美洲黑石斑精子超低温保存研究

作者采用2 mL 的冷存管和程序降温仪高效超低温保存美洲黑石斑(Centropristis striata L.)精子.分析比较了4种不同浓度抗冻剂15%DMSO(二甲基亚砜)、15%EG(乙二醇)、15%PG(丙二醇)和10%Meth(甲醇),5种降温速率(10,15,20,25,30℃/min)和5种解冻温度(30,35,40,45,50℃)对美洲黑石斑精子超低温保存效果的影响.实验结果表明,采用 Hanks’作为稀释液,15% DMSO、15% EG、15% PG 作为抗冻剂,30℃/min 的降温速率对精液进行超低温保存35℃水浴解冻,冻精激活后获得理想的运动率(>60%).通过对抗冻剂、降温速率、解冻温度的筛选,作者建立了美洲黑石斑精液高效超低温保存的方法,并对冻精进行长期保存.美洲黑石斑精子超低温保存方法的建立对于海水鱼类精子库的建立以及种质资源的保存和生物多样性的保护具有重要意义.     

三疣梭子蟹精子保存研究

于2004年5月到2004年7月对三疣梭子蟹精子进行了常温、低温和超低温保存研究。利用离子载体A23187人工诱导顶体反应以判断精子活力。常温和低温保存实验的结果显示,4℃下无钙人工海水(calcium-free artificial sea water,Ca2 FASW)保存236h的精子有25%以上的成活率。在4℃,25℃两种温度与Ca2 FASW、天然海水(natural sea water,NSW)两种基础液构成的4种组合中,最优组为4℃、Ca2 FASW,最差组为25℃、NSW。将精子浓度与Ca2 FASW对照组及诱导组比较,结果显示,25℃和4℃下,精子浓度与对照组顶体反应率相关性不显著(P=0.068>0.05,P=0.265>0.05),与诱导组顶体反应率极显著相关(P<0.01)。以二甲亚砜(Dimethyl sulfoxide,DMSO)和甘油(Glvcerol,G)作为抗冻剂进行超低温冷冻实验,72h后解冻,包括对照组在内的所有组均有98%以上的精子不经诱导就发生顶体反应。     

日本蟳精子获取和超低温冷冻保存技术研究

本文比较了胰酶消化法、网搓法和机械研磨法3种方法对获得游离日本蟳精子的效果。对获得的精子进行超低温冷冻保存,用曙红Y进行染色,检测精子的存活率。使用7种不同稀释液、不同浓度的二甲基亚砜(DMSO)、甘油(GLY)、1,2-丙二醇(PG)为抗冻保护剂,在6种不同的降温程序下,对日本蟳精子进行超低温冷冻保存,后在不同的温度下解冻复苏精子。实验结果表明:3种精子获取方法中以搓洗法的实验效果最好,胰酶消化法的效果次之,最差的是机械研磨法。其中搓洗法中以500目的筛绢效果最好,精子密度达2.56×10~(13)个/mL。日本蟳精子冷冻保存实验结果表明,稀释液以去钙人工海水、抗冻保护剂以5%DMSO、平衡时间20 min、降温程序P-1(0℃平衡20 min;-5℃/min降至-80℃;-80℃平衡5 min;-20℃/min降至-180℃;然后置于液氮中保存),水浴解冻37.5℃的效果最好,精子存活率最高。     

海湾扇贝精液超低温冷冻保存技术的初步研究

分别采用自然排放和解剖的方式获取海湾扇贝(Argopecten irradians irradians)精液,采用传统的分步降温法,从抗冻保护剂、精液稀释比例、降温程序、解冻温度和精子质量评价等方面探究海湾扇贝精液超低温冷冻保存技术。研究发现,海湾扇贝精子超低温冷冻保存效果最好的方案为:以解剖的方式获取海湾扇贝精液,用浓度20%的二甲基亚砜作为抗冻保护剂,以体积比2∶1与精液混合,控制总体积0.5~1 mL;体系经4℃平衡5 min后,于液氮面以上10cm稳定5min,投入液氮保存;解冻时,体系于30℃水浴中摇动融化。此方案下,精子解冻后活力最高,晃动和游动精子比例达到86.0%。将解冻后的海湾扇贝精子与虾夷扇贝(Patinopecten yessoensis)卵子人工授精,发现虾夷扇贝卵子可以受精并孵化,受精率为21.7%,这证实了此冻存方案的可行性。本研究完善了扇贝精液超低温保存的方法和流程,对于海湾扇贝种质资源保护、跨季杂交育种等研究有参考价值。     

中国对虾精子超低温保存的研究

于1991年11月-1993年5月对中国对虾纳精囊中精子进行超低温保存研究。结果表明，以自然海水或人工海水作基础液添加10％DMSO（V／V）及5％－10％的甘油配制成抗冻稀释液，稀释中国对虾精子进行超低温保存最有效，存活率在60％以上；保存94-138d，解冻后作人工授精，受精率最高达59％；稀释液中Mg2+，K+，Ca2+为超低温保存所必需，但Ca2+浓度过高则不利于精子的保存。光镜及电镜观察表明。冷冻对中国对虾精子的损伤主要表现为“棘突”的折断，严重时须体脱落仅剩精核；冻伤的精子不发生正常项体反应，不形成项体丝。     

小黄鱼(Larimichthys polyactis)精子的生理特性及超低温冷冻保存研究

为了解养殖小黄鱼精子的生理特性及超低温冷冻保存效果,用计算机辅助精子分析系统(CASA)检测了小黄鱼精子的运动参数及盐度、pH、葡萄糖、离子等环境因子的变化对其精子活力的影响;探究了稀释液、抗冻剂、稀释比及降温高度等对精子冷冻保存效果的影响。结果显示:小黄鱼精液的精子密度为(6.92±1.20)×109/mL。精子经自然海水激活后,运动率、运动时间及寿命分别为(59.31±4.85)%、8.44±0.87min及12.20±0.50min,直线运动速率(VSL)、曲线运动速率(VCL)及平均路径运动速率(VAP)分别为11.96±5.21、25.38±7.19和22.33±6.88μm/s。精子运动适宜的盐度范围为25—30、适宜的pH范围为7.5—8.5,精子在盐度25或pH8.0的海水中活力较好。精子激活效果较好的葡萄糖浓度为0.7—0.9mol/L;浓度0.9mol/L时,精子活力较好。精子激活效果较好的KCl、NaCl、MgCl2及CaCl2溶液浓度分别为0.4—0.5、0.4—0.6、0.7—1.0和0.2—0.3mol/L;精子在KCl及CaCl2溶液中活力相对较差,运动率等参数显著低于对照组;精子在不同人工海水中的运动率显著低于自然海水中的运动率,但精子在单一离子缺陷型人工海水及全人工海水中的运动率无显著差异。以0.25mL麦细管为冻存管, 6种稀释液、不同浓度的4种抗冻剂、5种稀释比及5种降温高度对小黄鱼精子冷冻保存效果的影响试验发现,以HBSS液1︰3稀释精液,添加10%DMSO及15%PG为抗冻剂,液氮面上3.5cm处降温5min后投入液氮中保存效果较好,冻精解冻后运动率达(43.57±2.59)%及(43.06±6.77)%。     

花鲈精子生理特性及其精液超低温冷冻保存

以精子的活率、寿命和运动状态为参数,探讨了花鲈鲜精在不同盐度、酸碱度和离体条件下的生理特性,并对花鲈精液进行超低温冷冻保存研究.结果表明:盐度和酸碱度主要影响精子的寿命,对精子的活率影响不大;精子离休后置于室温(15～17℃)下8h,其活率和寿命随时间的延长而呈下降趋势,运动状态也逐渐减弱;不同组成成分的基础溶液以及抗冻保护剂的种类、浓度和使用方法均影响精液超低温冷冻保存效果;精液冷冻前经30min降温平衡(0～2℃),效果好于直接冷冻;冻精采用水浴快速解冻法(38～40℃)的效果优于室温(15.5～17.5℃)解冻法.     

九孔鲍精子短期保存技术研究

应用单因素试验和三因素正交试验研究了温度、二甲基亚砜(DMSO)浓度及精子密度等因素对九孔鲍(Haliotis diversicolor supertexta)精子短期保存的影响。单因素试验结果表明:DMSO、维生素C、甘油、葡萄糖等添加剂中仅5%和7.5%DMSO有利于精子活力的保持;3个试验温度中28℃精子活力下降速度最快,其次为1℃,最慢是5℃;稀释度越高精子活力下降速度越快。正交试验中,九孔鲍精液分别在25个保存条件下保存96 h,保存期间每隔一段时间取样观察精子活力。25个处理的活力变化数据用生长函数拟合,根据拟合方程计算出精子活力半衰期,并对结果进行直观分析及方差分析。结果表明,较理想的精子保存条件是:温度为7℃,DMSO质量分数为3%,精子密度为7.5×108个/mL;各因素对精子活力半衰期的影响按精子密度、温度、DMSO密度顺序递减;精子密度对精子活力半衰期有显著影响(P<0.05),温度及DMSO浓度的影响不显著(P>0.05)。     

点带石斑鱼精子超低温冷冻保存研究

为建立点带石斑鱼(Epinephelus malabaricus)精子冷冻保存技术,保存点带石斑鱼种质资源,作者通过选用TS-19、TS-2、Hank’s、MPRS、Cortland、0.75%NaCl等作为稀释液及10%~25%二甲亚砜、甘油、甲醇作为抗冻液,对繁殖季节中3个不同时期的点带石斑鱼精液进行超低温冷冻保存研究。研究结果表明:(1)Hank’s溶液为点带石斑鱼精子冷冻保存最适冷冻稀释液;(2)Hank’s溶液与10%~15%DMSO溶液为点带石斑鱼精子保存的最适冷冻保护液组合,可以获得60%以上的冻精成活率,而使用不同浓度的MeOH作为抗冻液时,冻精成活率均为0%;(3)以10%~25%Gly作为抗冻液时,冷冻前未加天然海水时均能激活点带石斑鱼精子正常运动,其效果与天然海水相似,加入天然海水后精子运动效果急剧下降,精子冷冻保存后也存在同样现象;(4)为保证获得更高的冻精成活率,点带石斑鱼精液冷冻保存样品的最佳获取时期是在亲鱼自然繁殖期前进行为宜。     

九孔鲍精子短期保存技术研究

应用单因素试验和三因素正交试验研究了温度、二甲基亚砜(DMSO)浓度及精子密度等因素对九孔鲍(Haliotis diversicolor supertextexta)精子短期保存的影响。单因素试验结果表明: DMSO、维生素C、甘油、葡萄糖等添加剂中仅5%和7. 5% DMSO有利于精子活力的保持; 3个试验温度中28℃精子活力下降速度最快,其次为1℃, 最慢是5℃; 稀释度越高精子活力下降速度越快。正交试验中, 九孔鲍精液分别在25个保存条件下保存96 h, 保存期间每隔一段时间取样观察精子活力。25 个处理的活力变化数据用生长函数拟合, 根据拟合方程计算出精子活力半衰期, 并对结果进行直观分析及方差分析。结果表明, 较理想的精子保存条件是: 温度为7℃, DMSO质量分数为3%, 精子密度为7.5×10⁸个/mL; 各因素对精子活力半衰期的影响按精子密度、温度、DMSO密度顺序递减; 精子密度对精子活力半衰期有显著影响(P<0.05) , 温度及DMSO浓度的影响不显著(P>0.05) 。     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Estimation of Sediment Properties during Benthic Impact Experiments

Sediment properties, such as water content and density, have been used to estimate the dry and wet weights, as well as the volume of sediment recovered and discharged, during benthic impact experiments conducted in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The estimates show that the weights of dry (355-1332 t) and wet sediment (1651-4888 t) recovered during the experiments, are not only a function of the total duration and distance covered during the experiment, but also depend on water content and density of the sediment. Estimation of dry sediment and its volumetric ratio in the discharge, are key parameters for calculating the discharged volume. The estimated volume of wet sediment recovered (1427-4049 m 3 ) as well as discharged (2693-6951 m 3 ) during the experiments, provide important inputs to evaluate the sediment resettlement and migration. Using these estimates, the average depth of excavation on the seafloor, can also been calculated. However, the stages of sediment recovery and discharge are expressed differently in some of the experiments. In order to standardize these, different stages have been identified, and definitions of certain terms have been suggested, for use in the future. The methods of calculating different properties, as well as weight and volume of discharged sediment are described in the paper for use in other applications concerning deep-sea discharges.     

A Tidal Flow Model for the Gulf of Kachchh, India

A vertically integrated model has been used to study the tidal circulation and currents in the Gulf of Kachchh along the west coast of India. The model is fully nonlinear and uses a semiexplicit finite difference scheme to solve the basic hydrodynamic equations on a staggered grid. The model is forced by prescribing the tides along the open boundary of the model domain. The flow is simulated both with and without the presence of the proposed tidal barrage across the Hansthal Creek in the Gulf of Kachchh. The results show a considerable change in the behavior of the tidal flow in the presence of the barrage.     

利用中国GF-3卫星SAR和HY-2A卫星微波散射计的首次台风联合定量观测

<正>The typhoon,as a mature tropical cyclone that develops in the western part of the North Pacific Ocean with high wind speed and heavy rainfall,is one of the most lethal and costly of natural disasters for the densely populated countries of East Asia.It can be easily detected by space-borne sensors operated at microwave,visible or infrared bands(Liu et al.,2014).Synthetic Aperture Radar(SAR)is     

离子交换—原子吸收光谱法测定海水中痕量铜、铅、锌、镉、铁、锰

本文介绍了用国产D401型螯合树脂分离富集海水中铜、铅、锌、镉、铁、锰等痕量元素,并用原子吸收光谱仪测定其含量的方法。讨论了各元素的分离条件选择及干扰元素的影响,并与溶剂萃取法的结果作了比较。各元素检测的定量下限为:铜0.5μg/L、铅0.1μg/L、锌1.0μg/L、镉0.01μg/L、铁2.0μg/L、锰2.0μg/L。方法精密度在4—8％之间,回收率为90—102％。     

Biogeochemistry of Mangrove Soil Organic Matter: a Comparison BetweenRhizophoraandAvicenniaSoils in South-eastern Brazil

Soil core samples fromRhizophora mangleL. andAvicennia schauerianaStapf & Leech forests from south-eastern Brazil were analysed for their total organic matter content and their sugars, amino acid and amino sugars composition. Organic carbon and nitrogen contents were higher inAvicenniathan inRhizophorasoils. The contribution of sugars and amino acids to the total organic carbon pool was constant with depth inRhizophorasoils whereas inAvicenniasoils it increased. Spectral distribution of sugars and amino acids showed a dominance of Ca-affine monomers, particularly acidic amino acids, and the sugar arabinose. Biogeochemical indicators derived from ratios of individual sugar and amino acid monomers confirm previous studies which showed that organic matter in both soils is mainly of mangrove origin. The results further suggest accumulation of organic matter inRhizophorasoils and a continuing degradation of organic matter inAvicenniasoils. The latter may thus release more nutrients to adjacent ecosystems thanRhizophorasoils.     

A review of orange roughy Hoplostethus atlanticus fisheries,estimation methods,biology and stock structure

Orange roughy Hoplostethus atlanticus are unusual fish. They form dense aggregations that have fuelled lucrative fisheries at great depths (600–1 400 m), especially off Namibia, New Zealand and Australia. They are thought to be very long-lived (>100 years, maturity at 22 – 40 years), and to have exceptionally low natural mortality (M = 0.045–0.064 year^?1) and slow growth rates (K = 0.055–0.070 year^?1). In addition, they spawn large eggs and have low fecundity. These factors combine to make orange roughy highly susceptible to overfishing; most stocks are below 30% of pristine levels. Assessments are obtained from indices of catch rate and trawl, acoustic and egg surveys. Acoustic estimates are the most direct, but are confounded by the species' low target strength (?50 to ?53 dB)–attributable to the wax-filled swim bladder. Extracellular wax esters are stored in abundance and comprise mostly mono-unsaturated fatty acids, with low concentrations of the ω-3 fatty acid family. This unusual composition (resultant from the species' diet) ensures neutral buoyancy. Stock separation has been inferred mainly from biological studies, but genetic studies have also found differences among stocks within New Zealand and Australia. Deep-water habitat may be damaged by trawling operations and may take many years to recover, so in some quarters there is a call for a portion of suitable habitat to be set aside for preservation. Although Namibian orange roughy are shallower, smaller and younger than those in other stocks, the Namibian fishery sustained high catches for only a few years before quotas were reduced, from 12 000 to 1 875 tons. Three management lessons are suggested for developing orange roughy fisheries based on the Namibian experience: (1) imposition of catch limits during exploratory fishing; (2) starting the acoustic surveys earlier in the fishery, if possible; (3) greater reliance on trends in catch rate until a survey series has been established.