多孔介质微观孔隙结构三维成像技术

详细介绍目前国际上最先进的多孔介质微观结构三维成像技术,包括系列切片技术、聚焦离子束技术(FIB)、激光共聚焦扫描显微镜、Micro-CT技术,分析了各自的优越性及局限性,探讨了Micro-CT技术的应用现状及其在地质学领域的应用前景.分析结果表明,Micro-CT及今后的Nano-CT技术是一种无损伤的3D成像技术,不但可获得足够分辨率的多孔介质微观孔隙结构3D图像,而且还可以现场实时检测孔隙中流体的渗流状态,在多孔介质孔隙结构及渗流机理研究中具有重要的应用价值.该技术必定成为今后的主流技术,不仅将在石油工程、水文工程等领域发挥重要的作用,而且还将广泛应用于岩石学、矿物学、古生物学、材料学、资源科学及环境科学等领域.该技术的研究和应用在我国还处在起步阶段,应加大设备引进和研究力度.     

三角洲前缘厚层砂岩孔隙结构及微观渗流特征——以吴仓堡地区长6储层为例

依据薄片、压汞、扫描电镜、物性分析及油水驱替实验资料,对吴仓堡地区三角洲前缘亚相长6厚层砂岩储层的岩石学特征、孔渗特征、孔隙结构特征、成岩作用、微观渗流特征等进行深入研究,分析影响储层储集性能的主控因素。结果表明,受东北物源控制的长6厚层砂岩储层具有成分成熟度中等、结构成熟度较好的特点,储集空间主要为残余粒间孔和粒间溶孔、粒内溶孔,为典型中低孔、特低渗储集层;储层储集性能主要受沉积微相和成岩作用控制。对储层发育影响最大的成岩期位于中成岩A期,中等压实-粘土膜胶结残余粒间孔发育成岩相和弱压实-残余粒间孔+溶蚀孔隙发育成岩相是最有利储层发育的成岩相带。根据微观渗流特征,可划分出4种驱油类型,微观孔隙结构比宏观物性更能反映储层的本质特征。     

三角洲前缘厚层砂岩孔隙结构及微观渗流特征——以吴仓堡地区长6储层为例

依据薄片、压汞、扫描电镜、物性分析及油水驱替实验资料,对吴仓堡地区三角洲前缘亚相长6厚层砂岩储层的岩石学特征、孔渗特征、孔隙结构特征、成岩作用、微观渗流特征等进行深入研究,分析影响储层储集性能的主控因素。结果表明,受东北物源控制的长6厚层砂岩储层具有成分成熟度中等、结构成熟度较好的特点,储集空间主要为残余粒间孔和粒间溶孔、粒内溶孔,为典型中低孔、特低渗储集层;储层储集性能主要受沉积微相和成岩作用控制。对储层发育影响最大的成岩期位于中成岩A期,中等压实－粘土膜胶结残余粒间孔发育成岩相和弱压实-残余粒间孔+溶蚀孔隙发育成岩相是最有利储层发育的成岩相带。根据微观渗流特征,可划分出4种驱油类型,微观孔隙结构比宏观物性更能反映储层的本质特征。     

Equivalent Permeability and Simulation of Two-Phase Flow in Heterogeneous Porous Media

The problem of calculating equivalent grid block permeability tensors for heterogeneous porous media is addressed. The homogenization method used involves solving Darcy's equation subject to linear boundary conditions with flux conservation in subregions of the reservoir and can be readily applied to unstructured grids. The resulting equivalent permeability tensor is stable as defined relative to G-convergence. It is proposed to use both conforming and mixed finite elements to solve the local problems and compute approximations from above and below of the equivalent permeability, respectively. Comparisons with results obtained using periodic, pressure and no-flux boundary conditions and the renormalization method are presented. A series of numerical examples demonstrates the effectiveness of the methodology for two-phase flow in heterogeneous reservoirs.     

Forward and Inverse Problems in Modeling of Multiphase Flow and Transport Through Porous Media

The paper deals with numerical simulation techniques for forward and inverse modelling in multiphase (multicomponent) flow through porous media. The forward simulation software system MUFTE-UG uses recent discretization techniques and fast solvers. The efficient integration of optimization strategies for the solution of the inverse problems is demonstrated in detail and also applied to practical numerical examples.     

3-D numerical models of viscous flow applied to fold nappes and the Rawil depression in the Helvetic nappe system (western Switzerland)

The Helvetic nappe system exhibits three-dimensional (3-D) features such as the lateral variation in geometry between the Morcles and Doldenhorn fold nappes or the Rawil depression. We perform 3-D finite element simulations of linear and power-law viscous flow to investigate fold nappe formation during shortening of a half graben with laterally varying thickness. 3-D ellipsoids and corresponding 2-D intersection ellipses are used to quantify finite strain. Fold nappes which formed above a thicker graben have (i) larger amplitudes, (ii) a less sheared and thinned overturned limb, and (iii) a larger thickness than fold nappes formed above a thinner graben. These results agree with observations for the Morcles and Doldenhorn nappes. We also perform 3-D simulations for a tectonic scenario suggested for the evolution of the Rawil depression. The basement is shortened and extended laterally and includes a graben which is oblique to the shortening direction and acts as mechanical weak zone. The graben causes laterally varying basement uplift generating a depression whose amplitude depends on the graben orientation and the stress exponent of basement and sediments. The axial plunge of the depression is smaller (approximately 10°) than the observed plunge (approximately 30°) indicating that additional processes are required to explain the geometry of the Rawil depression.     

非饱和带水-气二相流数值模拟研究进展

通过对近年来水-气二相流数值模拟情况的分析,总结了在水-气二相流模拟过程中,各个主要参数或物理过程的数学概化方法,以及近年来求解水-气二相流方程和污染物运移方程的各种方法,论述了各种方法的优点和不足.并提出了需进一步研究解决的问题.     

Integrating outcrop data and forward computer modelling to unravel the development of a Messinian carbonate platform in SE Spain (Sorbas Basin)

Geological mapping, definition of facies distributions and reconstruction of platform‐interior growth geometries of the Messinian Cariatiz carbonate platform (Sorbas basin, South Spain), were performed to evaluate the controlling factors in platform growth and to test a 3‐D computer simulation program. For the simulation with the program REPRO, five platform‐related facies were modelled: (1) the reef crest facies by the numerical solution of a Fisher equation; (2) the lagoonal facies by a function of water depth‐dependent carbonate production; (3) the proximal and middle slope facies (breccia and block facies, calcarenite facies) by a subroutine simulating gravity‐driven particle export from the reef crest; (4) a distal slope; and (5) a basinal facies by a pelagic rain function. Development of a fan delta conglomeratic system is simulated by using a siliciclastic point source and gravity‐driven particle redistribution. A best fit between the observed platform growth geometries and modelling results is achieved by assuming that high‐frequency sea‐level changes superimposed onto a longer term sea‐level fall controlled platform growth. For the modelling, a relative sea‐level curve was reconstructed, which is based on a deep‐sea benthic foraminiferal stable oxygen isotope record at ODP Site 926 with a 45 m eustatic sea‐level fall, and a tectonic uplift component of 20 m. The consistency of 3‐D simulation results is corroborated by the coral growth rates provided by the Fisher‐equation subroutine. These rates of 2–8 mm year⁻¹ compare well to the coral growth rates in Recent fringing reefs. We propose that during the early stage of platform evolution the high‐frequency fluctuations were obliquity‐modulated precessional cycles, whereas precessional cycles control later stages of platform growth. REPRO provides a separate visualization of the different facies bodies as a function of time and space, showing the intrinsic pattern of facies distribution in the platform. This is the result of a combination of platform growth and syndepositional subaerial erosion. For example, only the youngest stages of reef framework facies in the development of the Cariatiz carbonate platform are preserved.     

Climate variability in the Salawusu River valley of the Ordos Plateau (Inner Mongolia,China) during Marine Isotope Stage 3

Fluctuations in climatic proxies of the Milanggouwan section in the Salawusu River valley of the Ordos Plateau (Inner Mongolia, China) during Marine Isotope stage 3 (MIS 3) coincide well with sedimentary cycles for palaeo‐mobile dune sands alternating with fluvial–lacustrine facies and palaeosols. We compared the palaeo‐mobile dune sands with modern mobile dune sands (products of a cold and dry climate dominated by the East Asian winter monsoon), whereas the fluvial–lacustrine facies and palaeosols were controlled by a wet–warm climate similar to that of the East Asian summer monsoon. The MIS 3 climate of the Salawusu River valley appears to have experienced at least nine wet–warm and ten cold–dry fluctuations, divided into five stages: MIS 3e (58 900–49500 yr BP), MIS 3d (49 500–40 700 yr BP), MIS 3c (40 700–36 900 yr BP), MIS 3b (36 900–27 000 yr BP) and MIS 3a (27 000–22 300 yr BP). The 19 cold–warm climatic fluctuations corresponded roughly to the GRIP and Guliyan records, and with fluctuations in the North Atlantic climate. Notable peaks in the spectral analysis occurred at 19 500 yr, 1020 yr, 640 yr and 500 yr. Our results show that the millennial–centennial climate was closely related to the relative strengths of East Asian monsoons, which are controlled by the North Atlantic thermohaline circulation, and which is also closely linked to the Sun's precession period. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Lithosphere structure of the Ukrainian Shield and Pripyat Trough in the region of EUROBRIDGE-97 (Ukraine and Belarus) from gravity modelling

The southern segment of the seismic profile EUROBRIDGE—EUROBRIDGE-97 (EB'97)—located in Belarus and Ukraine, crosses the suture zone between two main segments of the East European Craton—Fennoscandia and Sarmatia—as well as Sarmatia itself. At the initial stage of our study, a 3-D density model has been constructed for the crust of the study region, including the major part of the Osnitsa–Mikashevichi Igneous Belt (OMIB) superimposed by sediments of the Pripyat Trough (PT), and three domains in the Ukrainian Shield—the Volhyn Domain (VD) with the anorthosite–rapakivi Korosten Pluton (KP), the Podolian Domain (PD), and the Ros–Tikich Domain (RTD). The model comprises three layers—sediments with maximum thickness (6 km) in the PT and two heterogeneous layers in the crystalline crust separated at a depth of 15 km. 3-D calculations show the main features of the observed gravity field are caused by density heterogeneities in the upper crust. Allocation of density domains deeper than 15 km is influenced by Moho topography. Fitting the densities here reveals an increase (up to 2960 kg m⁻³) in the modelled bodies accompanied by a Moho deepening to 50 km. In contrast, a Moho uplift to a level of 35–37 km below the KP and major part of the PT is associated with domains of reduced densities. An important role for the deep Odessa–Gomel tectonic zone, dividing the crust into two regions one of basically Archean consolidation in the west (PD and RTD) and one of Proterozoic crust in the east (Kirovograd Domain)—was confirmed.2-D density modelling on the EB'97 profile shows that in the upper crust three main domains of different Precambrian evolution—the OMIB (with the superimposed PT), the VD with the KP, and the PD—can be distinguished. Deeper, in the middle and lower crust, layered structures having no connection to the surface geology are dominant features of the models. Least thickness of the crust was obtained below the KP. Greatest crustal thickness (more than 50 km) was found below the PD, characterised also by maximum deviation of velocity/density relation in the rocks from a standard one. The velocity and density models along the EB'97 profile have been interpreted together with inferred V_p/V_s ratios to estimate crustal composition in terms of SiO₂ content. In the course of the modelling, the status of the PD as a centre of Archean granulitic consolidation has been confirmed. The crustal structure of the anorthosite–rapakivi KP is complex. For the first time, a complicated structure for the lower crust and lower crust–upper mantle transition zone beneath the KP has been determined. The peculiarities of the crustal structure of the KP are quite well explained in terms of formation of rapakivi–anorthosite massifs as originating from melt chambers in the upper mantle and lower crust. An important role for the South Pripyat Fault (SPF), repeatedly activated during Proterozoic–Palaeozoic times, has been ascertained. At the subplatform stage of crustal evolution the SPF was, probably, a magma channel facilitating the granitic intrusions of the KP. In the Palaeozoic the fault was reactivated during rifting in the PT.