当代大气科学方法论及其展望述评

从方法论的高度上阐述大气科学中关于"确定论"和"随机论"两种主导思想的研究方法。指出,确定论不再是唯一占统治地位的方法论,不确定性的客观存在已经为愈来愈多的科学事实所证明。天气气候变化过程,既有确定性的一面,又存在着不确定性的一面。必须正确认识两者对立统一的辩证关系。文中指出,由于"新三论"的异军突起,必须重新认识自然界历来就存在的必然性现象及其动力学规律、偶然性现象及其统计规律、既必然又偶然的混沌现象及其非线性规律及其三者的相互联系。因而在大气科学研究中,确定性方法和随机性方法必须有机结合,而其新的结合点正是混沌理论及其非线性科学。     

关于“世界气象组织大气科学委员会第六届会议”所讨论的几个问题

大气科学委员会是世界气象组织下属的八个专门委员会之一,它的任务是讨论大气科学研究的“方向”和“协调”各国有关科研的规划。1973年11月在法国凡尔赛召开的第六届会议上,对大气科学研究的几个重点问题进行了讨论,现分述如下。     

协作对大气科学的重要性

本报告第二章中的个例研究充分证明了跨学科、部门间、国际间和机构间合作对于NSF大气科学部（ATM）资助的领域中的重要性。由于各种原因，合作对于大气科学越来越重要。研究视野的不断拓宽，使得多领域科学家合作成为必然；鉴于资源正变得日趋紧缺，     

大气科学不断变化的背景

自国家科学院在1958年第一次回顾了大学科学领域的研究和教育（NAS／NRC，1958）以来，大气科学领域取得了重要的进展并发展壮大。随着大学、私企、和国家大气科学研究中心（NCAR）研究领域的拓宽，新的通讯和计算设备的发展，以及其他机构、其他国家在业务、研究方面投入的不断增加，我们对大气认识的提高，业务、观测和模拟能力的加强，大气科研已发生了改变。领域的拓宽，带来了重要的学术和科学发现，取得了直接的社会效益，比如由于天气预报的改善，受其指导的很多公司的经济损失减少。     

浅谈大气科学的发展脉络

大气科学的发展经历了从定性、定量、经验分析、理论分析、以及综合气象科学体系建立和发展的过程,实现了从感性、定性到理性、定量;从局地、分散到全球、集中;从静止、线性到动态、非线性,从单一学科到综合科学体系的转变。近来人工智能和大数据技术的广泛应用,受到世界主流气象科学中心的关注和青睐,也将为大气科学的发展提供新的方法和思路。     

大气科学人才数据库的建设研究

大气科学人才数据库的建设对于气象部门招才引智具有重要意义,有利于分类集中展现优秀人才,将人才推荐到重要岗位。准确把握数据库的需求,前瞻性地做好数据库设计．探索网络条件下人才数据的获取方法,建库流程与软件平台的确定,挖掘数据库特色等都是数据库建设研究过程中的重要环节。     

大气科学期刊近年的趋势浅析

介绍了美国戈达德航天中心（ＮＡＳＡ／ＧＳＦＣ）Ｂａｒｔ Ｇｅｅｒｔｓ对近年大气科学期刊发展状况的研究结果，并简述了我国气象科技期刊的现状。     

Introducing advances in atmospheric sciences

Scientific publications as well as personal contacts at scientific meetings always give an impetus tothe advancement of science. Since the mid-seventies China has participatod in more and moreinternational conferences on atmospheric sciences. Especially in recent years china has actively takenpart in such interchanges. Beautiful as they are, the intricate Chinese characters, have given muchtrouble to our foreign colleagues in keeping abreast of the current developments in our atmospheric     

大气科学论文英文缩略词的用法

根据美国气象学会有关大气科学英文缩略词的使用规则,参考<英汉汉英大气科学词汇>,给出了大气科学论文中常见的标准缩略词表,并对大气科学论文中一般英文缩略词和英文数字的规范使用进行了简要探讨,一般缩略词在文中首次出现时应给出明确定义,而标准缩略词则可以直接使用.     

Current problems in the stratocumulus-topped atmospheric boundary layer

Extended sheets of stratocumulus (Sc) in the upper part of the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) often occur under appropriate meteorological conditions. These cloud decks are important both in climate studies and in weather forecasting. We review the current knowledge of the turbulent structure of the ABL capped by a cloud deck, in the light of recent observations and model studies. The most important physical processes determining this structure are longwave radiative cooling at cloud top, shortwave radiative wanning by absorption in the cloud, surface buoyancy flux, and wind shear in the ABL. As a result, turbulence can cause entrainment against the buoyancy jump at cloud top. In cases where only longwave radiative fluxes and surface buoyancy fluxes are important, the turbulent structure is relatively well understood. When shortwave radiative fluxes and/or wind shear are also important, the resulting turbulent structure may change considerably. A decoupling of the cloud from the sub-cloud layer or of the top of the cloud from the rest of the ABL is then regularly observed. In no cases are the details of the entrainment at cloud top understood well enough to derive a relatively simple formulation that is consistent with observations. Cloud-top entrainment instability may lead to the break-up of a cloud deck (but also to cloud deepening). The role of mesoscale circulations in determining fractional cloudiness is not yet well understood.     

On the measurement of atmospheric winds

The measurement of atmospheric winds using a cup anemometer to measure speed and a wind vane to measure direction, recording the data on paper charts is commonplace. Standard Meteorological Service criteria stipulate that the wind charts so recorded are read (averaged over one hour) by taking the dominant wind direction over an hour and the wind run then gives the speed over that hour. However, fluctuations of wind direction can lead to erroneous results. A vector average wind obtained using two orthogonally mounted propeller anemometers is described here, and comparisons are drawn between this and the first-mentioned technique. Prevailing winds are shown to be approximately the same for the two systems, but minor components can differ considerably. It is also shown that the integration time of the wind will have a marked effect on results.     

On similarity in the atmospheric boundary layer

A similarity theory for the atmospheric boundary layer is presented. The Monin-Obukhov similarity theory for the surface layer is a particular case of this new theory, for the case of z 0. Universal functions which are in agreement with empirical data are obtained for the stable and convective regimes.On leave from Institute of Environmental Engineering, Warsaw Technical University, 00653 Warsaw, Poland. Present address, Department of Geological and Geophysical Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53201 U.S.A.     

大气环流形态的分支现象

本文用二层准地转截断谱模式,研究了大气环流形态的分支现象.结果指出:依赖于热力强迫的不同取值,模式大气将显示出等温静止或Hadley环流两类定常流型,Hadley流型并具有基本解的属性.在热力强迫达到Hadley流型的分支点以前,Hadley流型是稳定的;到达分支点后,Hadley流型不稳定,激发出新的流型,显现出分支现象.绝热无地形时,分支出瞬变斜压波;绝热有地形时,在不同的分支点分别激发出地形驻波与地形瞬变波;非绝热时,分支出非绝热驻波或非绝热驻波与瞬变斜压波的混合波型,非绝热驻波失稳激发出二级分支,     

沙漠气象若干问题研究进展

沙漠占据地球陆地面积的1/4,沙漠天气和气候对全球生态、环境及气候等的影响一直都受到社会各界极大关注。本文参考国内外有关沙漠气象学研究的代表性著作,简要回顾了沙漠气象学的国内外发展历史,并从沙漠表层物理特性研究、沙漠天气与边界层研究、沙漠气候研究、沙漠影响区域及全球环境研究等多个方面阐述了沙漠气象学的研究进展。最后对沙漠气象学研究提出了展望。     

几种激光探测大气消光系数方法的比较

本文根据香河综合观测资料,讨论了几种计算大气消光系数的方法。结果表明,以激光地面水平探测的k_0作为整个探测路径上的消光系数与后向散射系数之比,在低层层结稳定的情况下将造成较大误差,而结合太阳光谱观测资料的分析计算方法以及根据激光扫角探测在消光量分层均匀假定下的计算方法结果较好。     

On the vertical extent of atmospheric feedbacks

This study addresses the question: what vertical regions contribute the most to water vapor, surface temperature, lapse rate and cloud fraction feedback strengths in a general circulation model? Multi-level offline radiation perturbation calculations are used to diagnose the feedback contribution from each model level. As a first step, to locate regions of maximum radiative sensitivity to climate changes, the top of atmosphere radiative impact for each feedback is explored for each process by means of idealized parameter perturbations on top of a control (1?×?CO₂) model climate. As a second step, the actual feedbacks themselves are calculated using the changes modelled from a 2?×?CO₂ experiment. The impact of clouds on water vapor and lapse rate feedbacks is also isolated using `clear sky' calculations. Considering the idealized changes, it is found that the radiative sensitivity to water vapor changes is a maximum in the tropical lower troposphere. The sensitivity to temperature changes has both upper and lower tropospheric maxima. The sensitivity to idealized cloud changes is positive (warming) for upper level cloud increases but negative (cooling) for lower level increases, due to competing long and shortwave effects. Considering the actual feedbacks, it is found that water vapor feedback is a maximum in the tropical upper troposphere, due to the large relative increases in specific humidity which occur there. The actual lapse rate feedback changes sign with latitude and is a maximum (negative) again in the tropical upper troposphere. Cloud feedbacks reflect the general decrease in low- to mid-level low-latitude cloud, with an increase in the very highest cloud. This produces a net positive (negative) shortwave (longwave) cloud feedback. The role of clouds in the strength of the water vapor and lapse rate feedbacks is also discussed.