An algorithm for the stratigraphic correlation of well logs

This paper describes an algorithm for the semiautomatic shifting and stretching of one well log relative to another until a local maximum correlation coefficient between the two logs is found. The algorithm grew out of a graphical interpretation of the standard shift correlation procedure. The algorithm does not interpolate data and it is as computationally efficient as the standard correlation method using linear interpolation. The algorithm is generalized to the simultaneous stratigraphic correlation of separate sections from two well logs and two examples of its operation are given.     

The match game: New stratigraphic correlation algorithms

New algorithms for automatic correlation of geologic strata are introduced. The algorithms are extensions of the Smith and Waterman (1980) dynamic programming technique and include several features that greatly increase the utility for sedimentary sequences. Gaps in correlation (unconformities) caused by local nondeposition or eroded strata can include in a single event several strata. Furthermore, these gaps can be weighted as a single event, rather than as the sum of gap events for each strata. In addition, one or several adjacent strata in a second column can be correlated (matched) with one or several strata in a second column. Deletions within one of these multiple matches are also possible. The new algorithms include the method of minimum distance and the method of maximum similarity. Within this context, a similarity algorithm is given to locate and correlate the best matching segments or intervals from each stratigraphic column. All correlations within a preset distance of the optimum likewise can be produced for any of these algorithms. An example of specific assignments of these weight functions is given for correlation of well logs from the San Juan Basin.     

多元线性回归分析法计算顶管施工引起的地面沉降

采用多元线性回归分析法建立了一个地面沉降和其产生的主要因素之间的回归模型,并利用VC编程实现了这个回归模型。程序运行中与实测数据紧密结合动态更新回归模型,预测的沉降结果与实测数据比吻合。     

对应聚类分析

对应聚类分析是一种多元统计分析方法。它吸取了对应分析和聚类分析的主要优点,在充分利用多维空间信息的基础上,该方法将变量类别、样品类别和它们间的对应关系清晰显示于单—图件,即对应聚类谱系图。近年来的许多实例说明该方法在地质和勘查地球化学中的应用是有成效的。本文详细叙述了对应聚类分析的计算方法,通过一些验证性实例介绍了方法效果,并简要讨论了为什么能获得较好效果的原因。     

Analysis on the sources of mercury in soils in the Chengdu Basin, China

Mercury is a pollutant of concern due to its toxic and bioaccumulative properties. Studies on the distribution and hazard of mercury in the environment are mainly focused on its forms, toxicity and the environment standard, and progresses and results have been achieved. But these studies in the past were concentrated on the scales of laboratory or smaller districts merely, such as a small unit of mineral area, vegetable base, paddy field, lake, etc. Multi-target regional geochemical survey carried out by China Geological Survey from the 1990s to now is a fundamental and commonweal geological survey, large-scale and systematical inquisition and research were conducted in 19 provinces （or municipalities directly under the Central Government） in the eastern overlay region of China, and the purpose is to provide the basic geochemical data for national economic construction, adjustment of industrial and agricultural structures and sustainable social development. Geochemical studies aim at investigating soils in these regions and 52 elements have been tested, producing a great amount of data at the same time. Methods： based on the data from 3061 samples of surface soil and 832 samples of deep soil from the project of multi-purpose geochemical survey in the Chengdu Basin, Sichuan, China, this paper describes the correlation relationship between Hg and other 48 elements and their spatial distribution in surface and deep soils of these areas by applying the method of linear regression and factor analysis.     

Similarity of palaeocurrent: A tool for stratigraphic correlation

Conventional stratigraphic correlations are based on similarity of lithology, order of superposition, marker bed, unconformity, grade of metamorphism, fossil content and geochronology of the rock units. The Gondwana strata have been correlated referring to the above mentioned criteria. In the present work, the Talchir and Karharbari formations of two adjacent Gondwana basins separated by over 200 Km were examined with respect to their palaeocurrent directions. The study suggests that the palaeocurrent populations of different formations in both the basins are statistically dissimilar, this is because, both are stratigraphically distinct in order of superposition and thus are not correlatable. On the other hand, the palaeocurrent populations of the same formation in both the basins are statistically similar and stratigraphically correlatable. It is suggested that the similarity of palaeocurrent can be regarded as a criterion for stratigraphic correlation at least in local and regional scale.     

A semiobjective method for condensing classifications

A simple, semiobjective method is described to reduce the number of groups in a classification to an arbitrary level without losing contact with the geologic information contained in the evolving groups. The method, operated in a stepwise or cyclic manner, employs some of the commonly used numerical techniques, but avoids strict adherence to them to obtain geologically more meaningful results. The method is illustrated in a facies study of the upper Paleozoic rocks of southeastern Utah.     

A heuristic search method for optimal zonation of well logs

Optimal zonation of well-log data, that is, determining an optimal number of major segments such as waveforms in a log, may be achieved by employing a criterion of minimum variance (within a segment) and a heuristic search of potential boundary (link) points of digitized log data. This new method is based on an algorithm originally devised by D. M. Hawkins and D. F. Merriam in 1973. Their method can be improved by introducing a heuristic search procedure, thereby decreasing computer time by 7- to 50-fold, depending on the number of data points and configuration of the logs. Time saving is proportional to the size of the data set. Three examples—one hypothetical and two real—are used to illustrate the modification of the Hawkins and Merriam algorithm.Presented at the Geological Society of America Annual Meeting, Orlando, Florida, 1985.     

Models for the study of stratigraphic correlation

Sedimentation models that are based on spatial-temporal stochastic processes, are used to simulate stratigraphic profiles. In order to obtain coherence, a basin-wide component is added. The models can be used for judging the significance of stratigraphic correlations that have been obtained by measuring the similarity of different sections (matching); correlations can be achieved by predicting a sedimentary sequence in an unknown locality.     

杭嘉湖平原第四纪地层高精度对比方法研究

通过标准孔古气候旋回宏观识别标志的研究,并运用高分辨率层序地层理论,解决了杭嘉湖平原第四纪地层划分和200余个钻孔的等时对比问题,在此基础上制作了高精度对比的剖面图及准瞬时岩相古地理图,为研究杭嘉湖平原第四纪地层划分、古地貌变迁提供了更为精确的资料。运用“基准面旋回”作为层序地层的划分依据,以古土壤层及其可与之对比的暴露面和河流冲刷面为边界,将平原第四系划分为9个亚层序,并发现亚层序与气候旋回呈耦合关系。     

基于典型相关分析的遥感影像变化检测

多通道遥感影像由于通道之间相关性的影响,相对于单通道影像的变化检测更为困难,因此需要有效的集中分布在各个通道上的变化信息,构造出不同时相之间的差异影像,以便于变化信息的分析解译。针对多通道变化信息集中的难点和通道之间相关性的影响难以消除的问题,引入多元统计分析中的典型相关分析方法,将2个时相的多通道遥感影像示作2组多元随机变量,采用多元变化检测变换,对多个波谱通道上的所有差异信息或变化信息进行重组,分配到一组互不相关的结果变量中,最大限度地消除通道间的相关性对变化检测的不利影响,初步解决了差异影像构造的问题。     

An oblique factor analysis solution for the analysis of mixtures

The problems involved in the factor analysis of data consisting of measurements of material quantity or proportion are discussed, and the inability of existing factor analysis solutions to properly model such data is pointed out. A new factor analysis solution using the linear programming technique is presented which properly analyzes mixture data. A numerical example is presented in which a body of suspended sediment grain-size distribution data is analyzed using the new factor analysis solution. FORTRAN-IV subroutines for computing this solution are included in an Appendix.     

基于测井频谱分析的松科二井登娄库组地层沉积速率研究

松辽盆地科学钻探工程松科二井获取了白垩纪陆相沉积资料,其中连续、多参数、高分辨率的地球物理测井资料为研究松辽盆地地层的沉积速率变化规律提供了机会。本文利用GR、Th、K、Th/K多种测井数据,采用天文旋回的方法来计算松科二井登娄库组地层的沉积速率,并探讨影响地层沉积的主控因素。多种测井数据的频谱分析结果表明了登娄库组地层记录着米兰科维奇旋回信息,这说明登娄库组沉积过程受天文轨道驱动力影响。Th测井数据对天文旋回信息的敏感性强,综合考虑多种测井数据的测试结果获得了连续、相对准确的地层沉积速率。登娄库组地层沉积速率从下往上整体呈现为由高到低的趋势。登二段至登三段时期地层沉积主要受盆地断陷活动控制,地层整体具有高沉积速率特征,最高达到16.2 cm/ka。随后至登四段时期由于断陷活动逐渐减弱,盆地向区域坳陷的构造格局转化,登四段整体具有沉积速率较低的特征,最低为5.9cm/ka。该研究建立了松科二井登娄库组地层连续的沉积速率剖面,为揭示松辽盆地由断陷活动过渡到坳陷活动的地质规律提供了测井证据。     

一种新的岩浆岩分类定量方法

目前,岩浆岩的超基性、基性、中性、酸性的分类均根据SiO2的含量,但这种单一含量判别标准并不严谨,含量经常与分类不完全对应。使用TraceElem 1.0软件对各种岩浆岩进行逐步判别分析、聚类分析和对应分析研究,据此认为超基性岩由MgO和FeO组成的因子确定,基性岩则由P2O5、Fe2O3、TiO2、CaO、MnO组成的因子确定,中性岩由Na2O和Al2O3组成的因子确定,酸性岩由K2O和SiO2组成的因子确定。岩浆岩的分类宜以SiO2为主、以MgO和CaO为辅,尤其要引入MgO。在SiO2含量相同的情况下,MgO、CaO含量越高,基性程度越强。基于这一分析结果,提出一种新的酸度指数（ADI)计算方法,即ADI=w(SiO2)-0.75w(MgO)-0.23w(CaO),ADI<38.0%为超基性岩,在38.0%～52.0%之间为基性岩,在52.0%～62.5%之间为中性岩,>62.5%为酸性岩。     

吉南光华岩群地层特征及区域对比

通化光华一带出露有一套变质玄武岩-含榴黑云变粒岩-石榴二云片岩的岩石组合,被称之为光华岩群,经笔者重新厘定,自下而上可划分为双庙岩组、同心岩组,前者为一套变质气孔状玄武岩（斜长角闪岩）,后者为黑云变粒岩及石榴二云片岩、砂岩,为一套杂砂岩及泥岩建造,其形成时代为古元古代早期,与集安岩群时代相当,分别属古元古代早期裂谷盆地的边缘相和盆地边缘相沉积.     

一维固结条件下黏土微结构再造过程研究和描述

采用冷冻制样方法,对不同固结压力作用下得到的重塑黏土压缩试样进行了真空干燥,对其水平截面、45o截面和垂直截面上获得的SEM照片域微结构参数进行了研究。对简单微结构参数的研究表明,随固结压力增大颗粒体所占比重越来越大。对合成微结构参数的研究包括主成分分析和聚类分析两方面,结果表明,随固结压力增大,第一主成分指标近似线性增大;不同固结压力作用下的样品具有明显的聚类特征,且类内距离随固结压力增大逐渐增大。在建立各种土力学关系时,可以考虑纳入合成微结构参数而并非简单微结构参数,以反映土微结构的整体特征。     

A method for testing the distinctness of clusters: A test of the disjunction of two clusters in Euclidean space as measured by their overlap

A method is described for testing the distinctness of two clusters in Euclidean space. One first calculates the projections, q,of the N₁ and N₂ members of the clusters onto the line joining the cluster centroids. From the distributions of qan index of disjunction, W,is calculated, which corresponds to an index of overlap, V_G.The quantity W√(N₁+N₂)is distributed as noncentral tsubject to assumptions on the multivariate normal distribution of the clusters. This allows a test of whether the observed disjunction is significantly greater than a chosen figure, which is equivalent to testing whether the overlap of the clusters is significantly less than a corresponding value of V_G.Two clusters that appear distinct may be produced simply by the partitioning of a homogeneous swarm into two contiguous regions. Provided that the clusters form a dichotomy in a dendrogram, and that the clustering method yields geometrically convex clusters, a conservative test of this situation can be derived by determining the excess of Wover the value expected for a rectangular distribution.     

井震联合层序地层划分——以阳信洼陷沙四上亚段为例

本文对阳信洼陷三维地震资料进行时频分析划分层序,对测井曲线进行小波变换进行层序划分,以合成记录标定为桥梁,运用高精度测井曲线划分的层序去相互约束校正地震资料划分的层序,通过井震联合的多尺度匹配方法建立层序地层格架,从而实现三维地震资料和测井资料在同一级别研究目标上的综合解释,将YX洼陷沙四上段地层划分为3个四级层序和9个五级层序。实际应用效果证明,该方法能够发挥地震资料横向分辨率高与测井资料纵向分辨率高的优势,勘探效果良好。该方法适用于大部分稳定的陆相坳陷湖盆沉积环境的层序划分。     

粗粒土动强度试验成果的分析方法

介绍一种新的粗粒土动强度试验成果的分析整理方法。在对试验所获资料进行误差分析的基础上,认为这种方法可为工程设计的可靠性分析提供方便和依据,同时,也有效地弱化资料分析整理过程中的人为因素。