Ice behaviour under load

Ice is a component of frozen grounds that determines their rheological properties. Deformation and failure of ice under load are regarded by the authors as a single process due to the kinetics of defect development in the crystalline structure of ice.

Results of experimental investigations into the regularities of ice strain and failure under the conditions of short-time creep are given in this paper. The experiments were to test ice for creep under a uniaxial compressive stress, using the emission—acoustic method of recording the microcrack formation.

It is shown experimentally that the ultimate strength of ice signifying a maximum stress after which ice deforms plastically, without passing into the stage of accelerated flow, is consistent with the stress under which the process of microcrack formation begins. It has been found that this limit is independent of temperature.

As a result of the study, an analytical relationship has been determined between defect number, stress and time, and an equation of ice strain has been deduced on the basis of statistical methods. This equation estimates temporal creep strain development, depending on stress, structural characteristics of ice and its temperature.     

Weathering effects on the strength and deformational behaviour of crystalline rocks under uniaxial compression state

Uniaxial compression tests were performed on different categories of weathering of three lithological units: Malanjkhand granite; Nagpur basalt; and Delhi quartzite, occurring in central and northern parts of India. The deformational behaviour is studied in terms of variation in tangent modulus (E_t50) and initial modulus (E_i) due to weathering. The power relationship between uniaxial compressive strength (σ_c) and E_t50 shows strong correspondence for weathering sequence of common rock types. This relationship has been established by regression analysis and significant correlation parameter (coefficient of determination, r²=0.87) for crystalline rocks. It is shown that there is a systematic decrease in stiffness ratio, that is, ratio of tangent modulus and uniaxial compressive strength with increased weathering state. Comparison of E_t50 and E_i values has shown that E_t50 decreases more gradually than E_i, and reduction is more drastic for E_i values with an increased degree of weathering in all the three rock types. The mode of failure has been found to be influenced by weathering extent in rocks. A brief account is given of the intrinsic characteristics of fresh and weathered rocks and mineralogical changes produced by weathering investigated quantitatively. Correlation drawn between the petrographical and mechanical indices has shown that mechanical properties are apparently dependent on the intrinsic characteristics of weathered rocks.     

岩体裂隙受内压力的弹塑性分析

岩体裂隙内常充满具有压力的水或软弱填充物,裂隙受内压荷载扩展破坏是岩土工程关心的问题。将该问题等效为裂隙面受一对I型拉力作用的弹塑性断裂力学问题,采用裂隙线附近分析方法,从平衡方程和岩桥材料的破坏准则出发求解裂隙线附近的塑性应力场,将该应力场与弹性应力场在其弹塑性边界上进行匹配,得出裂隙内的压力大小与裂隙扩展长度之间的关系,以及岩桥断裂时的最大承载力。     

冲击荷载下淤泥地基上覆土层合理厚度试验研究

基于某大面积深厚淤泥软基加固处理工程试验,从淤泥地基承载特征考虑,为定量确定软土之上覆盖层（包括原覆盖层及人工填土层）并反映静动力排水固结法中静力、动力荷载和排水体系的相互适应关系,建立了冲击荷载下淤泥地基上覆土层合理厚度 的定量模型。对该模型参数地基压力扩散角 、地基承载力特征值 、冲击荷载允许应力比R进行分析讨论。模型中变化的允许应力比R直观和定量地反映了冲击荷载大小与软土层排水体系布置方式、软土覆盖层厚度的相互适应关系,也可作为评判软基加固效果的参数。相关试验结果还表明,对于淤泥地基,实际夯击作用下 大于《建筑地基基础设计规范》中的23°～30°。工程应用表明,建立的模型与实际情况有较好的一致性,其定量的表达式也为工程人员设计应用提供了便利,对类似的软土地基处理工程有借鉴或指导意义。     

三维应力作用下岩体层面效应分析

为得到层状岩体在真三轴压缩情况下的强度变形特征,利用数值分析方法建立计算模型,得到不同结构面倾角? 下试样的应力和变形响应,结果表明,(1) 加载初期,结构面倾角? = 0°和? = 90°试样对应的初始弹性模量最大;随着试样变形的增大,对应的弹性模量以? = 90°、60°、0°的顺序逐渐减小;? = 90°和? = 0°试样发生破坏的脆性特征比较明显;(2) 随着围压? 3 = σ2的增大,压缩强度? 1不断增大;围压对强度极值发生的位置影响不大;(3) 最小主应力与结构面走向平行情况下,随着中间主应力? 2的增大,试样压缩强度呈现先增大后减小的趋势;随着最小主应力? 3的增大,? 1逐渐增大;当? 3较小时,二者符合线性关系;随着? 3的增大,二者的关系逐渐呈现非线性特征;并且结构面滑移破坏型试样的非线性特征更加明显;(4) 最小主应力与结构面走向垂直的情况下层状岩体的压缩强度与中间主应力和最小主应力的关系均呈现显著的线性特征。     

On the THM behaviour of a sheared Boom clay sample: Application to the behaviour and sealing properties of the EDZ

In this study the effect of the temperature increase on the hydro-mechanical properties of sheared Boom clay samples is investigated. Two samples of Boom clay are resaturated in a new hollow cylinder triaxial cell with a short drainage path and then sheared by performing an axisymmetric triaxial loading. The effect of the undrained heating under deviatoric stress is studied on the first sample. It is shown that undrained temperature increase leads to an increase of pore water pressure and consequently to a decrease of the effective mean stress which brings the sample to failure. For an initially sheared sample, the failure occurs along the existing shear band which behaves as a weakness plane in the sample. The responses of the local strain measurement transducers clearly show the sliding of rigid blocks when failure occurs in the sample.The effect of the presence of a shear band on the permeability of the other Boom clay sample is investigated at ambient temperature and at 80 °C. It is shown that the presence of a shear band does not affect significantly the permeability. These results confirm the good self sealing properties of Boom clay at ambient and at high temperature.     

Complex behaviour of a coal sample in a large scalein situ compression test

Summary A large scalein situ compression test of a laminated coal cube is described. The cube was uniformly loaded by a system of hydraulic jacks supplied simultaneously from one pump. At the same time both load and deformations were controlled. Deformations were measured by 60 longitudinal gauges located at the side surface of the cube in the regular net. Due to the heterogeneity of the rock the readings showed scatter. As a first approximation, the scattered data were fitted to the plane using the least square method. Orientations of the planes were analysed and show permanent relative movement between adjacent lamina indicating complex behaviour of the cube under loading. Detailed analysis of this behaviour indicated that the cube was subjected to both bending and twisting.     

小截面静压预制短桩的桩底注浆试验研究

通过对桩端置于含泥圆砾卵石层超短静压预制桩桩底注浆及注浆前后静载试验,分析了桩竖向极限承载力的提高机理。试验表明,桩底注浆可较大幅度地提高以砂卵石为持力层的静压预制桩的竖向承载力。     

岩体裂隙网络矿物溶解-沉淀-迁移数值模拟

为了研究岩体裂隙网络中矿物溶解-沉淀的变化规律及其对溶质运移的影响,联合矿物溶解-沉淀动力学模型、渗流模型和溶质运移模型建立了岩体裂隙网络矿物溶解-沉淀-迁移模型,经过水溶液络合物计算和矿物成分分析,对研究区域方解石溶解-沉淀作用及溶质运移进行了数值模拟。得出的结论主要有:(1)受裂隙网络分布的影响,溶质运移分布极不均匀,溶质主要通过连通的裂隙从上游向下游迁移;(2)考虑方解石的溶解-沉淀作用之后,在溶解区域溶质浓度增加,在沉淀区域溶质浓度减少;(3)通过对比分析,可知方解石溶解-沉淀受水溶液中CO23-浓度影响较大。     

模拟岩石节理试样剪切变形特征和破坏机制研究

通过RMT－150C电伺服试验机,利用人工浇注素混凝土节理试样进行了不同剪切变形速率、法向应力和起伏角情况下的剪切试验,研究了节理破坏模式和刚度特征及其与起伏角、剪切变形速率和法向应力之间的关系。研究结果表明,试样破坏模式主要受起伏角控制,小起伏角情况下节理呈现磨损破坏模式,大起伏角情况下节理呈现剪断破坏模式,法向应力和剪切变形速率对节理破坏模式有一定的影响;节理的剪切刚度随剪切变形速率和起伏角的增大而增大,增大幅度随变形速率的增大有减小趋势;节理的剪切刚度随法向应力的增大而增大,基本呈线性关系。提出了考虑剪切速率和起伏角度影响的节理剪切刚度公式,并根据试验结果对剪切刚度公式进行了拟合。     

三轴应力下饱和水煤岩破裂的声发射特征

在GAW-2000型岩石力学试验系统上进行了煤岩饱和水条件下的三轴压缩应力应变试验及声发射检测。结果表明:不同煤级煤岩有着不同的声发射特征,主要可以划分为3种类型。饱和水煤岩的三轴-声发射试验显示,煤样在线弹性阶段之前声发射事件较少,而之后声发射趋于活跃;单轴与三轴实验对比发现,围压会明显改变半无烟煤煤岩在压密阶段的应变量,而对无烟煤不明显。围压的存在对煤岩变形其他阶段的影响要小于压密阶段。声发射参数振铃率和能量率可以应用于预测最大屈服应力点:半无烟煤煤岩在破坏前兆来临时,振铃率和能量率的频率和幅度均有很大提高,在近最大屈服应力90%左右时,幅度基本维持不变;无烟煤煤岩在破坏前兆来临时,会产生明显的某一突变,频率或幅值上有跳跃或突增。同时,煤岩的声发射特征的方式和差异性与煤岩的物质组成及煤岩演化程度有很大的相关性。     

Petrological evidence for the development of refolded folds during a single deformational event

The Pelona Schist, which forms the lower plate of the Vincent thrust in the San Gabriel Mountains of southern California, has undergone a complex history of folding. The youngest folds in the schist (style 2 folds) range in shape from open to tight and fold both compositional layering and schistosity. These are superposed upon isoclinal folds with axial-plane schistosity (style 1 folds) that, in turn, overprint older isoclinal folds (also called style 1 folds). Samples from the hinges of style 2 folds contain two generations of muscovite. Muscovites of the older generation are parallel to the folded (style 1) schistosity. The newer muscovites recrystallized during and/or after style 2 folding. Microprobe analysis indicates that the two generations of muscovite are very similar in composition, although the new muscovites tend to have slightly higher paragonite and celadonite contents than the old muscovites. From the gross similarity of the two groups of muscovite, it is concluded that the style 1 and style 2 folds were produced during a single progressive deformation. The slightly higher paragonite and celadonite contents of the new muscovites are thought to indicate that both pressure and temperature were increasing during the deformation. This is consistent with the deformation being due to underthrusting of the Pelona Schist beneath the upper plate of the Vincent thrust.     

Prediction of load displacement response of single piles under uplift load

Load displacement response and ultimate resistance of piles in sand under uplift load are predicted by load transfer approach. The pile is divided into number of segments and assigned geometrical and material properties according to actual soil pile situation. The shaft resistance is obtained analytically in accordance with existing studies. The proposed method takes into account the length, diameter and relevant surface characteristics of pile and soil properties. The load displacement characteristics and the value of uplift capacity of vertical piles from field test have been predicted. Reasonable agreement has been found out between predicted and observed values of uplift capacity. Load transfer mechanism is capable of predicting the nonlinear variation of load-displacement response of piles.     

列车振动荷载作用下某岩质边坡应力应变动力响应分析

以某高速铁路隧道进口边坡为研究对象,采用FLAC3D软件分析了列车振动荷载对该边坡岩体的应力、变形及稳定性的影响。数值模拟结果显示,在列车振动荷载作用下,隧道两侧及底部最大、最小主应力均产生集中现象,最大主应力较自重应力场下增加1～2MPa,最小主应力较自重应力场下增加0.5～1MPa;隧道顶部最大、最小主应力均与自重应力场下基本一致;隧道进口边坡总位移增量最大值区域主要分布在边坡顶部及隧道正上方坡顶区域,自坡顶往坡底总位移增量逐渐减小,最大总位移增量约为2.15cm;列车振动荷载将在边坡内地层分界面附近、软弱夹层内、构造结构面附近、开挖面附近形成剪应变增量带,对边坡的稳定性极为不利。     

高压下白云石的原位拉曼光谱研究

利用热液金刚石压腔研究了白云石在温度298 K、压力100～1000 MPa下C-O键弯曲振动峰V1097的拉曼变化特征.结果表明,在实验的压力范围内白云石稳定,其拉曼位移和压力具有很好的线性关系,拟合后得出压力与白云石1097 cm-1拉曼线频率位移的关系为:P=143.47(△Vp)1097 102.67(1097＜Vp＜1103).因此白云石非常适合作为热液金刚石压腔的压标.     

Inventory of deformational structures as a tool for unravelling the Quaternary geology of glaciated areas

Glaciated areas often show strongly deformed deposits which are difficult to correlate. It may he possible, however, to analyse the relative frequency and nature of sedimentary and glacitectonic deformations in isolated exposures. Their comparison may provide a differentiation of stratigraphic and structural units with identical properties. Such an analysis has been carried out in a small Polish area (the Jaroszów Zone) where the Quaternary and part of the Tertiary sediments show a chaotic character, due to a variety of deformational processes. Deformations took place syndepositionally, metadepositionally and postdepositionally. It appears that the deformation was more or less continuous, but nevertheless some stages with more intensive deformational activity occurred. This resulted in two levels (called structural floors) that represent intervals in which the main type of deformation changed: the lowermost sedimentary unit is characterized by glacitectonic and glacidynamic structures, the middle unit by largescale load casts and associated structures, whereas the top part shows a high frequency of smallscale syn- and metasedimentary deformations. This analysis enabled the unravelling of the sedimentary and deformational history of the area; a similar approach might be applicable to other Quaternary areas that have been strongly deformed as a result of glaciations.     

Evaluation of rock-mass state in Polish copper mines through monitoring the borehole deformations

Sensors for borehole deformation measurements in mining panel roofs, as well as a method of high-energy tremors risk evaluation, based on borehole deformation monitoring are described. There are differences in manners in which borehole deformation takes place prior to a high-energy tremor. A method for rock-mass instability detection in copper mining panels is developed and described, as well as a practical procedure for forecasting the rock-mass state. On the basis of 1351 “real time” forecasts made in the 10 copper mine panels during 5451 days and on the basis of the 55 high-energy tremors occurred, the evaluation of forecast effectiveness is presented. The mean chance value of occurrence of the high-energy tremor after a rock-mass stability forecast was evaluated as 1% and after a rock-mass instability forecast, as 20%.     

国产航磁全轴梯度勘查系统试验测量

2009年7月,“全数字化矢量航磁勘查系统研发”课题组在哈尔滨平房机场对航磁全轴梯度勘查系统样机实施系统试验测试及试验测量,先后进行了飞机改装、系统集成测试、补偿飞行及约5000 km的试验测量飞行,取得了良好的效果,表明该系统样机性能稳定可靠,初步达到实用化程度,实验工作为今后系统的改进与完善提供了依据。     

水压致裂法测量裂隙岩体的地应力研究

通过对水压致裂法形成的钻孔印模分析,运用Taylor公式和最小二乘法迭代算法,计算纵向和横向裂隙岩体地应力大小及其误差。首先确定大地、裂隙和钻孔坐标系,根据印模曲线确定裂隙方位;然后用Taylor公式和最小二乘法迭代算法,计算应力分量;最后计算出主应力大小及其误差。将此方法应用于雪峰山隧址区ZK6钻孔的地应力场计算,得出其最大水平应力为13 MPa,方位113°左右,这与地质构造法实测的应力场相吻合,说明这一方法合理可行,具有较好的实用价值。