植被生态遥感参数定量反演研究方法进展

植被参数是生态遥感定量反演的热点和难点,也是生态系统研究的基础性参数。本文在广泛阅读国内外公开发表的文献资料基础上,将现有的植被生态遥感参数概括为物理类、生化组分类、能量和功能类3大类,系统梳理了每类参数定量反演的主要模型方法,进行优缺点和适用性分析,对现阶段存在的不足和未来发展趋势进行了探讨。物理类植被生态遥感参数主要介绍了植被覆盖度、生物量、叶面积指数、树高等研究进展,生化组分类植被生态遥感参数主要介绍了植被含水量、叶绿素含量和光合能力等研究进展,能量类植被生态遥感参数介绍了光合有效辐射、植被吸收光合有效辐射等研究进展,功能类植被生态遥感参数主要介绍了植被生产力和碳交换量等研究进展。存在的主要问题包括混合像元分解、病态反演、物理模型应用过程中的误差传递、数据融合的尺度效应和空间变异性、模型耦合的最优方案确定问题。     

农作物含水量的遥感反演

利用遥感手段,在短波角度斜率指数(shortwave angle slope index,SASI)的基础上,采用全局植被湿度指数(global vegetation moisture index,GVMI)获取单位面积的植被冠层水分含量(EWTcanopy),建立了农作物水分含量的相关统计模型,并对黄淮海平原农作物水分含量进行反演研究。结果表明,该角度指数模型与EWTcanopy之间有很强的相关性,由此模型计算得到的黄淮海平原农作物水分含量,与同期的土壤相对湿度有较强的一致性。     

芦苇地叶面积指数的遥感反演

 叶面积指数（LAI）是植被冠层结构的一个重要参数，它的改变标志着植被发生了生物物理变化。本文提出了一种利用混和模型 从TM图像上获取叶面积指数的方法。首先，利用冠层反射率（FCR）模型计算并得到查找表； 然后，利用从查找表得到的统计关系进行 LAI制图。试验表明，该方法简单易行，并可较精确地用来反演芦苇地的叶面积指数。     

陆表定量遥感反演方法的发展新动态

随着获取的遥感数据越来越多,定量遥感正处于一个飞速发展的时期。本文从反演方法和遥感数据产品生成两个主要方面对近期陆表定量遥感的发展进行评述。由于大气—陆表系统的环境变量数远远超过遥感观测数,定量遥感反演的本质是个病态反演问题。在评述机器学习方法(包括人工神经网络、支持向量回归、多元自适应回归样条函数等)的应用基础上,重点关注克服病态反演的7种正则化方法:多源数据、先验知识、最优化反演的求解约束、时空约束、多反演算法集成、数据同化和尺度转换。定量遥感发展的另外一个显著特征是由数据提供者(比如数据中心)将观测的遥感数据转换成不同的地球生物物理化学参数产品,即遥感高级产品,并服务于数据使用者。概括介绍了北京师范大学牵头研发的GLASS(Global LAnd Surface Satellite)产品的新进展与全球气候数据集的研发情况。     

路域植被叶绿素多光谱遥感定量反演研究

叶绿素是植被光合作用的主要物质,准确估算叶绿素含量对植被生长健康状况和生态环境研究具有重要意义。本文利用辐射传输机制的PRO4SAIL模型模拟植被冠层光谱,以TM影像为数据源,分析物理模型模拟反射率和遥感影像反射率与叶绿素含量之间的相关性,研究利用多光谱信息定量反演路域植被叶绿素含量的可行性。研究结果表明,植被光谱反射率与叶绿素含量之间有较强的相关性;利用PRO4SAIL模型模拟的冠层反射率反演叶绿素含量具有一定可行性。该研究成果为大面积路域植被冠层叶绿素含量遥感监测提供理论依据与参考。     

基于GF-1的冬小麦遥感监测区域适用性分析

以湖北省为研究区,从地形地貌、种植结构、监测时相、谱段设置以及监测精度等方面综合分析了GF-1卫星数据在冬小麦种植面积遥感监测中的区域适用性。研究表明,GF-1卫星数据对江汉平原、鄂东沿江平原、鄂北岗地以及鄂东丘陵等地区的冬小麦遥感监测均有较好的适用性,其监测精度能够满足湖北省冬小麦大尺度遥感监测的精度要求,但难以达到小范围的遥感监测精度要求。     

黄河三角洲地区地下水埋深遥感反演

黄河三角洲地区地理位置特殊,水资源供需矛盾尖锐,为了研究其地下水分布状况,使用MODIS遥感数据、实测土壤相对含水量和地下水埋深数据,利用温度植被干旱指数(temperature vegetation dryness index,TVDI)和表观热惯量法(apparent thermal inertia,ATI)对研究区土壤相对含水量进行遥感估算;通过分析不同深度处土壤相对含水量与地下水埋深的相关性,建立了反演地下水埋深的线性方程,得到了研究区地下水埋深分布状况图.结果表明:利用地表10 cm深度处测得的土壤相对含水量反演地下水埋深的结果较为合理;在缺少土壤相对含水量数据时,可以用反映土壤相对含水量高低的因子估算地下水的埋深.     

中国定量遥感发展的一些思考

中国定量遥感始于20世纪80年代,在过去10多年得到了空前的发展。在2012年左右中国首次超越美国成为世界上在英文遥感刊物上发表文章最多的国家,特别是近几年文章数已经是美国的两倍左右。尽管在遥感数据的定量反演方法等研究方面,中国已经处于世界的前沿,是定量遥感的大国,但总体上尚不是定量遥感强国,在绝大多数的分支领域上还没有处于世界引领的地位。本文在回顾世界和中国定量遥感发展历史的基础上,从遥感数据获取与处理,前向辐射传输建模,变量反演,高级产品生产,地面观测,遥感云平台建设,遥感教育和遥感应用等8个方面,简要地讨论了中国定量遥感发展的一些问题和挑战,并提出了一些期望与初步建议。     

基于MODIS的ATI和TVI组合法反演石羊河流域土壤含水量

利用MODIS数据产品MOD11A2、MOD13A1和MCD43A3获取NDVI、ATI(表观热惯量)和TVI(温度植被指数)等参数,以NDVI作为判别阈值将ATI和TVI进行组合建立土壤含水量反演模型,并用预留的实地采样数据对模型进行了验证.最后,结合DEM数据进一步分析了石羊河流域土壤含水量的空间分异规律,结果表明...     

气溶胶定量遥感的机器学习方法综述

机器学习方法近年来取得突破进展,其遥感应用从目标识别和地物分类领域,发展到定量化反演的多个领域。气溶胶定量遥感因其机理复杂,反演参数的种类和精度受到限制,机器学习为气溶胶遥感带来了新的研究和应用技术手段。本文汇总现有研究进展将气溶胶机器学习方法归纳为卫星遥感反演气溶胶光学厚度AOD（Aerosol Optical Depth）、卫星遥感反演其他气溶胶参数、卫星遥感反演颗粒物浓度（PMx）、地基气溶胶遥感4类。结合作者研究工作,通过分析讨论,归纳机器学习用于气溶胶定量遥感的条件为：（1）物理模型无法使用;（2）已有模型卫星产品精度低;（3）已有模型精度高但计算速度低。从应用的角度来说,可以借助于更多的具有相关性的输入信息,发挥机器学习在反演产品种类、反演精度、计算效率等方面的优势;而对定量遥感来说,应该同时重视挖掘遥感数据本身的信息来提高反演能力,并通过误差分析等手段反馈对遥感机理的理解,使机器学习与遥感机理研究相互促进。     

Effects of water and heat on growth of winter wheat in the North China Plain

The North China Plain (NCP) was selected as the study area and the effects of water and heat were analysed to determine the dominant factor affecting winter wheat growth. The mean, minimum and maximum temperatures, precipitation and soil moisture data were selected to analyse the correlations between the leaf area index (the growth indicator) and these factors using long time series half-monthly data (2–5 months) (from 1982 to 2010). The results showed that temperature was the main factor affecting the growth of winter wheat in the NCP. The growth of winter wheat had weak correlations with precipitation and soil moisture and the influence of water on winter wheat growth was smaller than the influence of heat. In the northern part of the NCP, mainly including the north-west region of Shandong Province and the southern region of Hebei Province, irrigation was necessary in late February and early March.     

Monitoring winter wheat growth in North China by combining a crop model and remote sensing data

Both of crop growth simulation models and remote sensing method have a high potential in crop growth monitoring and yield prediction. However, crop models have limitations in regional application and remote sensing in describing the growth process. Therefore, many researchers try to combine those two approaches for estimating the regional crop yields. In this paper, the WOFOST model was adjusted and regionalized for winter wheat in North China and coupled through the LAI to the SAIL–PROSPECT model in order to simulate soil adjusted vegetation index (SAVI). Using the optimization software (FSEOPT), the crop model was then re-initialized by minimizing the differences between simulated and synthesized SAVI from remote sensing data to monitor winter wheat growth at the potential production level. Initial conditions, which strongly impact phenological development and growth, and which are hardly known at the regional scale (such as emergence date or biomass at turn-green stage), were chosen to be re-initialized. It was shown that re-initializing emergence date by using remote sensing data brought simulated anthesis and maturity date closer to measured values than without remote sensing data. Also the re-initialization of regional biomass weight at turn-green stage led that the spatial distribution of simulated weight of storage organ was more consistent to official yields. This approach has some potential to aid in scaling local simulation of crop phenological development and growth to the regional scale but requires further validation.     

天津滨海新区地表水悬浮物浓度遥感反演研究

针对传统的实地地表水水质监测测量方法费时费力,且存在监测布设点有限,无法反映水质的时空变化情况等问题,该文以天津滨海新区的Landsat-8卫星影像作为数据源,将实地水样采集、实验室测量分析和遥感影像不同波段像元亮度值结合,对滨海新区海河水体的悬浮物浓度,分别建立基于统计回归和神经网络的两种经验算法反演模型。结果表明,神经网络模型的反演结果能较准确地反映实际水体的悬浮物浓度分布情况,为该地区地表水水质监测提供一种可行的解决方案。     

Comparison of three remotely sensed drought indices for assessing the impact of drought on winter wheat yield

ABSTRACT

Agricultural drought threatens food security. Numerous remote-sensing drought indices have been developed, but their different principles, assumptions and physical quantities make it necessary to compare their suitability for drought monitoring over large areas. Here, we analyzed the performance of three typical remote sensing-based drought indices for monitoring agricultural drought in two major agricultural production regions in Shaanxi and Henan provinces, northern China (predominantly rain-fed and irrigated agriculture, respectively): vegetation health index (VHI), temperature vegetation dryness index (TVDI) and drought severity index (DSI). We compared the agreement between these indices and the standardized precipitation index (SPI), soil moisture, winter wheat yield and National Meteorological Drought Monitoring (NMDM) maps. On average, DSI outperformed the other indices, with stronger correlations with SPI and soil moisture. DSI also corresponded better with soil moisture and NMDM maps. The jointing and grain-filling stages of winter wheat are more sensitive to water stress, indicating that winter wheat required more water during these stages. Moreover, the correlations between the drought indices and SPI, soil moisture, and winter wheat yield were generally stronger in Shaanxi province than in Henan province, suggesting that remote-sensing drought indices provide more accurate predictions of the impacts of drought in predominantly rain-fed agricultural areas.     

2019年中国陆表定量遥感发展综述

为了更好地了解中国定量遥感的发展态势和加强同行之间的信息交流,根据中国学者2019年发表的SCI检索论文和部分中文论文,对陆表定量遥感的核心进展进行了总结,涉及数据预处理（云及其阴影识别,大气与地形校正）、陆表辐射传输建模、不同变量的反演方法、产品生产评价与精度验证,以及相关应用等内容。陆表变量产品较多,本文概要介绍了反射率、下行太阳辐射、反照率、地表温度、长波辐射、总净辐射、荧光遥感、植被生化参数、叶面积指数、光合有效辐射比、植被覆盖度、森林高度、森林生物量、植被生产力、土壤水分、雪水当量、雪盖、蒸散发、地表与地下水量等最新进展,也一并介绍了2019年与定量遥感相关的科研项目、学术交流会与暑假培训班等内容。     

Predicting grain protein content of winter wheat using remote sensing data based on nitrogen status and water stress

Advanced site-specific knowledge of grain protein content of winter wheat from remote sensing data would provide opportunities to manage grain harvest differently, and to maximize output by adjusting input in fields. In this study, remote sensing data were utilized to predict grain protein content. Firstly, the leaf nitrogen content at winter wheat anthesis stage was proved to be significantly correlated with grain protein content (R² = 0.36), and spectral indices significantly correlated to leaf nitrogen content at anthesis stage were potential indicators for grain protein content. The vegetation index, VI_green, derived from the canopy spectral reflectance at green and red bands, was significantly correlated to the leaf nitrogen content at anthesis stage, and also highly significantly correlated to the final grain protein content (R² = 0.46). Secondly, the external conditions, such as irrigation, fertilization and temperature, had important influence on grain quality. Water stress at grain filling stage can increase grain protein content, and leaf water content is closely related to irrigation levels, therefore, the spectral indices correlated to leaf water content can be potential indicators for grain protein content. The spectral reflectance of TM channel 5 derived from canopy spectra or image data at grain filling stage was all significantly correlated to grain protein content (R² = 0.31 and 0.37, respectively). Finally, not only this study proved the feasibility of using remote sensing data to predict grain protein content, but it also provided a tentative prediction of the grain protein content in Beijing area using the reflectance image of TM channel 5.     

高光谱图像相对含水量反演引导的精细分类

深度学习在高光谱图像处理领域的研究应用不断深入发展,基于深度学习的高光谱图像分类达到了较高的分类精度。目前的分类模型多利用高光谱的图谱特征,但对光谱的诊断性特征及先验信息利用不足,对空谱特征提取过程难以实现有效协同,因而导致分类类别即类内分类不够精细。为了解决以上问题,本文提出一种以多标签数据为输入的共生神经网络模型,在高光谱图谱特征提取的基础上融合光谱诊断特征,实现相对含水量反演及精细分类。首先,通过构建一种新的红边斜率光谱指数实现高光谱图像相对含水量的表征,利用本文提出的自适应分级算法完成相对含水量反演并建立对应的等级标签,与地物种类标签共同构成多标签高光谱数据集。然后,构建共生神经网络架构及内部变维特征提取模块,利用多标签数据提取高光谱图像中空间、光谱和相对含水量的融合特征,提高深度模型对不同含水量地物的区分能力和对所提取特征的协同表达能力,降低模型的复杂度与计算量,完成基于多标签数据集的相对含水量反演引导分类的过程,在扩大传统类间距离的基础上进一步扩大类内距离,从而实现高光谱图像的精细分类。最后,使用实验室采集数据和4个公开的高光谱数据集Lopex、Indian Pines、Pavia University和Salinas进行实验验证。结果表明,本文提出的红边斜率光谱指数可以有效表征地物的相对含水量信息;相对含水量反演引导的分类模型对类内分类精度有较明显的提升,对总体分类结果有一定的改善;与其他机器学习和深度学习分类算法相比,本文算法取得了较好的分类结果,提高了深度分类模型的分类性能和精细程度,实现了精细分类。     

联合PROSAIL模型和植被水分指数的低矮植被含水量估算

植被冠层含水量CWC(Canopy Water Content)和植被地上部分含水量VWC(Vegetation Water Content)对于植被健康状况和土壤干旱监测具有重要意义.本文联合PROSAIL辐射传输模型和植被水分指数NDWI(Normalized Difference Water Index),发展了...     

太原市黑臭水体遥感识别与地面验证

城市黑臭水体整治是城市水环境治理的一项重要工作。本文通过构建黑臭水体遥感识别模型,解决城市黑臭水体整治过程中黑臭水体的识别问题,实现城市黑臭水体空间分布快速定位与排查。通过分析黑臭水体形成机理和试验数据,从光谱特征上构建反映水体清洁程度的光谱指数（WCI）,从图像特征上构建水体颜色、次生环境、河道淤塞、岸边带垃圾堆放等解译标志,综合光谱指数和解译标志共同进行黑臭水体遥感识别。利用该方法对太原市建成区内黑臭水体空间分布进行排查识别,共得到疑似黑臭河段14条,长度为52.530 km。经验证,除去断流影响外,遥感识别黑臭水体点位精度为92.86%,遥感识别黑臭河段长度精度为78.19%。在精度验证基础之上,进一步分析了黑臭水体遥感识别光谱指数和各项解译标志在黑臭识别中所占的权重,其中光谱指数和水体颜色二者权重最大,分别占29.60%和27.10%,是构成遥感识别黑臭水体的主要特征标志。通过两时相影像识别结果比对表明,WCI指数能够明显反应黑臭水体变化特征。因此,利用本文方法进行城市黑臭水体遥感识别具有很高的精度,在城市水环境整治过程中具有重要的应用价值。