅片管换热器,对其传热与流动特性进行三维数值模拟,选择Re范围在1 000到5 000时与平板开缝翅片的模拟相比较。结果表明,在Re小于2 752时,平板开缝比波纹开缝的换热效果好,而Re大于2 752时,波纹开缝比平板开缝换热效果更好,并且波纹开缝翅片管换热器的流动阻力小于平板开缝,因此,Re大于2 752时波纹开缝比平板开缝综合效果更好。     

Heat flow in northwest Pacific marginal seas

1 INTRODUCTION Marginal seas in the Northwest Pacific includethe Bering Sea, the Okhotsk Sea, the Japan Sea, theEast China Sea, the South China Sea and the Philip-pine Sea, surrounded by adjacent coastal regions,the islands on the continental crust side and theocean trench at oceanic crust side. More than 4000heat flow data have been obtained since the firstmeasurement in the area in 1957 around the Japa-nese Islands (Uyeda and Horai, 1964) and the firstmarine survey in the Be…     

岩溶含水层饱和-非饱和流动与污染物运移数值模拟

岩溶含水层中的地下水是重要的可饮用水来源, 由于其复杂的水文地质特征, 采用数值模型分析和评价含水层中地下水环境极具挑战性。采用变饱和度流动方程描述含水层基质中的饱和-非饱和流动, 采用管道流方程描述岩溶管道中的层流及紊流流动, 基于流动解采用对流弥散方程分别描述基质与管道中的溶质迁移过程。根据相关实验数据以及MODFLOW-CFP程序的模拟结果对流动模拟的准确性进行验证, 并基于此开展了岩溶管道以及非饱和参数对地下水流动及污染物迁移影响的模拟。结果显示, 数值模型能很好地重现含水层中饱和区与非饱和区以及岩溶管道的地下水动态, 岩溶管道对含水层的渗流场产生了较大的影响。管道中快速流动的特性使得周围的水向其中汇集, 影响了局部流动场, 进而使得泄露的污染物质随水流进入管道, 快速向管道出口处(泉点)迁移, 突破曲线显示管道出口处的污染物浓度响应速度远快于基质中对应的位置, 非饱和参数对管道中污染物浓度的响应速率有着不同程度的影响。建立的模型完善了岩溶含水层中非饱和区地下水流动、污染物运移以及基质-管道流动与溶质运移耦合模拟等方面的工作, 加深了对岩溶含水层地下水动力学以及污染物迁移过程的认识, 对岩溶水文地质及地下水环境等方面具有重要意义。      

A probe heat flow value of the East China Sea shelf

Bottom temperature variation (BTV) is a serious problem in determining the thermal gradient and heart flow of the sediments in shallow seas. The water depth of the East China Sea shelf is mostly below 150m, and the heat flow measurement is strongly affected by BTV. Following a statistical algorithm, we rechecked the temperature and thermal conductivity data of the cruises KX90-1 and KX91-1, carried out by a cooperation program of China and Japan, and calculate the heat flow in a site without long-term temperature record. The calculated heat flow in the site was 58.6±3.6 mW/m², being just within the range of the drill heat flow value of East China Sea shelf. The inversed amplitude spectrum of BTV has a peak in frequency of 1/10 per year, and the annual component is also an important part. Comparison with two lakes of Lake Greifensee and Lac Leman (i.e. Lake Geneva), which are in different water depth, revealed that with increasing water depth, the peak of amplitude spectrum moved towards low frequency components. The heat flow values calculated in this paper and from petroleum bore hole in East China Sea shelf are much more close to that in southeast China than in Okinawa Trough. Supported by the National High Technology R&D Program of China (2004 AA616060)     

青藏高原物质东流的岩石层力学背景探讨

利用地表大地热流观测资料、岩石生热率及热导率数据研究了三江和四川盆地 6个地区的岩石层平均温度结构及强度分布。结果表明 ,整个三江地区岩石层温度较高 ,而四川盆地温度较低 ;在岩石层强度分布上 ,四川盆地为高强度区 ,而三江地区则为低强度区 ;整个三江地区构成了一条青藏高原物质东流的低强度通道 ;由于四川盆地高强度块体的阻挡 ,青藏高原向东的物质流在此转向近南向 ,沿三江地区流逸 ;不同岩石层块体的强度差异可能是控制高原物质流动态势的重要力学背景之一。     

渤海湾盆地南乐地热田特征及其成因分析

为探究渤海湾盆地南乐地热田的岩溶热储特征及地热田成因机制,基于物探和地质资料,对渤海湾盆地南乐次凸地热田的热储展布规律、水化学特征、运移通道以及地温场等因素进行了剖析,构建了地热田成因概念模型。研究表明:南乐次凸地热田存在加里东、印支-海西、燕山、喜山4期奥陶系风化壳岩溶热储,顶板埋深1 427~2 135 m,有效厚度累计46.2~91.7 m;具有良好的盖层,地温梯度高达3.04~3.24℃/hm,地下水类型为SO₄+Cl-Na+Ca-B型;地热田形成于较高的大地热流、渤海湾陆内裂陷盆地-东濮凹陷西斜坡带背景下,受西部太行山区和东部鲁西南山区裸露基岩大气降水的共同补给,进入基岩的冷水深部循环受到热流的"热折射""热流再分配"效应以及兰聊断裂摩擦生热等的共同加热、增温,沿区域内不整合面以及断裂向上运移、富集,最终形成了以奥陶系为热储的传导型地热田系统。南乐次凸地热田奥陶系岩溶热储可采地热资源量为1.02×109 GJ,折合标煤3.50×107 t,可满足供暖面积12.37×104万m2,具有良好的开发市场前景。研究成果对南乐地热田乃至渤海湾盆地的岩溶热储开发利用具有较好的指导意义。      

地理流的空间模式：概念与分类

地理流被定义为地理对象在不同空间位置间的流动,而地理流通常涵盖了物质、信息、资金、能量等的空间转移。位置之间各种流的出现与强化,改变了以距离衰减效应为基本规律的传统认知。因此,针对地理流的研究将有助于从新的角度理解地理格局及其形成机理。本文认为可采用2种模型对地理流进行表达：① 将地理流抽象为包含起点和终点坐标的四元组（又称地理流正交模型）;② 将其抽象为包含起点坐标、流长度与流方向的模型（又称地理流极坐标模型）。在地理流表达模型的基础上,流空间可以定义为由两个二维空间通过笛卡尔积形成的四维空间。本文给出了流空间中4种距离（最大距离、加和距离、平均距离和加权距离）、不同距离下地理流的r邻域体积以及地理流密度等测度的定义。根据地理流极坐标模型中不同要素随机性的组合方式,将地理流模式分为随机、丛集、聚散、社区、并行与等长6种常见的单一模式,并梳理了不同模式的识别方法。单一模式之间的组合可以形成混合模式,而多类流数据之间可以形成多元流模式。在未来的研究中,地理流的基础统计理论、地理流模式的挖掘方法以及在实际问题中的应用将是其重要的发展方向。     

雄安新区高阳地热田东北部深部古潜山聚热机制

为查明雄安新区深部碳酸盐岩热储的赋存特征与聚热机制,中国地质调查局近两年组织实施的雄安新区地热清洁能源调查评价工作,综合地温场背景、深部地质结构、凹凸相间构造格局、深浅断裂系统控热导热、地球物理场特征、区域水动力场、水化学场与温度场的多场耦合指示等综合探测手段,分析总结了高阳地热田东北部深部古潜山地热资源的最新勘查成果,阐述了雄安新区深部高温古潜山热田的聚热机制:①受太平洋板块向西俯冲影响,华北克拉通东部破坏明显,岩石圈、地壳厚度大嵋减薄,有利于幔源热向浅部的传导;②区域马西断层等深大走滑断裂切穿了岩石圈,有利于深部的幔源热物质和深部岩浆上侵入地壳;③热流由低热导率的凹陷区向高热导率的凸起区聚集,地下水沿断裂的深循环对流加热,区域岩溶地下水的汇流区等也有一定的聚热效应。在雄安新区深部碳酸盐岩热储聚热机制理论指导下,在高阳地热田东北部古潜山布设施工了两眼高温、高产地热井,井口水温分别达到109.2℃,123.4℃,揭示验证了雄安新区深部存在地热开发的第二空间——蓟县系碳酸盐岩热储,深部碳酸盐岩地热水温度高、流量大、开发潜力巨大。研究成果对雄安新区乃至华北盆地高温、高产地热井位的布设与深部碳酸盐岩热储开发利用的科学部署具有很好的示范与指导意义。      

我国干热岩资源潜力区深部热结构

干热岩是潜力巨大的可再生能源,通过建立EGS试验场地开展干热岩资源开发示范工程是我国开发深部地热的前沿性、基础性工作。地壳深部温度是干热岩开发选址中首先考虑的因素,在重新编制中国大地热流图、居里面深度图的基础上,建立了东南沿海地区和青藏铁路沿线地区2个典型干热岩资源潜力区三维温度场模型,在不考虑热对流的情况下,模拟结果显示东南沿海4km深处的最高温度能达到165℃,青藏铁路沿线地区4km深处最高温度可达到380℃。同时,对比模拟结果和前人实测数据,分析了2个研究区不同的热成因机制,东南沿海地区以壳源产热为主,漳州地热田放射性集中层厚度10km,幔源热流所占比例为39.6%,青藏铁路沿线地区以幔源传导热为主,羊八井地热田放射性集中层厚度为6km,幔源热流所占比例为53.7%。通过与文献结果对比分析了模拟结果的合理性,模拟结果能够为我国干热岩靶区选址提供参考。      

Application of extension theory in risk zoning of debris flow in Beijing

The occurrence of debris flow is affected by many factors. Risk zoning of debris flow plays a vital role in the early-warning and prediction of abrupt geological hazards, and exploration of new method is needed in the early-warning and prediction of geological hazards. The extension theory is a new method to solve contradiction matters. Based on extension theory, AHP and GIS, the risk zoning model of debris flow was established in this paper. The result of this research provides a new way in the risk zoning, early-warning and prediction of debris flow     

Application of extension theory in risk zoning of debris flow in Beijing

The occurrence of debris flow is affected by many factors. Risk zoning of debris flow plays a vital role in the early-warning and prediction of abrupt geological hazards, and exploration of new method is needed in the early-warning and prediction of geological hazards. The extension theory is a new method to solve contradiction matters. Based on extension theory, AHP and GIS, the risk zoning model of debris flow was established in this paper. The result of this research provides a new way in the risk zoning, early-warning and prediction of debris flow     

山东费县上冶地区地热资源特征研究

山东省临沂市被授牌为"中国地热城"。区内地热资源较为丰富,开发利用时间长,产生了显著的经济和社会效益。通过研究临沂市费县上冶地区的地质背景、地热地质特征,探求该地区的地热资源形成、发育的机理,对于指导区域地热资源的有效开发具有重要的意义。上冶地区南部奥陶纪马家沟群地层直接出露,大气降水直接或者间接补给岩溶热储含水层。近SN向的上冶东岭断裂及其次级断裂与蒙山断裂沟通,地下水通过断裂构造、岩溶孔洞、裂隙等通道向深部径流,受到大地热流的传导加热,在形成和运移过程中不断地溶滤热储围岩的各种化学成分。而上覆地层热导率低,具有一定的保温作用,从而使得地热资源在该地赋存和聚集。深部岩溶热储类型为典型的受断裂构造控制的层状兼带状热储。     

板翅式换热器综合性能优化的设计方法

应用给定换热器结构材料而使换热量最大的两侧换热表面的最佳匹配准则和使可用能损失率最小的最佳运行参数准则。利用两个准则间的关系 ,采用迭代的方式完成换热器的优化设计 ,使换热器的设计达到材料省、换热效果好及运行费用低的目的 ,且能在设计阶段实现。     

Interannual variations in energy conversion and interaction between the mesoscale eddy field and mean flow in the Kuroshio south of Japan

Using 19-year satellite altimetric data, variations in the eddy kinetic energy, energy exchanges and interaction between the eddy field and mean flow are discussed for the Kuroshio south of Japan. In the seasonal cycle, the eddy kinetic energy level is a minimum in December/January and a maximum in April/May. In addition to seasonal variations, the eddy kinetic energy undergoes interannual changes. The energy transfers mainly from the mean flow to the eddy field in the Kuroshio south of Japan, and dominant energy exchanges mainly occur along the Kuroshio path south of Japan in each year from 1993 to 2011. In addition, there is often barotropic instability south of Honshu. Regarding interactions between the eddy field and mean flow, cyclonic and anticyclonic accelerations are also found along the Kuroshio path and they flank each other. There is cyclonic acceleration always imposed on southeast of Kyushu, and anticyclonic acceleration dominates south of Honshu from 2001 to mid-2005. Reynolds stress is used to explain the dynamic process of energy exchange. Furthermore, lag-correlation and linear regression analysis show that variability of the energy conversion rate and Reynolds stress involve responses to eddy acceleration at two time scales. The enhanced eddy acceleration induces large Reynolds stress, and enhanced Reynolds stress or barotropic instability further enforces energy transfer from the mean flow to the eddy field.     

胶东半岛温泉的地热特征

胶东半岛位于欧亚板块与太平洋板块边缘内侧 ,是地壳长期稳定缓慢隆起地段 ,区内地质构造发育 ,大部分温泉出露在背斜核部 ,NE、NNE向与NW、NNW向断裂交汇处。地热系统属中低温深循环对流型 ,略为偏高的大地热流是其主要热源 ,地表水是地下热水的补给水源 ,地下水通过发育在花岗岩和变质岩中的断层或断裂破碎带 ,下渗和深循环对流 ,在径流过程中不断吸取围岩热量成为热水 ,沿断裂上升过程中 ,与地下浅部裂隙水混合而成为化学成分各异 ,温度高低不等的温泉水     

A Regional-Scale Method of Forecasting Debris Flow Events Based on Water-Soil Coupling Mechanism

A debris flow forecast model based on a water-soil coupling mechanism that takes the debrisflow watershed as a basic forecast unit was established here for the prediction of disasters at the watershed scale.This was achieved through advances in our understanding of the formation mechanism of debris flow.To expand the applicable spatial scale of this forecasting model,a method of identifying potential debris flow watersheds was used to locate areas vulnerable to debris flow within a forecast region.Using these watersheds as forecasting units and a prediction method based on the water-soil coupling mechanism,a new forecasting method of debris flow at the regional scale was established.In order to test the prediction ability of this new forecasting method,the Sichuan province,China was selected as a study zone and the large-scale debris flow disasters attributable to heavy rainfall in this region on July 9,2013 were taken as the study case.According to debris flow disaster data on July 9,2013 which were provided by the geo-environmental monitoring station of Sichuan province,there were 252 watersheds in which debris flow events actually occurred.The current model predicted that 265 watersheds were likely to experience a debris flow event.Among these,43 towns including 204 debrisflow watersheds were successfully forecasted and 24 towns including 48 watersheds failed.The false prediction rate and failure prediction rate of thisforecast model were 23% and 19%,respectively.The results show that this method is more accurate and more applicable than traditional methods.     

物质点强度折减法边坡失稳判据选择方法

用物质点强度折减法求解边坡安全系数时, 需要选择一定的失稳判据, 而采用不同的失稳判据获得的安全系数通常存在一定差异。为此, 采用物质点强度折减法对两个边坡算例进行了稳定性分析, 对比研究了文献中常用的4种边坡失稳判据(计算不收敛、特征点位移突变、塑性应变贯通及界限值判据)在计算边坡安全系数时的合理性及适用性。同时, 将Spencer极限平衡法获得的安全系数作为参考, 进一步验证了结果的合理性与准确性。结果表明: ①数值计算的收敛性不能作为边坡失稳判据; ②将特征点位移突变视为边坡失稳判据时, 获得的安全系数与极限平衡法获得的结果基本一致, 故特征点位移突变可以作为边坡失稳判据; ③塑性应变贯通和边坡最大位移随迭代时间步趋于稳定的界限值不宜单独作为边坡失稳判据。      

Vulnerability of Himalayan springs to climate change and anthropogenic impact: a review

The climate change and unsustainable anthropogenic modification can intensify the vulnerability of the Himalayas. Natural springs are the principal source of potable water security for the Himalayan population. The changes in the trend of precipitation, temperature and glacier melt are expected to impact the quantity and quality of spring water significantly. This review presents an insight to unravel the effects of climate change and land use land cover changes on the spring resources and outline the essential elements of spring hydrology in the Himalayas. The sensitive response of spring flow to the climate has been observed to follows an annual periodic pattern strongly dependent on snowmelt,rainfall, and evapotranspiration. Among all types,Karst aquifers were found to be highly vulnerable. The changes in the forest and urban landscapes are affecting the recharging sites in the headwater region.In the Central Himalayan region(Kosi River basin,Kumaun), the number of perennial springs is decreasing at a rate of three springs year-1, and nonperennial springs are increasing at the rate of one spring year-1. The high concentration of NO3-, Cl-1,SO42-, and coliform counts reported from the spring water evidence a high susceptibility of shallow aquifers to the non-point source of pollution. Future projections indicate high surface-runoff and occurrence of extreme events such as floods, glacial lake outbursts, and landslides can affect the flow and water quality of springs. As the impact of climate change and anthropogenic activities are expected to increase with time remarkably, there is an urgent need to promote regional scientific studies on springs targeting hydrogeochemical evolution, vulnerability assessment, recharge area dynamics, and development of springshed management program.     

矿井涌水量数值法预测井筒处理方法探讨

矿井涌水量预测对于矿山开采具有重要意义。本文采用解析法和数值法计算了尕马庄矿区主、副井的井筒涌水量。重点讨论了数值法模型中井筒处理方法，通过对三种处理措施比较发现将井点作为节点，以含水层底板标高为其固定水头计算最大井筒涌水量，具有剖分简单、计算工作量小、结果较精确等优点。