南疆开都河流域夏季径流量的变化及其特征分析

利用RegCM3模式对开都河流域2000-2006年夏季气候进行模拟,结果表明:模式对于流域夏季月降水总量和月平均气温的空间分布有较好的模拟能力。结合站点海拔高度值、实测值以及模拟量分别对降水、气温进行修正,并由此计算流域的面雨量和平均温度;结果表明开都河流域夏季面雨量与开都河同期实测径流量有较好的一致性,R~2达到0.97。对开都河流域夏季平均气温、面雨量以及径流量的分析表明,降水是影响流域夏季径流量的主要影响因子;而气温对于径流呈现负贡献的原因可能由于对温度敏感的小冰川大大减少,致使径流量随着温度增加而增加的关系减弱。此外,气温升高导致流域蒸散量的提高,可能是气温呈现负贡献的又一原因。     

天山山区1961-2010年面雨量分布及变化特征

利用1961-2010年天山山区44个气象站和10个水文站的观测资料,结合数字高程模型(DEM)1 km×1 km网格数据,采用了自然正交分解(EOF)、多元回归分析、最大熵谱值分析等方法,对天山山区面雨量进行了计算,建立了区域面雨量时间序列,研究其时空分布特征及变化规律.天山山区的面雨量基本上呈现北多南少,西多东少的特征,多年平均面雨量1098.7×108 m3,且在1987年发生突变.冬季降水在年际变化和年代际变化特征上都呈现出明显的增加趋势..     

雷达定量测量降水在佛子岭流域径流模拟中的应用

以位于合肥雷达西南100 km的佛子岭闭合流域 (1813 km2) 及该流域的6个子流域为研究区域, 用地面雨量计和雷达-雨量计联合校准两种方法进行流域面雨量计算, 将两种方法计算的面雨量分别作为TOPMODEL (TOPography based hydrological MODEL) 降水-径流模型的输入, 对模型输出结果进行比较。个例分析表明:雷达-雨量计联合测量降水的精度是否高于单独用地面雨量计计算的精度, 在一定程度上取决于用于校准的地面雨量计数目和代表性; 即使雨量计计算的整个流域面雨量与雷达-雨量计联合校准后的结果接近, 对应子流域面雨量的结果仍然会存在差别; 不同方法计算的某一子流域面雨量的差别越大, 则TOPMODEL水文模型输出的该子流域径流深的差别也越大。     

博斯腾湖流域气候变化及其对径流的影响

利用博斯腾湖流域开都河、黄水沟和清水河的出山口水文站月径流量和气象站月平均数据，开展变化特征分析和径流变化对气候因子的响应研究。结果表明，博斯腾湖流域年际气候变化以气温上升为主，降水量增加趋势不显著；域内主要河流径流量持续上升。突变检验发现，三条入湖河流90年代之前径流量增加主要是域内降水量增加的结果，随后受气温上升导致冰雪消融加快也对径流量的增加有贡献。相关分析结果显示，博斯腾湖三条入湖河流年径流量变化主要受4月和7月降水因子影响。此外，开都河的径流变化还表现出对8月气温和降水的显著响应，同时开都河流域集水区冰川的面积和占比均大于黄水沟和清水河流域，这表明冰川融水补给对开都河径流的影响大于黄水沟和清水河。所建立的气候因子-径流量多元线性回归模型，能够很好的模拟开都河、黄水沟和清水河的径流变化过程，证明了博斯腾湖流域水文变化受气候因子的显著影响。     

基于HBV模型的开都河致灾洪水临界雨量分析

本文应用HBV水文模型对开都河流域焉耆站以上段进行了模拟,通过对模型的率定和校正,表明模型模拟的径流过程基本与实测值吻合,能够反映出年、月、日径流量的变化趋势,但是对峰值的模拟存在一定误差。通过HBV模型的应用,计算了不同流量和水位所对应的临界致灾面雨量,同时与历史上发生洪水的24小时和120小时的实际降水量进行对比分析,发现通过HBV水文模型推算的临界面雨量大于实际24小时降水量,可能与模型对洪峰的模拟效果有关。     

基于GIS的广西电网流域面雨量计算方法与监测预警

以广西电网直调水电厂所处的西江流域为研究对象,基于GIS技术,在对西江流域面雨量监测区域基础信息处理基础上,采用比较分析方法,开展分流域面雨量计算方法研究,结果表明:(1)以1:5万数字高程模型为数据基础,针对西江流域河网、自动气象站、水电站等分布特点,结合水系、等高线特征,沿水系分水岭对西江流域干流进行精细化分区,为分流域面雨量计算提供基础参数;(2)对分流域面雨量采用算术平均法与泰森多边形法计算,结果为两种方法计算结果偏差较小,取算术平均法为流域分区面雨量计算方法;(3)逐小时处理、计算面雨量实时数据,实现西江流域面雨量的实时监测与预警服务。     

三峡库区降水—径流关系及径流量预报模型研究

利用2000—2007年长江上游各分流域面雨量实测资料、雷达遥测面雨量资料以及各水文站的历史资料,对流域降水量、洪水传播时间、径流数据以及基流值进行了针对性处理;通过单日产流Pa+P—R(降水量加前期影响雨量—径流)分析和场次洪水总量Crr—P(a径流系数—前期影响雨量)分析,结合各分流域拟合效果及检验,研究了三峡库区降水—径流关系,证明采用雷达遥测的降水数据作为降水量输入来预报各分流域未来时段内产流量是最佳选择,由此建立了三峡库区径流量的预报模型。     

基于CMA区域集合预报的海河流域面雨量预报评估与应用

面雨量是流域防汛抗洪调度的重要依据,单模式的确定性预报无法反映面雨量的多种可能性,为了解决面雨量预报存在不确定性的问题,本文基于中国气象局区域集合预报系统(China Meteorological Administration-Regional Ensemble Prediction System,CMA-REPS)降水结果对海河流域集合预报面雨量开展了适用性评估和分析,结合高分辨率格点实况资料对其2020—2022年5—8月面雨量进行检验,并依检验结果开展了集合预报面雨量产品及跨度预报产品研发。检验表明CMA-REPS集合预报对海河流域面雨量预报有改进:1)海河流域集合平均面雨量预报的绝对误差明显优于控制预报,在空间分布上表现为南部河系预报误差较大,中部次之,北部最小。2)模糊评分表明小雨和中雨量级集合平均预报更贴近实况,而暴雨量级则需进一步参考集合成员的极端性。3) TS及Bias评分表明集合平均在小雨量级预报效果较好,中雨及以上量级在预报后期改进更加明显。4)概率预报评分发现CMA-REPS对海河流域中部河系中雨以下面雨量有较好的表现,而南部河系的评分则低于中部河系。开发集合预报面雨量产品并对海河流域两次致洪暴雨过程检验发现:1)集合成员对24 h大暴雨等级面雨量的预报有较高的概率,与实况量级相当,对极端降水有较好的提示。2)24 h内集合平均具有较好的评分,而24～48 h,75％分位数产品对于强降水过程预报效果更好;本文依据检验结果开发的集合预报混合百分位产品及跨度预报产品对于强降水有较好的参考性。3)依据概率预报随时间的变化曲线对面雨量进行平滑拟合,可以得到更贴近于实况的逐小时面雨量预报产品。     

2007年《沙漠与绿洲气象》总目次

·综述中国气候变化的检测及预估""""""""""""""""""""""""""丁一汇,任国玉,赵宗慈,等(1.1)气候概率分布理论的新内涵及其展望""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""丁裕国(2.1)·研究论文开都河流域面雨量与径流变化分析""""""""""""""""""""""""""杨青,史玉光,李扬(1.11)风能资源数     

基于FloodArea模型的呼和浩特市城区大青山南麓山洪致灾临界雨量研究

以呼和浩特市城区北部大青山南麓山洪沟流域为研究区域,利用流域内国家气象站以及区域气象站逐小时降水数据、数字高程模型DEM数据、土地利用数据等资料,采用FloodArea淹没模型,对1998年7月12日和2020年8月1日暴雨时段进行洪水动态淹没模拟和效果检验。结果表明：对于1998年7月12日暴雨过程,F1oodArea水动力模型模拟结果与实际情况较为吻合,该流域内9条山洪沟洪水淹没深度与累计9小时滑动面雨量的相关性最好,并构建了面雨量与淹没深度的回归关系方程,基于隐患点3个风险等级,最终确定了不同等级下的临界面雨量,以红山口沟为例,分别为69.9mm(1级),39.3mm(2级),17.2mm(3级)。对于2020年8月1日暴雨过程,模型模拟结果基本与山洪过程一致,也证明了上述线性回归模型的适用性,为今后进一步建立全市山洪灾害预报服务奠定了基础。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

<正>The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth’s climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.