地球内核平动振荡模研究进展

地球内核平动振荡模,即Slichter模,是地球自由振荡的基本简正模之一,其三重分裂周期是确定地球内外核密度差异的重要物理量,对于约束地球深内部密度结构具有重要研究价值.然而,Slichter模的激发机制、衰减机制以及实际探测结果至今悬而未决,具有极大争议,其本征周期的确定也成为当前基础地球物理学的一个国际性难题.首先,总结了地球内核平动振荡模的基本理论,包括其动力学方程和主要求解理论与数值方法,并概述了在不同地球模型下利用不同求解理论计算的Slichter模理论周期.其次,讨论了Slichter模的激发机制和衰减机制的主要假设与猜想,其中液核一阶压力流可能激发Slichter模至可观测水平.最后,回顾了过去30年国内外利用超导重力数据开展Slichter模三重分裂信号探测的主要研究进展,探讨了关于Slichter模探测的未来可能研究方向,即从激发机制探究、超导重力数据精细预处理和极微弱信号叠积增强3个不同角度研究突破,有望实现Slichter模三重分裂信号的可靠探测.     

基于地下水数值模拟的地球物理反演解释优化方法研究

地球物理的多解性无处不在,面对这种情况我们往往结合地质资料来对反演结果进行合理的地质解释。然而在偏远地区地质、深部钻探资料非常缺乏,野外已有的井孔也往往难以获取岩性编录资料。当这些资料比较少时,反演结果依然存在难以解释或者不确定等问题。是否可以借助于地下水位与水质信息包含的地质体水力特性,来辅助地球物理反演过程？基于此思路探索了基于地下水模型的地球物理反演解释优化方法:以大地电磁法为实现手段,通过研究已知理想地质模型和多个基于反演结果解释得到的地质模型,建立地下水数值模型,对比地下水水流和溶质运移数值模拟结果,最终确定相对最佳地质模型。并通过敏感性分析验证了运用地下水数值模拟搜索相对最佳地质模型的可行性。     

布里渊散射及其在地学中的应用进展

布里渊散射通过测定光的频移,精确计算物质的声速、弹性系数、弹光系数、折射率、绝热体弹模量,极化率,绝热方程等一系列基本的物理量。以这些物理量为基础,可以得到物质的相变、结构,以及地球深部及行星内部物质的组成、状态、性质等信息。声速和弹性对于压力的依赖性对模拟地球的成分和演化具有重要作用。本文介绍布里渊散射的产生和原理,从不同温度、压力的角度阐述了布里渊散射在地球科学中的应用,对目前该研究存在的问题作出了评述,并对布里渊散射光谱的发展趋势进行了展望。     

2.5维各向异性介质中地震波场数值模拟

这里实现了在2.5维各向异性介质中地震波传播的数值模拟。首先从2.5维一阶速度-应力弹性各向异性波动方程出发,得出了该方程的拟谱法数值解法;然后通过对Marmousi速度模型进行数值模拟,表明了拟谱法的有效性;最后计算并分析了均匀和混合各向异性介质中波的传播快照和理论模拟的地震记录,进一步认识了波在各向异性介质中的传播规律。     

数值模拟在地球科学研究中的应用现状与展望

基于第一性原理的分子动力学计算和Rietveld技术的矿物定量计算等计算机技术的数值模拟方法是科学研究的重要手段之一,被广泛用来预测针对特定反应物的化学反应过程与结果、材料的性能改变、药物研发等.在地球科学领域中数值模拟技术也被广泛应用:地下水量、水质及污染物迁移的模拟预测、气象领域的天气和降水预报,地球层圈构造的模拟研究,成矿过程的模拟和预测等等.本综述重点回顾数值模拟技术在地球科学各领域中的应用现状,并对其应用前景进行了分析.我们建议在地球科学研究中特别是涉及"水岩"反应的实验研究中大力推广,以提高效率和做有效科学的实验,并建议利用数值模拟技术为科学解译数据提供理论支撑.     

北祁连成矿带地球化学块体资源潜力预测

运用“地球化学块体”理论和方法,对北祁连区域地球化学块体的分布及其与矿产资源潜力的关系进行深入剖析.利用块体分级建立块体内部结构系列,形成套合的地球化学模式,追索成矿元素逐步浓集的过程,从而指出最有远景的成矿地段.通过不同级别地球化学块体与成矿区带的关系研究,对重要地球化学块体、子块体与成矿亚带、矿田进行对比等手段,对区内主要成矿元素Au、Cu、Cr、Ni、W、Sb等进行了地球化学块体特征和多元成矿信息分析,预测了地球化学块体资源潜力.     

2.5维各向异性介质中多波波场正演模拟与波场分析

完全3维弹性波数值模拟计算时间长,并且占用庞大的计算资源,这不利于在计算机配置不高的情况下进行科学研究,而二维弹性波数值模拟又达不到三维模拟的精度;同时,当模型、波场空间分布比较复杂时,传统的3维波动方程拟谱法模拟结果比较差.因此,在较高数值精度的一阶应力-速度弹性波动方程的基础上,采用傅氏变换仅计算y方向的偏导数,利用有限差分方法计算x、z方向和时间的偏导数,即利用2.5维数值模拟方法,实现在二维介质中计算三维弹性波场.最后通过数值模拟实现了在各向异性介质中多波波场的数值模拟,验证了2.5维方法是一种高精度、高效率、且能适应复杂模型的正演模拟方法,通过波场分析进一步认识了波在各向异性介质中的传播规律.     

祁连山地区钨地球化学块体及资源潜力预测

以祁连山1∶200000区域化探W元素原始数据分析研究为基础,运用地球化学块体理论和方法,探讨了主要W地球化学块体的分布特征,通过内部结构剖析,利用成矿率类比,进行资源预测,圈定成矿远景区,确定巨型钨矿床找矿靶区。     

隧道地震预报波场的有限元数值模拟

在勘探地球物理领域中,能快速、有效地数值模拟2D和3D的地震全波场,包括同时模拟P波、S波、面波多分量波场特征的软件并不是很多;但在结构力学领域中,已有多种成熟的多波多分量有限元数值模拟大型商用软件用于求解弹性本构方程,如ANSYS,PLAXIS等。从方程结构来看,弹性本构方程与完全弹性波动方程相比,只多一项对时间的一阶微分项--阻尼项。因此,调整合理的介质参数--Rayleigh系数,令阻尼项近似为0,弹性本构方程就蜕化为完全弹性波动方程。隧道地震波场是在岩体中传播,具有弹性参数较好、无常规地震勘探中覆盖层等低速带干扰等的优点,采用ANSYS软件对隧道地震波场进行数值模拟,研究了频散、阻尼与吸收边界等数值模拟的相关技术。针对介质吸收,比较了数值模拟中有无阻尼的时间记录和波场快照,对隧道地震预报来说,将阻尼系数设定为0是一种合理的假设;比较了实例中不同网格长度与频散的关系,当网格长度小于波长的1/π倍时,才能消除频散;通过由波方程的推导,引入了黏弹性边界条件,通过实例计算证明它可以有效地吸收边界反射;最后对隧道地震预报进行了实例计算,算例表明采用ANSYS软件可以有效地模拟隧道复杂地质条件下全波场的激发传播过程。     

地球化学块体资源预测在甘肃金矿的应用

以甘肃省1∶200 000区域化探金元素原始数据分析研究为基础,运用地球化学块体理论和方法,开展巨型金矿资源预测。探讨了主要金地球化学块体的分布特征,通过内部结构剖析,利用成矿率类比,进行资源预测,圈定成矿远景区,确定巨型金矿床找矿靶区。     

地球韵律的时空表现及动力问题

文章介绍了大洋底１５６６Ｍａ以来六个时段增生构造的划分，前五个时段平均３０Ｍａ，具一定韵律性，以此与中国大陆１７５Ｍａ以来岩浆 构造活动的分段进行了比较，它们共同的韵律时段是（３０±８）Ｍａ。文中还介绍了一组全球地震活动的分幕性及其空间展布的有趣现象，包括低、中纬度与高纬度地震２０年左右的交替活动，南、北极区地震的交替活动，Ｍｓ≥８级大震呈现正交型与斜交型全球图像的分幕性交替活动，还有地球转速加速期和减速期地震发生地区的韵律性分布等。就上述中期和短期的地球韵律表现，进行了地球韵律判定的复杂性和动力学背景的讨论，强调了地球韵律的应用和地球本体研究的重要性。     

A new method of testing of the Earth’s free oscillations on the basis of geomagnetic variation analysis

The Earth’s free oscillations are recorded for the first time in variations of the geomagnetic field measured at the Earth’s surface. The Earth’s free oscillations in the frequency range from 0.3 to 4 mHz manifest in the spectra of geomagnetic variations in the form of clearly expressed quasi-harmonic peaks. It is shown that the spectral amplitudes of the main modes of the Earth’s free oscillations are not constant and change with a periodicity corresponding to a lunar (sideral) month. The data obtained indicate the influence of oscillations in the internal geospheres on variations in the terrestrial magnetic field. The results provide new opportunities to study the Earth’s free oscillations and to specify their multiplet components. In addition, they also have certain implications for further research into the internal structure of the Earth and geodynamic processes in internal geospheres, on the basis of magnetometric data.     

Magmatism and metallogeny of the Early Earth as a reflection of its geologic evolution

The paper is focused on the evolution of the Earth starting with the planetary accretion and differentiation of the primordial material (similar in composition to CI chondrites) into the core and mantle and the formation of the Moon as a result of the impact of the Earth with a smaller cosmic body. The features of the Hadean eon (ca. 4500–4000 Ma) are described in detail. Frequent meteorite-asteroid bombardments which the Earth experienced in the Hadean could have caused the generation of mafic/ultramafic primary magmas. These magmas also differentiated to produce some granitic magmas, from which zircons crystallized. The repeated meteorite bombardments destroyed the protocrust, which submerged into the mantle to remelt, leaving refractory zircons, indicators of the Early Earth’s geologic conditions, behind.The mantle convection that started in the Archean could possibly be responsible for the Earth’s subsequent endogenous evolution. Long-living deep-seated mantle plumes could have promoted the generation of basalt-komatiitic crust, which, thickening, could have submerged into the mantle as a result of sagduction, where it remelted. Partial melting of the thick crust, leaving eclogite as a residue, could have yielded tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite (TTG) melts. TTG rocks are believed to compose the Earth’s protocrust. Banded iron bodies, the only mineral deposits of that time, were produced in the oceans that covered the Earth.This environment, recognized as LID tectonics combined with plume tectonics, probably existed on the Earth prior to the transitional period, which was marked by a series of new geologic processes and led to a modern-style tectonics, involving plate tectonics and plume tectonics mechanisms, by 2 Ga. The transitional period was likely to be initiated at about 3.4 Ga, with the segregation of outer and inner cores, which terminated by 3.1 Ga. Other rocks series (calc-alkaline volcanic and intrusive) rather than TTGs were produced at that time. Beginning from 3.4-3.3 Ga, mineral deposits became more diverse; noble and siderophile metal occurrences were predominant among ore deposits. Carbonatites, hosting rare-metal mineralization, could have formed only by 2.0 Ga. From 3.1 to 2.7 Ga, there was a period of “small-plate” tectonics and first subduction and spreading processes, which resulted in the first supercontinent by 2.7 Ga. Its amalgamation indicates the start of superplume-supercontinent cycles.Between 2.7 and 2.0 Ga, the D″ layer formed at the core-mantle interface. It became a kind of thermal regulator for the ascending already tholeiitic mantle plume magmas. All deep-seated layers of the Earth and large low-velocity shear provinces, called mantle hot fields, partially melted enriched EM-I and EM-II mantles, and the depleted recent asthenosphere mantle, which is parental for midocean-ridge basalts, were finally generated by 2 Ga. Therefore, an interaction of all Earth’s layers began from that time.     

软流层的地球膨胀成因及其形成时间

地球的软流层(圈)堪称全球构造、岩浆与成矿作用动力之源。以往人们虽然认识到软流层的重要作用,但其形成机制的定量研究还不够。最近20多年来,对地球半径变化的检验研究结果表明,地球膨胀已经有了较多的直接证据。而且,即使按照地球膨胀晚期0.1 mm/a的半径增长率计算,所产生的地球膨胀构造动力事件,也将是一个全球性超级构造动力事件。根据地球的非线性有限膨胀演化,所提出的软流层成因是:源于原始地球深部的膨胀内压,推挤原始地幔顶部物质做功并转化为原始岩石圈球壳围限下的地幔顶部物质的压缩能A,当压缩能的积累超过原始地幔顶部物质局部熔融所需要的热能Ω时,地幔顶部物质便开始熔融并逐渐形成地球的原始软流层。据此,按照地球非线性膨胀演化初期的半径增长率1.08 mm/a、原始地幔顶部物质以15%的局部熔融和绝热等压过程估算,地球开始膨胀后仅19.2 Ma,地球的原始软流层(圈)便可形成。     

天体化学:地球起源与演化的几个关键问题

以近几年天体化学研究取得的一些重要成果，论述了对于认识地球的起源和演化进程的重要意义。地球主要由一套具有独立化学成分组成的硅酸盐质星子群随机碰撞吸积而成。地球的星子堆积形成方式和初始化学成分的不均一性制约着地球后期的非均一、非均变演化过程。以１８００Ｍａ为转折点，地球的演化具明显的两阶段演化特征：早期以初生壳体———星子源地体的形成和发展为特点，后期以岩石圈板块运动为特点。地球演化史中的地外撞击事件，是太阳系形成机制———碰撞吸积作用的继续，是地质历史生物、沉积、岩浆、构造等演化的重要营力之一。     

地幔流体与地球的放气作用

地幔流体的形成、聚集和渗透是引起地幔交代作用的主要营力。地幔交代作用发育的强弱决定着所生成岩浆的碱性程度。地幔流体和部分熔融体高度富集不相容元素,它们与亏损地幔的相互作用可以使后者发生ＬＲＥＥ和不相容元素的局部富集。通过板块俯冲作用使地球表层的ＣＯ２进入地幔,参加地球的碳循环。热点岩浆来源的ＣＯ２中含有部分循环的ＣＯ２,而大洋中脊玄武岩中的ＣＯ２主要是原始地球的ＣＯ２。携带ＣＨ４和Ｈ２Ｏ的流体渗透至被俯冲带带入地幔的物质,使碳酸盐化的榴辉岩还原而形成含金刚石的榴辉岩和富水流体,并诱发局部熔融,所形成的熔体以火山喷发的形式上升到地表。地幔岩石中含有大量的流体,它们主要以流体包裹体的形式存在于地幔矿物中。几乎在所有的上地幔环境下形成的矿物中均找到了流体包裹体。包裹体内流体的成分主要是ＣＯ２,ＣＨ４,Ｈ２Ｏ及少量Ｈ２,Ｎ２等。     

Toroidal oscillations of a transradially isotropic elastic sphere

In order to consider the effect of anisotropy on the periods of the oscillations of the Earth, the problem of toroidal oscillations of a transradially isotropic elastic sphere is considered. At each point, the medium is assumed to be transversely isotropic about the radius through the point. The roots of the frequency equation are obtained for different values of the anisotropy parameter α. It is found that, for large order oscillations, the percentage change in the frequency of the toroidal oscillations on account of the anisotropy is nearly equal to |α-1| × 100.     

Formation of methane concentration and electromagnetic-field anomalies in southwestern Peter the Great Gulf (Sea of Japan)

We report methane concentrations in the bottom water layer and the upper layer of bottom sediments and the results of acoustic explorations of methane seeps on the shelf bordering the continental slope of the Sea of Japan region, in which electromagnetic Schumann’s resonance oscillations were earlier recorded at continental-slope water depths of 500, 1000, and 2000 m. The occurrence of Schumann’s resonances at such great depths is explained by an increase (a factor of more than 25) in the electrical resistivity of a ~ 2000 m thick sediment layer with the pore space largely filled with free methane. A new method is proposed for determining the depth of the sources of anomalous concentrations of methane in bottom sediments or in the bottom water layer on a deep shelf. The method is based on recording Schumann’s resonances during measurements of the natural electric field at a series of increasing depths in areas bordering the continental slope.     

Volatile element chemistry during accretion of the earth

We review some issues relevant to volatile element chemistry during accretion of the Earth with an emphasis on historical development of ideas during the past century and on issues we think are important. These ideas and issues include the following: (1) whether or not the Earth accreted hot and the geochemical evidence for high temperatures during its formation, (2) some chemical consequences of the Earth’s formation before dissipation of solar nebular gas, (3) the building blocks of the Earth, (4) the composition of the Earth and its lithophile volatility trend, (5) chemistry of silicate vapor and steam atmospheres during Earth’s formation, (6) vapor - melt partitioning and possible loss of volatile elements, (7) insights from hot rocky extrasolar planets. We include tabulated chemical kinetic data for high-temperature elementary reactions in silicate vapor and steam atmospheres. We finish with a summary of the known and unknown issues along with suggestions for future work.     

地球演化中最大的两级节律

地球演化中表现出的最大两级节律为１０×１０８ａ和２×１０８ａ。每２个相邻节律可合并为一个周期，因而地球演化的最大两级周期为２０×１０８ａ和４×１０８ａ。岩石学、地层学和构造地质学方面诸多证据都说明这种划分的合理性。对于地球演化中的这类大型节律及周期性的成因机制，用笔者已提出的“地球多级驻波脉动理论模型”可以得到较合理的解释。