震源深度误差对矩张量反演的影响

在用矩张量反演方法确定地震的震源机制和震源的破裂过程时,由于测定震源深度的误差,很难保证计算格林函数时所采用的震源深度(理论震源深度)和实际震源深度完全相等．理论震源深度和实际震源深度的差异(震源深度误差)对矩张量的反演或多或少会造成影响．借助于合成地震图较系统地讨论了震源深度误差对3种基本类型(正断层、逆断层和走滑断层)的震源反演造成的影响．对于正断层和逆断层,震源深度误差主要影响各向同性成分和补偿线性向量偶极成分．在理论震源深度大于实际震源深度时：对于正断层,震源深度误差导致出现虚假的正的各向同性分量和负的补偿线性向量偶极分量;随着差异的增大其绝对值逐渐增大;对于逆断层,震源深度误差导致出现虚假的负的各向同性分量和正的补偿线性向量偶极分量,其绝对值随着震源深度误差的增加而增加．在理论震源深度小于实际震源深度时,结果恰好相反：对于正断层,震源深度误差产生了虚假的负的各向同性分量和正的补偿线性向量偶极分量;对于逆断层,震源深度误差产生了虚假的正的各向同性分量和负的补偿线性向量偶极分量．同样,随着深度误差的增大,它们的绝对值也逐渐增大．对于走滑断层,震源深度误差对矩张量反演的影响则不同于正断层和逆断层两种情况,受影响最大的是震源时间函数的形状．无论理论震源深度小于还是大于实际震源深度,震源时间函数的形状都发生不同程度的拖尾现象．数字试验表明,当震源深度误差小于20 km时对于地震的总体机制的反演没有明显影响．另外,当理论震源深度大于实际震源深度时,震源深度误差对矩张量反演的影响相对较小．     

2015年新疆皮山M_S 6.5地震序列震源深度测定

采用震源深度测定的确定性方法(PTD)和HypoSAT方法,使用新疆地震台网记录的原始地震波形数据,计算2015年7月3日皮山M_S 6.5主震和余震序列震源深度。结果显示,对于主震,采用PTD方法得到震源深度为21 km,采用HypoSAT方法得到震源深度为20 km;对于地震序列,采用PTD方法得到的震源深度主要分布在15—35 km,平均深度为23 km,而采用HypoSAT方法得到的震源深度主要分布在5—30 km,平均深度为19 km;采用PTD方法计算得到的震源深度较深,与中国地震局地球物理研究所采用矩张量反演得到的矩心深度(24 km)相差不大。     

基于深度扫描法精确判定鲁甸MS6.5地震震源深度

1 研究背景 2014年8月3日云南鲁甸发生MS6.5地震(简称鲁甸地震),震源深度10 km(中国地震台网中心发布).此次地震发生后,关于震源深度,一些研究者给出不同结果,如:张广伟等(2014)利用gCAP方法进行拟合,得到此次地震矩心深度为5 km;Xie等(2015)利用CAP方法进行拟合,得到此次地震矩心深度为3 km.笔者采用gCAP方法和全波形方法,获得此次地震矩心深度分别为3 km和10 km.由此可见,不同研究人员采用不同方法拟合所得此次地震的震源深度结果并不一致.文中拟采用Yuan等(2020)开发的深度扫描法重新判定鲁甸地震的震源深度.     

基于深度扫描法精确判定鲁甸MS6.5地震震源深度

1 研究背景 2014年8月3日云南鲁甸发生MS6.5地震(简称鲁甸地震),震源深度10 km(中国地震台网中心发布).此次地震发生后,关于震源深度,一些研究者给出不同结果,如:张广伟等(2014)利用gCAP方法进行拟合,得到此次地震矩心深度为5 km;Xie等(2015)利用CAP方法进行拟合,得到此次地震矩心深度为3 km.笔者采用gCAP方法和全波形方法,获得此次地震矩心深度分别为3 km和10 km.由此可见,不同研究人员采用不同方法拟合所得此次地震的震源深度结果并不一致.文中拟采用Yuan等(2020)开发的深度扫描法重新判定鲁甸地震的震源深度.     

测定震源深度的意义的初步讨论

在地震目录中，震源深度是地震学最基本的参数之一，然而它也是一个最不易测准的参数，ＰＤＥ报告中的震源深度以及ＵＳＧＳ和Ｈａｒｖａｒｄ大学的ＣＭＴ反演的矩心深度和利用宽频带波形的深度震相资料获得的震源深度各不相同，其含义也不同，而宽频带波形模拟得到又是一种破裂“核心”的深度。本文对不同测量手段的震源深度的不同物理意义做了初步的探讨。     

青藏高原地震的震源深度及其构造意义

在本研究的前一项工作中，根据ＷＷＳＳＮ的长周期无震体波记录，采用广义反演技术，确定了１９６６年至１９８０年期间发生在西藏高原及其周围地区的１１个主要地壳地震和地震矩张量，同时得到了震源时间函数和震源深度。所分析的地震具有较浅的震源深度，且均分布于上部地壳范围内，本文根据上述结果，结合其它逐个测定的１９６４年至１９８６年发生在青藏高原的７８个中强地震的震源深度的结果，讨论了青藏高原地震的震源深度分布     

蒙宁交界区地震震源深度的对比分析

选取内蒙古地震台网记录的2009~2015年蒙宁交界区103次ML≥2.5地震波形资料,采用震源深度测定的单纯型法、Hyposat法、双差法、PTD法重新测定震源深度,并将所获得结果进行对比分析。用CAP矩张量反演法重新测定了阿拉善左旗5.8级和4.2级地震的震源深度。最终获得用PTD法和双差法所得的震源深度结果与蒙宁交界区的构造特征比较吻合,单纯型法、Hyposat法效果不佳。同时得到蒙宁交界地震构造区的平均震源深度为13.32±8km。     

新疆北天山中东段呼图壁地区震源深度的重新测定

联合Hyposat法、PTD法和gCAP矩张量反演法,重新测定新疆北天山中东段呼图壁地区2010—2017年502个地震的震源深度,并对震源深度剖面进行初步分析。结果表明,重新测定的震源深度优势分布为15—20km,平均震源深度为16km,呼图壁M_S 6.2地震的震源深度为20km;研究区南部和中部的震源深度集中分布在20km左右,与北天山壳内低速体的层位相当,可能是上地壳和下地壳之间的韧性剪切带存在的部位,起到滑脱层的作用,研究区北部的震源深度则向浅部扩展;呼图壁M_S 6.2地震的发震断裂可能在清水河子断裂下方的1条隐伏反冲断层上,可能是霍尔果斯断裂向前沿断坡冲断受阻而在相反方向上发育分支反冲断层的结果。     

2017年九寨沟MS 7.0地震震源深度测定

为了更好地确定2017年8月8日九寨沟M_(S )7.0地震震源深度其发震机理,利用四川、甘肃和青海区域地震台网的观测波形数据,采用多种方法研究了此次地震的震源深度。首先,采用gCAP方法反演了九寨沟M_(S )7.0地震的震源机制解和矩心深度,结果显示,节面Ⅰ走向243°/倾角87°/滑动角-158°,节面Ⅱ走向151°/倾角68°/滑动角-3°,矩震级为M_(W )6.5,矩心深度为8 km;然后,采用ISOLA近震全波形方法反演了此次地震的震源机制解,反演结果与gCAP方法结果相差不大,矩心深度为7 km;最后,通过sPn震相与Pn震相之间的走时差测定此次地震初始破裂震源深度,结果显示深度约为12 km。研究表明,九寨沟M_(S )7.0地震的矩心深度为7—8 km,初始破裂深度约为12 km。     

河北地区中小地震震源参数的相关性研究

采用Brune的圆盘震源模型,反演计算得到2009年1月—2015年1月河北地区M_L≥2.0级88次中小地震的震源参数,并研究震源参数进行系统的分析和研究。结果表明:近震震级M_L与地震矩M_0和矩震级M_w之间呈现出较好的线性关系。拐角频率明显呈现出随着震级的增大而显著减小的特征。河北地区中小地震应力降的优势主要分布在0.1~5MPa之间,并体现出在小震区域应力降分布较为集中,随着震级的增大,分布较为的离散现象。     

Centroid Depth Versus Hypocentral Depth： Their Distribution and Depth／Mechanism Dependence

The Harvard Global CMT catalogue from 1977 to 1998 is analyzed to investigate the relation between the centroid depth and the hypocentral depth. It is observed that for shallow earthquakes, the hypocentral depth is systematically larger than the centroid depth, while for deep-focus earthquakes there is no statistically significant difference between the distributions of centroid and hypocentral depth. A detailed look at the result reveals that such a systematic difference is mainly from the contribution of thrust and normal earthquakes, while strike-slip earthquakes have no such regularity. It turns out that for shallow thrust and normal earthquakes, seismic rupture tends to initiate from the deeper part.     

Crustal structure and accurate hypocenter determination along the Longmenshan fault zone

Ｃｒｕｓｔａｌｓｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅａｎｄａｃｃｕｒａｔｅｈｙｐｏｃｅｎｔｅｒｄｅ┐ｔｅｒｍｉｎａｔｉｏｎａｌｏｎｇｔｈｅＬｏｎｇｍｅｎｓｈａｎｆａｕｌｔｚｏｎｅＺＨＵＺＨＡＯ１）（赵珠）ＪＵＮＦＡＮ１）（范军）ＳＩ－ＨＵＡＺＨＥＮＧ２）（郑斯华）ＡＫ...     

中国台湾地区地震sPn震相分析及其震源深度计算

运用Pn震相对齐的方法分析了发生在中国台湾地区地震的sPn震相,总结了该地区地震sPn震相的一些特征,用sPn震相计算了震源深度并与单纯型定位法结果进行了对比。结果表明,在该地区地震中,sPn震相特征明显;应用该方法可以较准确地测定台湾浅源地震的震源深度。     

Analysis of Shallow and Deep Earthquake Doublets in the Fiji-Tonga-Kermadec Region

For the Fiji-Tonga-Kermadec area and for the period from January 1977 to July 2003, the Harvard CMT catalogue lists 1022 shallow, 410 intermediate and 633 deep earthquakes of moment magnitude from 4.9 to 8.0. The magnitude threshold, above which the catalogue is complete, is 5.3–5.4, and the number of earthquakes of magnitude above this value is 691 for shallow, 329 for intermediate and 476 for deep events, respectively. The proportion of earthquakes associated with doublets and multiplets against the total number of earthquakes is approximately the same in both data sets and therefore all earthquake pairs were considered regardless of their magnitude. We investigated all the pairs of earthquakes that occurred at a centroid distance of less than 40, 60 or 90 km from each other and within a time interval of 200, 300 or 450 days, depending on their magnitude. We found 208 pairs of shallow, 31 of intermediate and 92 of deep events. To ascertain whether these earthquakes in pairs are not connected by chance, the possibility of their occurrence in an uncorrelated Poissonian catalogue was considered. It was assumed that in such a catalogue the inter-event time is exponentially distributed, the earthquake magnitude follows the Gutenberg-Richter relation, and the distribution of centroid distances between the events in pairs is controlled by its non-parametric kernel estimate. The probability of the appearance of the observed proportion of doublets of shallow earthquakes in the Poissonian catalogue was found to be very low. The low probability of occurrence in a semi-random catalogue, created by randomising centroid locations in the actual data set, also indicates major importance of the distance criterion used for a doublet specification. In general, shallow earthquakes tend to form pairs at shorter distances and within shorter time intervals than deep earthquakes. Both the distance and the time intervals do not depend on the magnitude of involved events. The largest number of pairs of deep earthquakes is observed at a depth of about 600 km, and the proportion of deep events associated with doublets against the number of all events increases with depth. From comparison of the focal mechanism of earthquakes in pairs, measured by the 3-D rotation angle, it follows that deep earthquakes forming pairs have a more diverse focal mechanism than shallow events; the rotation angle for three quarters of shallow pairs and only for about one third of deep pairs is reasonably small. The azimuth between two events forming a doublet is in about 60–65% of cases close to the strike of one of nodal planes of the first or the second event.     

河北平原地区地震地裂缝活动的相关性分析

通过分析河北平原区1970年到2000年大于2.0级地震的地震频发图、震中分布图及震源深度分布图,得出研究区地震发生的特征;同时对研究区的地裂缝活动规律进行了分析,发现该区构造地裂缝的形成、发育和活动与地震和断层活动有密切的成生关系,地震活动高潮和地裂缝活动高潮相对应,但是不同步。     

Relocation of hypocenters from DOMERAPI and BMKG networks: a preliminary result from DOMERAPI project

Merapi volcano located in central Java, Indonesia, is one of the most active stratovolcanoes in the world. Many Earth scientists have conducted studies on this volcano using various methods. The geological features around Merapi are very attractive to be investigated because they have been formed by a complex tectonic process and volcanic activities since tens of millions of years ago. The southern mountain range, Kendeng basin and Opak active fault located around the study area resulted from these processes. DOMERAPI project was conducted to understand deep magma sources of the Merapi volcano comprehensively. The DOMERAPI network was running from October 2013 to mid-April 2015 by deploying 46 broad-band seismometers around the volcano. Several steps, i.e., earthquake event identification, arrival time picking of P and S waves, hypocenter determination and hypocenter relocation, were carried out in this study. We used Geiger’s method (Geiger 1912) for hypocenter determination and double-difference method for hypocenter relocation. The relocation result will be used to carry out seismic tomographic imaging of structures beneath the Merapi volcano and its surroundings. For the hypocenter determination, the DOMERAPI data were processed simultaneously with those from the Agency for Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics (BMKG) seismic network in order to minimize the azimuthal gap. We found that the majority of earthquakes occurred outside the DOMERAPI network. There are 464 and 399 earthquakes obtained before and after hypocenter relocation, respectively. The hypocenter relocation result successfully detects some tectonic features, such as a nearly vertical cluster of events indicating a subduction-related backthrust to the south of central Java and a cluster of events to the east of Opak fault suggesting that the fault has an eastward dip.     

Earthquake relocation in the Central Alborz region of Iran using a non-linear probabilistic method

In this study, we calculate accurate absolute locations for nearly 3,000 shallow earthquakes (≤20 km depth) that occurred from 1996 to 2010 in the Central Alborz region of northern Iran using a non-linear probabilistic relocation algorithm on a local scale. We aim to produce a consistent dataset with a realistic assessment of location errors using probabilistic hypocenter probability density functions. Our results indicate significant improvement in hypocenter locations and far less scattering than in the routine earthquake catalog. According to our results, 816 earthquakes have horizontal uncertainties in the 0.5–3.0 km range, and 981 earthquakes are relocated with focal-depth errors less than 3.0 km, even with a suboptimal network geometry. Earthquake relocated are tightly clustered in the eastern Tehran region and are mainly associated with active faults in the study area (the Mosha and Garmsar faults). Strong historical earthquakes have occurred along the Mosha and Garmsar faults, and the relocated earthquakes along these faults show clear north-dipping structures and align along east–west lineations, consistent with the predominant trend of faults within the study region. After event relocation, all seismicity lies in the upper 20 km of the crust, and no deep seismicity (>20 km depth) has been observed. In many circumstances, the seismicity at depth does not correlate with surface faulting, suggesting that the faulting at depth does not directly offset overlying sediments.     

基于密集台阵的青藏高原东北缘地壳精细结构及九寨沟地震震源区结构特征分析

基于青藏高原东北缘密集宽频带野外流动观测台阵以及固定台站资料,利用双差层析成像方法对地震位置和研究区的地壳速度结构进行了反演.最终用于联合反演的地震事件合计9644个.结果显示青藏高原东北缘速度结构具有明显的横向不均匀性.从整体上看,青藏高原地区表现为低速异常,鄂尔多斯表现为高速异常,而扬子地块亦表现为高速异常.不同深度处速度结构表现不一致,同一深度处P波速度结构和S波速度结构也有明显差异.由西秦岭北缘断裂带、临潭—宕昌断裂以及礼县—罗家堡断裂围限的地震活动强烈的区域中,P波速度结构由深度0 km时呈现的低速异常,逐渐过渡到5 km时高低速相间分布的特征;而S波速度结构在此区域中,由近地表 0 km时高低速相间分布的特征,逐渐过渡到30 km时几乎表现为低速异常.2017年8月8日九寨沟7级地震所在的塔藏断裂、岷江断裂和雪山断裂围限区域,在深度20 km处的P波速度结构和周围存在明显差异,九寨沟地震处于高速异常与低速异常的过渡带内.此外,2013年7月22日发生在青藏高原东北缘的岷漳县6.6级地震,震源区所在的临潭—宕昌断裂附近的P波速度结构在15 km深度处也有明显特征,震源位置所在区域也处于高低速过渡带.该区域这种地壳内部高低速过渡带可能是应力比较容易积累而发生中强地震的一个重要场所.

     

阿拉木图试验场强震预报的弱震活动性和震源机制参数研究

研究弱震活动性参数的时间进程和空间分布,这些参数是K=10与K=9地震数量之比(N10/N9)、震源深度以及震源机制确定的压应力轴方位角的变化。绘制出弱震活动性参数的空间分布图,识别可预报强震的弱震活动性参数的中期异常。得出强震前1~2年期间的强震孕育区位置。     

基于相对质心震中的地震破裂方向性测定方法研究:以2008年云南盈江MS6.0地震为例

地震破裂方向性参数包含了断层几何形态、破裂长度等信息,对于地震灾害评估、孕震机理研究具有重要意义.但是基于点源近似的震源矩中心张量机制解(CMT)或断层面解(fault plane solution)只能给出两个节面,无法确定破裂断层面.本文提出一种基于质心与起始震中的差异确定发震断层的方法,该方法利用P波到时来测定主震与参考地震间相对起始震中,同时利用波形反演震源机制过程中的主震时移与参考地震时移之差测定相对质心震中,在假定单侧破裂的情形下,根据时移之差随方位角的变化推断破裂断层面.本文使用该方法研究了2008年云南盈江M_S6.0走滑型地震,发现其破裂方向与其他方法结果一致.由于该方法基于相对起始震中和质心震中,可有效削弱速度结构模型不准确以及地震绝对位置误差带来的影响,应可适用于其他类似类型6级左右地震的破裂方向性研究,但仍需进一步工作对其进行验证.