Iodine (and Other Halogens) in Twenty Six Geological Reference Materials by ICP-MS and Ion Chromatography

Analytical results for iodine in twenty six geological reference materials (RM) are presented. Bromine, fluorine and chlorine were also determined in some samples. Pyrohydrolysis in a heated quartz tube under a wet oxygen flow was used for the separation of the halogens from the matrix and the evolved gas was absorbed in a trap solution. The halogens were measured by ICP-MS and ion chromatography (IC). All four halogens can be collected in the trap solution from one combustion procedure. The analysed samples range in type from igneous rocks to terrestrial and marine sediments. Precision, detection limits, and accuracy are also presented.     

电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定硫时不同形态硫的影响

电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)常常被应用于矿石、蛋白质和化石燃料等材料中硫含量的测定。文章综合研究比较了四极杆电感耦合等离子体质谱(Q-ICP-MS)和扇形磁场电感耦合等离子体质谱(SF-ICP-MS)测定硫的灵敏度、检出限及空白干扰。重点考察了两种不同的样品介质(水和2% HNO₃)中不同形态的硫对SF-ICP-MS测定硫信号的影响,并且深入研究了影响的原因。结果表明,硫含量相同但形态不同的含硫阴离子(S^2-、S₂O₃^2-、SO₃^2-、SO₄^2-)在2%的HNO₃介质中的信号比在水介质中的信号稳定,2%的HNO₃更适合于作为ICP-MS测定硫的介质。在2%的HNO₃介质中,S^2-、SO₃^2-中S的ICP-MS测量灵敏度(即标准曲线的斜率)分别为7828 cps/(μg·L^-1)、5528 cps/(μg·L^-1),SO₄^2-和S₂O₃^2-的测量灵敏度分别是为1321 cps/(μg·L^-1)、1299 cps/(μg·L^-1)。S^2-和SO₃^2-的灵敏度分别约为SO₄^2-的6倍和4倍;而S₂O₃^2-的灵敏度与SO₄^2-基本一致。主要原因在于S^2-、SO₃^2-形态的硫在HNO₃介质中形成了气态的H₂S和SO₂,相当于提高了雾化效率,从而使这两种形态硫的灵敏度大幅度提高。     

Determination of the REE in Geological Reference Materials DTS-1 (Dunite) and PCC-1 (Peridotite) by Ultrasonic and Microconcentric Desolvating Nebulisation ICP-MS

Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry is well suited for the precise, accurate and rapid determination of rare earth elements in most geological samples. However, determination of rare earth elements in certain mantle-derived materials, without applying preconcentration techniques, remains problematical due to low natural concentrations (generally < 1 ng g⁻¹). Consequently, USGS reference materials DTS-1 (a dunite) and PCC-1 (a partially serpentinized harzburgite) have only suggested rather than recommended values for the rare earth elements in reference material compilations. We compared results obtained using two ICP-MS instruments: a U-5000AT ultrasonic nebuliser coupled to a PQ2+ quadrupole ICP-MS and an ELEMENT sector field ICP-MS equipped with a MCN-6000 microconcentric desolvating nebuliser, with the suggested literature values for these two reference materials. Precision and accuracy of analytical methods employed by both instruments were demonstrated by excellent relative standard deviations (< 2%) and inter-laboratory agreement (< 5%) for numerous analyses of BHVO-1 and BIR-1, which are well established with rare earth elements contents at the μg g⁻¹ level. Repeat analyses of DTS-1 and PCC-1 at each laboratory indicate that each method is generally precise to better than 5% at sub-g g⁻¹ levels. Furthermore, values from both instruments generally agree to within 10%. Our DTS-1 and PCC-1 values agree reasonably well with selected data reported in the literature (except for Ce and Sm in DTS-1) but exhibit poorer agreement with reported compilation values. With the demonstrated level of precision and accuracy, we contend that these new values for DTS-1 and PCC-1, generated by two different instruments, are the best estimates of the true whole-rock composition of these samples reported to date.     

高钙碳酸盐地质样品中铜镍的测定

用电感耦合等离子体质谱法和电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定高钙碳酸盐样品中的铜和镍。通过试验分析了高钙碳酸盐样品中钙对铜、镍测定的影响,并确定其影响因子,提出两套检测高钙碳酸盐样品中铜、镍的方案。方法经国家标准物质验证,测定值与标准值相符;相对标准偏差(RSD,n=10)两元素均小于2%。     

电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定地质样品中稀散元素铬镓铟碲铊

采用电感耦合等离子体质谱技术,研究了地质样品中稀散元素铬、镓、铟、碲、铊含量的质谱分析方法。研究确定了最佳测定酸度、干扰元素的校正方法,结果令人满意。方法检出限为0.001 3~0.063μg/g,精密度(RSD,n=11)为2.00%~4.87%,优于其他方法,具有较好的灵敏度。方法快速、简便,结果准确,可用于地质样品中稀散元素铬、镓、铟、碲、铊含量的分析,适用于批量样品的快速测定。     

敞口酸溶-电感耦合等离子体质谱法同时测定地质样品中45个元素

改进了三酸(HCl-HNO3-HF)或四酸(HCl-HNO3-HF-HClO4)溶矿对难溶元素分解不彻底及对易挥发元素测定结果不稳定的现象,建立了地质样品中15个稀土元素及其常规微量元素一次溶矿、一次测定的分析方法,提高了分析质量。采用HCl-HNO3-HF-HClO4-H2SO4混合酸一次分解样品,用50%的逆王水复溶提取后定容,以Rh为内标元素,三通在线进样方式,电感耦合等离子体质谱法同时测定地质样品中45个元素的含量。讨论了分解方法对易挥发元素、难溶元素的影响,对岩石标准物质(GBW07106)、水系沉积物标准物质(GBW07303)和土壤标准物质(GBW07429)的测定值与标准值相一致,方法精密度为0.03%～4.97%。方法准确度高,简单、快捷、实用。     

Simultaneous Determination of Total Carbon, Nitrogen, Hydrogen and Sulfur in Twenty-seven Geological Reference Materials by Elemental Analyser

The contents of total carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and sulfur in twenty-seven geological reference materials, issued by five producer organisations (USGS, CCRMP, ANRT, NIST and GSJ) were determined using an automated simultaneous elemental analyser following combustion. In order to complete gasification of C and N in some geological materials, the combustion temperature needed to be greater than 1150 °C. The calibrator prepared from known amounts of reagent material was not adopted for more than 1.2% m/m of H. Unrealistically high values in certain materials supposed to contain less than 1000 μg g⁻¹ S may be due mainly to memory effects. The limit of detection was 50 μg g⁻¹ for C and N, 500 μg g⁻¹ for H and 1000 μg g⁻¹ for S. Although the blank value of C and N was always stable and less than one third of the detection limit, it had a slightly higher value for N and S. By repeating long-term analysis, high reproducibility for each of the four elements was verified. The method has been applied satisfactorily to a variety of geological reference materials, and recommended values for C, H and N for most of the reference materials studied have been tabulated.     

An Evaluation of Methods for the Chemical Decomposition of Geological Materials for Trace Element Determination using ICP-MS

Complete dissolution is essential to obtain accurate analytical results using ICP-MS. In this study, decomposition techniques (i.e. acid digestions using Savillex Teflon vials, a high pressure digestion system and microwave oven, a combined lithium tetraborate fusion - HF/HNO3 acid decomposition and sodium peroxide sinter) for the total dissolution of different types of geological reference materials have been investigated. Savillex Teflon vial HF/HNO3 digestion is effective for basaltic samples. The high pressure HF/HClO4 digestion (PicoTrace TC-805 digestion system, Bovenden, Germany) allows dissolution of basalts and ironstones. Granites and magnetite-rich samples can be dissolved using a high pressure HF/H₂SO₄ method. Geological samples cannot be effectively attacked by microwave acid digestion. A combined lithium tetraborate fusion - HF/HNO3 acid digestion method allows complete dissolution of many different types of geological materials; however, this method precludes the determination of volatile elements due to the high fusion temperature (1000 °C). A sodium peroxide sinter method at 480 °C has the potential for the rapid determination of Y, Sc and REE in different types of geological materials. However, the lack of ultra-pure reagents precludes the use of lithium tetraborate fusion and sodium peroxide sinter methods for the measurement of geological samples with low trace element abundances.     

王水溶样-等离子体质谱法同时测定地质样品中砷锑铋银镉铟

采用王水溶样-等离子体质谱法测定地质样品中砷、锑、铋、银、镉、铟6个元素,探讨了测定过程中对砷、银、镉、铟干扰的消除问题。方法检出限(10SD,μg/g)分别为:砷0.2、锑0.01、铋0.005、银0.01、镉0.01、铟0.005;精密度(RSD,n=12)分别为砷1.3%~3.0%、锑0.65%~2.3%、铋1.2%~2.6%、银3.2%~6.6%、镉3.7%~8.0%、铟1.1%~5.0%;加标回收率分别为砷96.8%~106%、锑102%~108%、铋102%~106%、银99.7%~104%、镉103%~108%、铟97.9%~100%。用拟定方法测定了国家一级标准物质中砷、锑、铋、银、镉、铟,结果与标准值相符。方法适用于岩石、土壤、水系沉积物等地质样品的测定。     

玄武岩标准样品铁铜锌同位素组成

报道了三种玄武岩标准样品(BCR-2、BIR-1a和GBW 07105)的铁铜锌同位素数据。实验使用HNO3-HF混合酸消解玄武岩标准样品;AGMP-1阴离子交换树脂分离提纯样品中的铜铁锌,利用多接收等离子体质谱仪(MC-ICPMS)测定铁铜锌同位素比值,分析过程中使用样品-标准-样品交叉法校正仪器的质量分馏。实验得到BCR-2、BIR-1a和GBW 07105标准样品的高精度铁铜锌同位素组成(95%置信水平的不确定度)分别为:δ56FeBCR-2-IRMM014=0.070‰±0.018‰(2SD),δ65 CuBCR-2-SRM976=0.16‰±0.04‰(2SD),δ66 ZnBCR-2-IRMM3702=-0.072‰±0.020‰(2SD);δ56 FeBIR-1a-IRMM014=0.044‰±0.026‰(2SD),δ65CuBIR-1a-SRM976=0.027‰±0.019‰(2SD),δ66 ZnBIR-1a-IRMM3702=0.085‰±0.032‰(2SD);δ56FeGBW 07105-IRMM014=0.126‰±0.039‰(2SD),δ65 CuGBW 07105-SRM976=0.12‰±0.01‰(2SD),δ66ZnGBW 07105-IRMM3702=0.22‰±0.03‰(2SD)。这些数据在误差(不确定度)范围内与国际上已发表的数据是一致的。三个玄武岩标准样品的铁铜锌同位素组成数据的发表为铁铜锌同位素研究提供了统一的标准,使地质样品的铁铜锌同位素数据的质量监控成为可能。     

阴离子交换色谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱联用技术用于面粉中溴形态分析

建立的阴离子交换色谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱联用技术用于测量面粉中的痕量 BrO3-及Br-。使用DIONEX CarBoPac PA-100(4 mm×250 mm,i．d．)色谱柱,在流速1 mL／min 及5 mmol／L NH4NO3淋洗液下分离BrO3-和Br-。该方法在100μL进样量下BrO3-的检出限为 0．0027 μmoL／L(0．22μg／L),Br-为0．0067 μmoL／L(0．54μg／L)。对市场上部分面粉类样品的分析结果表明,所选面粉只有一种检出有BrO3-,其他样品中的BrO3-均低于检出限。方法的回收率可达到98％-109％。     

Recent Developments in Trace Element Analysis by ICP-AES and ICP-MS with Particular Reference to Geological and Environmental Samples

This review describes recent developments in trace element analysis using inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). It aims to focus on the application of ICP techniques to geological and environmental samples. Therefore, fundamental studies in ICP-MS and ICP-AES instrumentation have largely been ignored. Whereas the majority of literature reviewed related to ICP-MS, indicating that ICP-MS is now the preferred technique for all geological analysis, there is still a steady development of ICP-AES to environmental applications. It is clear that true flexibility in elemental analysis can only be achieved by combining the advantages of both ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Two particular groups of elements (long-lived radionuclide and the platinum-group elements) stood out as warranting dedicated sections describing analytical developments these areas.     

同位素稀释等离子体质谱法准确测定地质样品中痕量铼

采用Carius管高温密闭溶样,同位素稀释-电感耦合等离子体质谱法对黄铁矿、岩石等地质样品中痕量铼进行了准确测定。流程空白能够有效控制在1．4～10 pg。对岩石样品中 ng／g量级的Re进行分析,4次重复分析结果的RSD为3．89％(2s)。以辉钼矿国家标准物质作为本方法研究的监控样品,重复分析结果与其标准推荐值(17．39±0．32)μg/g吻合。     

痕量金及金矿石标准物质复制

1986年至2007年期间,中国先后研制了适用于区域地球化学调查、矿产勘查与评价、采矿与选冶等不同工作需求的背景、异常、中等、高含量以及矿化、边界品位、精矿等不同品级的痕量金和矿石金系列标准物质。经过多年使用尤其是近年来使用量的递增,这些标准物质中多数样品已经或已近耗尽,急需研制替代的标准物质。2016—2018年,本文严格按照国家一级标准物质研制的相关规范,开展了7个痕量金(GBW07805、GBW07806、GBW07243～GBW07247)和3个矿石金[GBW(E)070012、GBW07807、GBW07299]地球化学标准物质的复制工作。在全国范围内选采了矿床和介质类型具有代表性的候选物,经粗碎、烘干、组合配置、细碎、过筛、混匀等步骤制备而成。经粒度检查,样品粒径达到0.74μm的累计含量达到99%以上,符合规范要求。本系列标准物质采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)、火焰原子吸收光谱法(FAAS)及石墨炉原子吸收光谱法(GFAAS)等经典可靠的分析方法测定金含量,每个样品随机抽取25瓶子样进行均匀性检验测试,相对标准偏差(RSD)均都小于10%,方差检验的F值均小于单尾临界值F_(0.05(24,25))=1.98,表明样品均匀性良好。在一年的考察期内,定值成分未发现统计学意义上的明显变化,证明样品的稳定性良好。由中国5家具有金测试经验、技术力量强的实验室,采用经典可靠的多种测试方法共提供了292组分析数据完成定值测试。原始数据经统计检验并剔除可疑值后符合正态分布,以算术平均值作为标准值,并按照最新规范详细评定了不确定度。复制的标准物质量值准确可靠,不确定度合理。与原批次相比,两个批次的认定值基本一致,定值数据的标准偏差呈缩小趋势,符合标准物质复制的要求。本系列金标准物质含量范围广,适用于不同含量级次的量值比对和分析监控,可以满足地质矿产研究、区域地球化学调查、金矿勘查与评价的需要。     

离子色谱法测定硫化矿中高含量硫和砷

选定了混合熔剂的比例及用量,试样经半熔后制备成与淋洗液匹配的试样溶液,结合色谱条件的选择成功地将离子色谱法应用于硫化矿中高含量S和As的测定。含As 42.44％和含S20.97％的试样其相对标准偏差(n=8)分别为0.53％和0.47％     

乌龙茶和绿茶成分分析标准物质复研制

20世纪80年代至今,中国已研制了9种茶叶成分标准物质。中国地质调查局于2004年下达中国地质科学院地球物理地球化学勘查研究所研制的一套适用于覆盖区农业生态地球化学评价的生物地球化学系列标准物质,其中包括两种茶叶标准物质,定值组分60余项,包括植物营养元素、有毒、有害元素和重金属污染元素以及人们关心的一些微量营养元素等,满足了相关食品卫生安全及生物样品成分检验分析的需要,取得了显著的社会效益。随着农业生态地质调查工作全面部署和展开,对生物样品的分析测试任务加大,对相应地球化学标准物质的需求也随之增加。本文复制了GBW10016a和GBW10052a两种茶叶标准物质,候选物分别为福建武夷山乌龙茶和江西上饶市婺源绿茶。研制过程严格按照JJG 1006—1994、JJF 1343—2012和JJF1646—2017等相关规范要求,侯选物经粗碎、干燥、细碎、过筛、混匀等步骤制备而成,经统计学检验,样品均匀,稳定性良好,定值采用多家实验室合作定值的方式进行,优选国内技术实力较强、仪器设备先进、且有相关标准物质定值测试经验的11家实验室,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱/发射光谱法（ICP-MS/OES）、原子荧光光谱法（AFS）等准确可靠的方法共分析61项指标。GBW10016a最终给出认定值54项,参考值3项;GBW10052a定值57项,参考值3项。本次研制的茶叶标准物质定值成分多样、量值准确可靠,符合国家一级标准物质的要求。与原批次标准物质相比,GBW10016a定值指标增加了Ag和Sn,Ge和Tl由原批次的参考值升级为标准值;GBW10052a增加了Al、Ag、Cl、I、N、S、Sb、Sc、Si及Sn由原批次的参考值升级为标准值。本次复研制的标准物质,在同类型中占据重要地位,研制过程严格按照相关规范执行,测试方法经典可靠,定值结果准确度高,于2019年被审批为国家一级标准物质,能够有效支撑农业生态环境地球化学调查与评价、生物样品的分析及食品与农产品分析测试的需要。     

多接收器电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定土壤标准物质铜同位素组成

近年来,铜同位素在表生环境和生物地球化学中的应用越来越广泛,尤其是土壤的铜同位素组成可以示踪环境污染物来源及生物地球化学过程。目前,对土壤铜同位素进行研究时,主要以硅酸岩标准物质为标样来衡量土壤样品铜同位素测定的准确性和精确性。但土壤与硅酸岩中铜、基质离子及有机质的含量等存在很大差异（如：硅酸岩中的铜含量>80μg/g,一些土壤中的铜含量很低, < 20μg/g）,将硅酸岩标准物质作为标样来监测土壤样品的数据质量缺乏代表性。为了弥补这一缺陷,本文精确测定4个国家土壤标准物质（GBW07443、GBW07425、GBW07427、GBW07389）的铜同位素组成,并将其作为检验土壤样品铜同位素测定过程中的标准。实验中采用高温高压反应釜消解样品,利用AG MP-1M树脂进行纯化,全流程空白 < 2ng,回收率≥ 98%,通过多接收器电感耦合等离子体质谱仪（MC-ICP-MS）采用标样-样品-标样间插法进行仪器分馏校正,δ65Cu的长期测试外精度优于0.05‰（n=306,2SD）。GBW07443、GBW07425、GBW07427和GBW07389的铜同位素组成分别为-0.04‰±0.04‰（n=9,2SD）、-0.07‰±0.05‰（n=12,2SD）、-0.06‰±0.04‰（n=12,2SD）、-0.02‰±0.06‰（n=12,2SD）。这些土壤标准物质的铜同位素组成均位于0附近,大致为自然界土壤铜同位素比值变化范围（-0.5‰~+0.5‰）的中间值,且样品容易获得,其化学和铜同位素组成均一,适合作为监控土壤铜同位素化学及质谱分析数据可靠性的标准物质。     

电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定地质样品中锗和镉的干扰及校正

采用HF-HClO4-HNO3分解样品,8 mol/L HNO3提取剂,外标法校准,电感耦合等离子体质谱法同时测定地球化学样品中锗和镉.选择103 Rh为内标,确定了最佳仪器参数,研究了Zn、Zr、Sn、Ce、Nd、Sm对Ge和Cd的干扰,试验选择质量数74 Ge和114 Cd 作为测定同位素,采用数学公式校正法校正了来自Nd和Sm的二次电离离子对 Ge 的干扰、Sn对Cd的同质异位素干扰.方法检出限(10s)分别为Ge 30 ng/L、Cd 15 ng/L,精密度(RSD,n=15)为Ge 1·35%、Cd1.47%.对多种国家一级标准物质进行分析验证,结果与标准值相符.方法适用于地质样品中微量锗和镉的测定.     

王水水浴消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定土壤中的硒

随着富硒产品关注度越来越高,对土壤中硒含量测定的研究也越来越受到人们的重视。应用传统电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)测定土壤样品中的硒时,受到的基体效应和多原子离子干扰比较显著,准确测定硒含量的难度较大。本文建立了采用50%王水-沸水浴消解体系,ICP-MS测定土壤样品中硒含量的方法,实验中采用动能歧视模式(KED)消除质谱干扰,选用~(103)Rh元素作为在线加入内标以消除仪器信号漂移。用该方法对有证土壤标准物质进行分析,其结果均在不确定度范围内,测定值与认定值的相对误差介于-2.01%～2.99%之间,相对标准偏差(RSD)小于6.60%,检出限为0.012μg/g,测定下限为0.048μg/g。应用该方法与国家环境保护标准方法(HJ680—2013)对20个土壤实际样品进行比对分析,其结果基本一致。该方法适合于分析测定地质等行业大批量土壤样品中的硒。     

电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定井间示踪剂中稀土元素

以甲醇为稀释剂,用电感耦合等离子体质谱法快速测定稀土示踪剂中17个稀土元素。研究表明,在优化的稀释剂甲醇浓度为2%(体积分数)、pH<2.47的条件下测定稀土元素,方法精密度(RSD)为1.23%~2.83%,日间6次测定的精密度为2.25%~4.76%,各稀土元素线性关系良好,检出限为2.0~9.0 ng/L;17个稀土元素的加标回收率为85%~108%,满足痕量元素分析要求。